Southern Men Research Articles

Distribution characteristics and heritability of alcohol consumption behavior in adult twins in China

Objective: To describe the distribution characteristics of alcohol consumption in adult twins in the Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR), and further explore the influence of genetic factors on alcohol consumption in adult twins. Methods: The subjects of the study were twins registered by CNTR in 11 project areas across China from 2010 to 2018. A total of 56 966 twins (28 483 pairs) aged 18 years and above who answered questions about drinking behavior were included, and the random effect model was used to describe the population and regional distribution characteristics of alcohol consumption. Intra-pair analysis was performed to calculate the concordance rate and heritability of their alcohol consumption. Results: The age of all subjects was (36.6±12.0) years, and current drinkers accounted for 16.6% (9 461/56 966) of all subjects. In men, those aged 50-59 years, those in northern China, those living in rural area, those with low education level and those with high BMI, the proportions of current drinkers were higher. After excluding 468 pairs of twins who had stopped alcohol use and 21 764 pairs of twins who had no drink or had small amount drink, an intra-pair analysis was conducted in 4 929 pairs of same-sex twins, and found that the concordance rate of alcohol consumption was 64.0% (2 059/3 215) in monozygotic twins, and 52.6% (902/1 714) in dizygotic twins, the difference was significant (P<0.001), and the heritability of alcohol consumption was 24.1% (95%CI: 18.9%- 29.3%). The further stratified analysis found that in southern men, the heritability was highest in those aged 40-49 years (36.1%, 95%CI: 21.6%-50.7%), while in northern men, the heritability was highest in those aged 50-59 years (34.2%, 95%CI: 18.1%-50.3%). Conclusions: In adult twins in China, there were population and regional differences in the distribution of alcohol consumption behavior, and alcohol consumption was influenced by genetic factors, and gender, age and region had potential modifying effects.

The Southern Man People in Western Han China: Manuscript Evidence from Zoumalou and Hujia Caochang

The Southern Man People in Western Han China: Manuscript Evidence from Zoumalou and Hujia Caochang

Insiders, Outsiders: Toward a New History of Southern Thought ed. by Sarah E. Gardner and Steven M. Stowe

Reviewed by: Insiders, Outsiders: Toward a New History of Southern Thought ed. by Sarah E. Gardner and Steven M. Stowe Jason Phillips (bio) Insiders, Outsiders: Toward a New History of Southern Thought. Edited by Sarah E. Gardner and Steven M. Stowe. ( Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021. Pp. 242. Cloth, $95.00; paper, $29.95.) Insiders, Outsiders showcases exciting new work in southern history, and most of it focuses on the Civil War era. Dedicated to Michael O'Brien, the volume reflects the vibrancy and curiosity that marked his work and inspired his field to explore the South's diversity of thought. In the introduction, editors Sarah E. Gardner and Steven M. Stowe also acknowledge how the 1977 Wingspread conference shifted American intellectual history toward a broader engagement with cultural values and practices. Whereas conventional intellectual histories studied the persistence of ideas across space and time, this newer approach explained how thoughts developed within distinct historical contexts. Despite this more holistic approach, the volume that resulted from Wingspread, New Directions in American Intellectual History (1979), and more recent anthologies, including The Worlds of American Intellectual History (2017) and American Labyrinth: Intellectual History for Complicated Times (2018), lack literary studies.1 With its long tradition of collaboration between historians and literary critics, southern studies—including works like Insiders, Outsiders—encourage interdisciplinary conversations by sharing important questions, theories, and methods. Gardner and Stowe organize their book into two parts that explore common themes in southern history. In part 1, historians study intellectual life in the South to consider how the region affected thinking within its borders and was, in turn, changed by that thinking. These essays range beyond the usual subjects of intellectual history. Stephen Berry argues that the "southernness" of Edgar Allan Poe questioned mainstream American and British faith in progress, capitalism, and destiny. Poe yearned to belong to a pantheon with Charles Dickens, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and other contemporary luminaries, but his realism and rage offended their clique, making him the insider's outsider. Michael T. Bernath uncovers how efforts to purge a South Carolina community of northern teachers after John Brown's raid exposed internal divisions along class lines. Only the wealthiest families could afford to hire northern tutors for their children, but this luxury became a social and political liability when sectional fervor and hysteria increased. Beth Barton Schweiger calls for new book histories of the South that focus on the uses and circulations of texts instead of their production. She encourages us to consider a book's linguistic, musical, and anthropological customs as it traveled through the region, touching everyone from [End Page 134] intellectuals to illiterates. Timothy J. Williams studies an obscure book, Edwin Wiley Fuller's autobiographical novel Sea-Gift (1873), to interpret southern men's fantasies during Reconstruction. In search of personal greatness and a utopian South, Fuller's Lost Cause romance focuses on the future, not the past. Mitchell Snay concludes part 1 by analyzing different Reconstruction writers, the journalists and politicians who saw immigration as a panacea for the southern economy after emancipation. His essay suggests the global dimensions of Reconstruction and how immigration debates exposed assumptions about race, citizenship, and capitalism, and how they still do today. In part 2, literary critics take the lead to interpret thinking about the South. Melanie Benson Taylor opens this section with an insightful essay on southern literature and the Anthropocene. The apocalyptic perspective of southern writers and the region's history of environmental destruction and dispossession frame southern stories as profound commentaries on humanity's endangerment to itself and others. Next, John Grammer identifies a "southern turn" in New Journalism by focusing on the careers of Willie Morris, Marshall Frady, and Larry L. King. As southern white men, this "Wrecking Crew" reported the civil rights movement from a privileged position—that of insiders who enjoyed better access than northern journalists, while staying outside the perils that threatened Black writers. Scott Romine explores the inchoate and contradictory identities of Lost Cause southerners by focusing on different versions of Edward Pollard's iconic text. His delightful essay introduces "subintellectual history," or "the history of ideas that are not quite complicated, as articulated by southerners...

Rebel Salvation: Pardon and Amnesty of Confederates in Tennessee by Kathleen Zebley Liulevicius

Reviewed by: Rebel Salvation: Pardon and Amnesty of Confederates in Tennessee by Kathleen Zebley Liulevicius Katharine Dahlstrand (bio) Rebel Salvation: Pardon and Amnesty of Confederates in Tennessee. By Kathleen Zebley Liulevicius. ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2021. Pp. 368. Cloth, $50.00.) In a time when the very idea of pardon and amnesty makes national headlines, Kathleen Zebley Liulevicius has offered readers a specialized history on the topic with Rebel Salvation. As the first two Reconstruction presidents navigated the complexities of stitching back together a fractured nation, Liulevicius illuminates that the "'healing' came too fast" (6). The author examines Andrew Johnson's program of pardon and amnesty announced on May 29, 1865, in which he exonerated most white southerners and then outlined fourteen classes of people who would require individual pardon via application to the president. After providing a clear definition of who required direct solicitation of amnesty, Liulevicius offers [End Page 131] a broad history of antebellum Tennessee, the focus of her study, and sets the stage for an application process that demanded acknowledgment of wrongdoing, promises of future loyalty, and recollections of previous instances of allegiance to the United States. As Liulevicius tackles the means by which white southerners found absolution for treason, her more limited examination of the presidential ideologies that informed the process takes a backseat to an exploration of the power of community. She provides overwhelming evidence of the supplemental letters of support sent alongside applicants' oaths of loyalty and formal applications for amnesty and pardon. While the letters were never formally required, the author points out that the sheer volume of them suggests that their inclusion helped secure presidential pardons. There is irony in the title of chapter 3, "Confederate Panjandrums," and Liulevicius makes it clear that the political godheads of Tennessee's brief attempt at secession claimed to be victims of popular opinion, easily swayed by the fever of treason. Offices were filled out of a sense of obligation to the communities in which these men lived, reluctantly and without any real dedication to the secessionist cause. This reluctance never quite translated to a firm commitment to the principles of preserving the Union; nevertheless, many of the men who applied for pardon felt entitled to total forgiveness. Reading through this chapter, readers will surely lament that this ragged war seemed to spring into existence at the fault of no specific white southern man, but rather out of a general sense of the white southern will of anonymous others. Applicants simultaneously claimed to be men of powerful authority and toothless supplicants to secessionist passions. Local officeholders seeking amnesty and pardon portrayed their service as one of continuing necessary community functions. As with the political power brokers, these men focused on the influence of neighbors when accepting a position in the Rebel government. Strikingly, however, these former Rebel functionaries highlighted how their service as postmasters and civil servants often also served the interests of the U.S. government and Federal armies. Youthful indiscretion seemed to play a large role in choosing disunion, but Liulevicius aptly highlights the rare application that relied on a defense of slavery. Harder to defend were the actions of former Rebel officers. Former senior military officers, U.S. soldiers and sailors who had defected to fight for the Confederacy, and Rebels educated and trained at the expense of U.S. military service academies had to provide compelling narratives defending their secession and wartime actions. Former Confederate commanders appealed to the president by highlighting their "civilized, gentlemanly warfare" and "benevolent treatment of Unionists," ignoring the moments they ordered their troops to fire [End Page 132] deadly weapons at U.S. soldiers and sailors (127). In the last chapter, the author examines the pardon applications of the planter elite, but there seems to be a tendency to accept the answers provided in the Tennessee Civil War Veterans Questionnaire at face value with little scrutiny of social and cultural signposts under which the questionnaire was created. Still, Liulevicius reveals an amnesty system that erred on the side of forgiveness for a majority of the applicants, in which toothless former Rebels were washed free of their traitorous sins, given sharpened teeth, and allowed renewed...

Carmina Balcanica – o revistă a dialogului intercultural

The international cultural magazine Carmina Balcanica has been intiated in 2008. It has as main goals to promote the South-Eastern culture, to establish an intercultural dialogue between people from the East and West, and from the East and East as well. In its pages, the editors delimited the concept of Balkanism, emphasizing the mixture of elements which imbue the psychology, mentality and, correspondingly, the forms of artistic creation specific to the sensitiveness of Southern man, past and present. The editors are trying to reopen the horizon of realities wherein Iorga had envisaged South-Eastern Europe as a historical, spiritual, religious, ethnographic, artistic, cultural, folkloric unity of morals and manners, institutions and influences. At the same time, the editors’ aim is to soften the pejorative, quite demonizing, image of the Levant as Europe’s powder keg. Their intention is also to recall the fact that, above and beyond the tragedies which have been haunting it, the Levant was – and still is – the cradle of a great civilization.

Race, Politics, and Nation in Albion W. Tourgée's American Historical Novels Series: The Example of Hot Plowshares

Race, Politics, and Nation in Albion W. Tourgée's American Historical Novels Series: The Example of <i>Hot Plowshares</i>

“Poor, deluded, ignorant masses”: revisiting the poor non-slaveholding whites of the antebellum south

ABSTRACT The notion of racial unity among poor whites conceals as much as it reveals about white society in the antebellum period. This article examines the extent to which the notion of “whiteness” united white Southern men across racial lines and muted class divisions in this period. Central to the discussion is a reconsideration of poor whites’ connection to slavery as a group of society positioned at the bottom of the Southern social order.

Editor’s Overview

Editor’s Overview Jim Downs, Editor Volume 68, no. 3 continues with the journal’s commitment to study the Civil War from an interdisciplinary perspective. Among the many outcomes of the Civil War are various narratives that have come to define it. At times, these narratives have taken the shape of explosive debates from the 1990s polemic of “Who Freed the Slaves” to more current debates on the geography of the Civil War—how much did the West matter? There have also been more subtle narrative shifts that have defined the field without announcing their entrance; these narratives no longer appear as ideas in need of interpretation but rather as uncontested facts or uncontrivable frameworks. This issue aims to expose the interpretative ruts that have fostered these narratives. In his deeply insightful essay, “Prisoners with Undaunted Patriotism: Incarcerated Black Soldiers and Battles of Citizenship in Military Prisons during the Civil War,” Jonathan Lande explores the taboo history of incarcerated Black Union soldiers. While the history of Black soldiers’ heroic contributions to the Union’s war effort has been widely documented, Lande turns attention to the Black soldiers who deserted the Union army and were then incarcerated. Refusing to portray these men as cowards, Lande examines their political activism within prisons, adding a new dimension to not only the history of Black soldiers in the military but also the larger narrative of Black political mobilization during the Civil War. Turning attention to Southern regiments, Josh Waddell interrogates the religious narratives that have defined the Civil War era. Waddell expertly uncovers the “spiritual warfare” that was fought “in the hearts and minds of Southern troops.” By excavating many tracts, delivered to Southern regiments, Waddell reveals how Southern ministers argued that “God controlled events on the battlefield.” Since the rise of social history in the middle of the twentieth century—when historians moved away from just studying the “great men” of the past and turned to the lives of ordinary people—the subject of why soldiers enlisted and how they understood the war has been a subject of fascination among generations of scholars. Josh Wad-dell implores us to reckon with how religion played a fundamental, critical role in how so many Southern men understood the war and its discontents. While the aforementioned articles address narratives that are seemingly familiar to Civil War readers, Andrew Donnelly powerfully breaks new ground by exploring the often-neglected history of same-sex sexuality during the Civil War. He shows how “postbellum novelists, sexual scientists, and Civil War historians made meaning of the war by reference to homosexuality and made meaning of [End Page 227] the evolution of homosexuality by reference to the war.” Drawing on a range of sources, Donnelly identifies how narratives of same-sex intimacy and identity unfolded. “Two versions of homosexuality operated together to make meaning of Civil War history,” Donnelly explains: “old, innocent, sentimentalized male– male intimacy and the modern problem of deviant sexuality.” This article is a mind-blowing analysis of how people from the past used sexuality to create narratives about the Civil War. Similar to our previous issues, this one includes an excellent book review section. Khal Schneider reviews Megan Kate Nelson’s Three-Cornered War: The Union, The Confederacy, and Native Peoples in the Fight for the West, which was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and pushes the study of the Civil War to the West. Christopher Hager reviews Deborah Willis’s deeply evocative book, The Black Civil War Soldier: A Visual History of Conflict and Citizenship, which will actually be the focus of a roundtable discussion to be published in the next issue. The reviews also include many other notable books that enrich our understanding of the Civil War era. [End Page 228] Jim Downs, Editor Gilder Lehrman-National Endowment for the Humanities Professor of Civil War Studies and History Gettysburg College Copyright © 2022 The Kent State University Press

Dr. Bobby Wilson and Southeastern Geographer

Dr. Bobby Wilson and Southeastern Geographer Brian Williams (bio) Professor Bobby Wilson’s enduring and paradigm-shifting influence on the geographical study of race and the United States South is evident in his longstanding engagement with the Southeastern Division of the American Association of Geographers, and his extensive contributions to this journal. The lifetime of scholarship that he leaves behind is a testament to his unwavering commitment to critically understanding and situating racism, resistance, and Black experience historically, and geographically. His scholarship is remarkable in its attention to both the everyday dimensions of racism, and the multiscalar political-economic relations that shape and reconstitute place and region. Dr. Wilson took a job at the University of Alabama-Birmingham in 1974, and published six articles in Southeastern Geographer over the next three decades (Wilson 1977, Wilson 1985, Wilson 1989, Wilson 1995, Wilson 2002a, Wilson 2007). As Dr. Wilson recounted in a 2019 interview, when he first moved to Birmingham, he frequented the public library downtown for his research. There, on a wall in the southern history section, he noticed a racial zoning map: They didn’t try to hide it…for a number of years it stayed up there. And that was a pivotal moment in my research. I finally figured out what I needed to do. And that’s where it all began. Birmingham. The industrial city of the South. Also one of the most significant places in the civil rights struggle. The dogs. The water hoses turned loose on kids remains a vivid issue in our heads today…I started from that point, I started from that particular point (Wilson 2019). His scholarly commitment to geographies of justice in the South started with place — in a library, in Birmingham, with racial zoning maps and the brazenly displayed injustice of institutionalized inequity — and tirelessly worked to situate, to reveal, to explain, and to denaturalize oppression. This anti-essentialist attention to tracing, contextualizing, and situating the geographies of racism and injustice animated his subsequent work. His project of “critically understanding race-connected practices” (Wilson 2002b, 32), as he would later term it, represented a lifetime of scholarship that transformed and enlivened both Southeastern Geographer and the discipline of geography more broadly. His first article in Southeastern Geographer looked at segregation patterns and the role of multifamily housing units and single family housing in housing opportunities for Black families in Birmingham (Wilson 1977). This article exhibited Dr. Wilson’s meticulous attention to the ways that racism takes place and shapes space. Though written in [End Page 192] the language of spatial science that dominated urban geographical scholarship in the pages of this journal at that time, this article exemplified his keen attention to the deep historical dynamics that shape racially uneven outcomes. Though in one sense modest in its scope and claims, this intervention represented a radical challenge to the work that dominated the pages of Southeastern Geographer at the time. In fact, readers of that issue of Southeastern Geographer would have first encountered Merle Prunty’s 1976 presidential address to SEDAAG, a sweeping discourse on southern industrialization, modernization, and culture, which universalizes the perspective of white southern men as the view of “the southerner” (Prunty 1977). Dr. Wilson published his second article in Southeastern Geographer at the height of the Reagan era, focusing on the history and reality of racial segregation in Birmingham, and its implications for Black residents of Birmingham (Wilson 1985). A crucial part of this history was the Medical Center Expansion Urban Renewal Project, which displaced almost 1,000 Black families to make way for the UAB medical center. Dr. Wilson only briefly mentions this fact in his article, but the brief implication of his employing institution must have represented a conscious decision, one borne of conviction and a scholarly dedication to justice. Although these first articles were couched in the conventional language of spatial science, they were strategic and important interventions, guided by his enduring commitment to people and place in Birmingham. They were also radical departures from the standard fare of Southeastern Geographer. From 1977 to 1985, the years of his first and second articles in Southeastern Geographer, there were only eight articles that focused on...

Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Incidence Among Southern Men Who Have Sex With Men With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Treatment as Prevention Era, 2014-2019.

In this retrospective analysis of men who have sex with men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the South from 2014 through 2019, incident bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) increased regardless of virologic control. Clinicians should prioritize STI screening and management in primary HIV care.

The Women West of Here: Reckoning Their Place in the Western, Pop Culture, and History

The Women West of HereReckoning Their Place in the Western, Pop Culture, and History Robert James Russell (bio) A woman on the prairie is an unwanted thing … Nothing but a burden and a tie-down, keeping the ones she loves from doing what they want to do. —Alan Le May, The Siege at Dancing Bird1 Here it is, imagine it: Blue-gray thunderclouds roil overhead, promising rain soon. The outdoor sporting pavilion is flanked on both sides by high school football game–style bleachers glinting in what's left of the Sunday afternoon sun thrusting yet through the overcast. And they are packed, the stands, filled with families and veterans and children carrying massive corndogs and Bavarian-style pretzels and sticky elephant ears trailing powdered sugar and syrupy strawberry jam behind. On either end of the pavilion, rodeo crew get things ready: calves wedged in double-digits in blue-metal holding pens, ears tagged with bright plastic, lowing frequently but with so little energy it amounts to only a subtle bowing of their head. On the other end of the pavilion, trailers sit backed up against more pens, these filled with bucks poised, touring cowboys in slim jeans and boots, sitting cross-legged on the posts and surveying the thin-yet-boisterous Click for larger view View full resolution Fig 1. Lobby card for the film The White Outlaw (1925) (Wikimedia Commons). Look how Vivian Bay needs three big ol' men to protect her from the Western wilds! With men in the lead, the whole world's ripe for the taking! crowd still taking their seats. They have uneven facial hair, deep-set eyes, jagged cheekbones, all of them. They're anemic, and in unison they spit along the ground, chew the tobacco folded under the tongues, spit again. Behind them, leading to the parking lot, are trailers, an ambulance with its EMT professionals sitting side by side along the front bumper, talking quietly, waiting. Thunder in the distance, but only the audience gasps, looks over. The cowboys ready themselves, chew and [End Page 127] spit again. One laughs, one stretches his shoulders. Piles of men in denim and leather wearing numbered tags. Carbon copy dynamos. There are no women here. Thunder again, closer this time. The announcer rides out on his sorrel. He tests the microphone, taps it with the butt of his palm, but there's no sound. Fairground rides sparkle and flare behind him, along the horizon. You can just make out the food stands: hamburgers and Philly cheesesteaks and bubble tea and BBQ of every variety. A hissing pop, static, and then the man's voice comes through the speakers, burping a jovial thanks, a welcome. Things are set in motion. A rodeo clown comes out, and he—wearing oversized pantaloons, the bare basics of a cowboy's silhouette, a tiny hat atop his bulbous red wig—shares banter with the announcer. They make jokes about Southern women, Hoosier women, women in general. How they have hardly any teeth. No teeth. How Southern men—and Hoosier men, too, he adds—are lazy. And then there's leering comments about women in the stands, about making them their wives. Almost no one laughs, and yet they double down—this is, we know, scripted anyway. Up first's the bareback bronc event. The first horse, tired from the midday heat, won't stand up in the pen, won't start. Its cowboy, frustrated, tries to get situated, to rile the horse to stand. It won't, and the announcer, impotent, struggles to improvise. But he finds a target: a group of teenage girls who've already had enough and have started to mosey out toward the parking lot—girls who, during the opening prayer and the jingoist salute to America were laughing, already plotting their escape. The announcer rides along the inside fence of the pavilion, following them. "Hey, y'all," he shouts, smiling. The teens don't pay attention, don't know he's talking at them. "Where y'all going? We're just getting started." Finally, one teen turns toward him. They've nearly made their escape, at the end of the bleachers, near...

American Discord: The Republic and Its People in the Civil War Era

American Discord: The Republic and Its People in the Civil War Era

Praying with One Eye Open: Mormons and Murder in Nineteenth-Century Appalachian Georgia

Praying with One Eye Open: Mormons and Murder in Nineteenth-Century Appalachian Georgia

Sex differences in quality of life and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly Europeans: results from the SHARE survey

Objectives We examine sex differences in quality of life (QoL) and depressive symptoms across age and European regions. Methods We performed a large cross-sectional study based on 64,552 women and 53,647 men aged 50+ who participated in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) from 2004-2020. Linear and logistic regression models were used to examine associations with QoL (CASP-12) and depressive symptoms (EURO-D). Results Women reported slightly lower QoL (coefficient −0.78, 95% CI −0.92; −0.65) and more depressive symptoms (odds ratio (OR) 2.23, 95% CI 2.13; 2.34) than men. Sex differences in QoL increased with advancing age, whereas sex differences in depressive symptoms were stable across age groups. No overall sex difference in QoL was found in Northern Europe, but women had lower QoL than men in Western (coefficient −0.49, 95% CI −0.69; −0.29), Southern (coefficient −1.35, 95% CI −1.61; −1.09) and Eastern (coefficient −0.72, 95% CI −1.05; −0.39) Europe. However, sex differences varied within the specific CASP-12 items, with women having overall lower control and autonomy, but more self-realisation, than men. Women reported more depressive symptoms than men in all regions, with the largest overall sex difference in Southern Europe (OR 2.62, 95% CI 2.40; 2.86). A female disadvantage was found for most of the EURO-D items, with the largest sex differences for ‘tearfulness’, ‘depression’ and ‘sleep’. Conclusion Middle-aged and elderly European women report lower QoL and more depressive symptoms than European men, lending support for the male-female health survival paradox.

Southern Journey: The Migrations of the American South, 1790-2020 by Edward L. Ayers

Reviewed by: Southern Journey: The Migrations of the American South, 1790-2020 by Edward L. Ayers Chad Berry (bio) Southern Journey: The Migrations of the American South, 1790-2020. By Edward L. Ayers. Maps by Justin Madron and Nathaniel Ayers. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2020. Pp. xii, 153. $39.95 cloth) New ways to tell a story can be revelatory. In Edward L. Ayers's Southern Journey, innovative maps are the essential story, made possible by the intersection of data, computing, and visuality to "reveal patterns that are too complex to reduce to columns and rows," he [End Page 338] writes, "too shifting and simultaneous to convey in words alone" (p. ix). Ayers and his team employ a twenty-first century overlay of hexagons across the country, echoing the eighteenth-century's Cartesian coordinate system onto the Old Northwest, allowing readers "to see complexities and continuities otherwise invisible" (p. ix). The result is fascinating, and the book's coffee-table trim size makes these maps come to life. The first part of three explains how "[m]igration created the anomalies that defined the slave South" (p. 1). And Kentucky, of course, figures prominently in this section, becoming "a frontier for slavery as well as for free people" (p. 4). In the nineteenth century, the Commonwealth would typify the "birthright of white southern men . . . having the right to move when and where" they wanted (p. 37). It would be an enduring ideology, he eloquently writes, "long after the plantations and farms had been plowed under or paved over" (p. 37). And then came war, which transformed a "unique settler-slave society . . . without a blueprint or example to follow" (p. 43). Migration was always a part of the story. New South migrations included white and Black folk moving intraregionally to towns and cities, although some African Americans left the South for northern cities, an indication of migrations to come. For white southerners, 90 percent born there resided there in 1900, but this too would change dramatically (p. 62). In the twentieth-century ebb-and-flow movements, Black, white, and Latinx would leave the South in the millions: eight, twenty-plus, and one, respectively. It would not be the largest internal migration in the U.S., but it would arguably have one of the most significant impacts. The great migration of southerners had begun, and the maps chronicle it in exquisite detail. It is indeed difficult to put the book down. For Black migrants, northern cities marked significant gains between 1910 and 1920. Ayers's maps also show how most Black migration between 1900 and 1920 was to the South's cities. White southerners, however, enjoyed the "passport of skin color" and were much less noticed than Black migrants (p. 71). [End Page 339] After 1920, massive changes shaped the South: global war, infusions of federal dollars, freedom quests, immigrants choosing to call the South home, all centered around migration in different times and places. During the Great Depression, Black rural populations in places like Kentucky declined, as the Midwest and Northeast continued to beckon. The maps representing mid-century population loss for Black and white rural southerners is striking, from Texas to South Carolina for African Americans, and in Texas, Kentucky, and Tennessee for whites. Appalachia hemorrhaged people between 1940 and 1970; eastern Kentucky would lose a third of its population. The maps Ayers's team have produced are striking and poignant, as blue shades representing growth are full of stories, of course, that changed families and communities deeply, offering new political and economic freedoms for people whose ancestors were part of the South's tri-racial beginnings. Equally so are the copper shades representing loss. After 1970, the South moved the population pendulum from loss to gain, due to a mixture of Native people, immigrants from Latin America and Asia, retirees, new professionals (white and Black), and rural folk. The South would acutely notice some of these newcomers, often in sinister and violent ways, while ignoring others. Some southern sub-regions, however, were not a part of this paradigm shift, and by 2016, the familiar places of southern poverty remained: the Delta, the Black Belt, and Appalachia. One manifestation...

Young patients with cancer related to modifiable behaviors in the United States: What can we learn from them?

10560 Background: We proposed to examine trends in modifiable behaviorally related cancers among younger men and women in the United States. Methods: Alcohol-associated cancers, HPV-associated, obesity-associated, physical inactivity-associated, and tobacco-associated were defined using ICD-O-3 site codes. From 2001 and 2017, registry data were obtained from the United States Cancer Statistics database. SEER*Stat 8.3.8 and Joinpoint regression program 4.8.0.1 were used to calculate the trends of associated cancers expressed per 100,000. Results: Of the young women (ages 20-49 years) the incidence of cancers in 2017 associated with alcohol, smoking and obesity were 89/100,000, 43/100,000 and 64/100,000 respectively. Based on analysis of trends of women from 2001 to 2017, obesity, physical inactivity and alcohol related cancers increased with an annual percent change (APC 2.31%, 1.67%, 0.46%, p &lt; 0.001). Using a projection model, in Hispanic women, obesity related cancers will become the highest incidence cancers by 2035, surpassing alcohol and physical inactivity. Of the young men (ages 20-49 years) the incidence of cancers in 2017 associated with alcohol, obesity, and tobacco were 23/100,000, 36/100,000 and 44/100,000 respectively. On trends analysis, obesity, physical inactivity, and alcohol related cancers have increased (APC 2.0%, 1.65%, 0.17%, p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.001, p = 0.044), whereas tobacco-related cancers are decreasing with an APC of -0.44% (p &lt; 0.001). When examining different regions, the highest APC for obesity and physical inactivity related cancers was 2.43% in the Midwest (p &lt; 0.001). Using a prediction model, obesity is predicted to surpass alcohol and physical inactivity related cancers for men 20-49 years old by 2035. Conclusions: In women, most modifiable factors associated with cancer are increasing except in HPV related cancers. In men, these rates of cancer are increasing except in tobacco related cancers. However, rates of obesity related cancers are on the rise in Hispanic women and younger men in southern U.S. regions. Obesity is projected to become the major modifiable factor for many associated cancers.

‘I wouldn’t trade this country of ours for anything’: place, identity and men’s stories of the 2016 M7.8 Kaikōura/Waiau earthquake

ABSTRACT There is an emerging area of research that examines men’s personal disaster accounts, including how gender identities and sets of understandings about masculinities shape response and recovery. This paper adds to the literature through providing a geographic enquiry into men’s sense of place and identifying the impacts of the Kaikōura/Waiau (7.8 Mw) earthquake sequence on rural men. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 19 men across Marlborough and North Canterbury who experienced the earthquake. Findings explored how rural masculine identities, exemplified in the Southern Man trope, were integral to rural men’s earthquake stories. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, capital and doxa and using field as a geographic metaphor for place, the research identified that participants relied upon rural skills and local knowledges to navigate the changing dynamics of place. More broadly, this paper illustrates how post-disaster impacts on individuals and communities may be traced through examining a gendered sense of place.

Private Confederacies: The Emotional Worlds of Southern Men as Citizens and Soldiers by James J. Broomall

Reviewed by: Private Confederacies: The Emotional Worlds of Southern Men as Citizens and Soldiers by James J. Broomall John Mayfield Private Confederacies: The Emotional Worlds of Southern Men as Citizens and Soldiers. By James J. Broomall. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2019. 240 pp. $29.95. ISBN 978-1-4696-5198-9. It is ironic, perhaps, that in this age in which Civil War monuments have become the hardware of ideological wars, there is a growing body of scholarship that looks beyond the marble and bronze to the emotional core of the men who fought. This is the burgeoning field of the history of emotions. War is politics; war is leadership and strategy; war is a machine. It is also misery, boredom, euphoria, fear, love, confusion, and all the other thoughts and feelings the human psyche can generate, no matter the political objective. From the soldier's point of view, how does a man or woman navigate the terror and machine-like depersonalization of war without losing one's sense of self? There is no fixed answer, yet there are some fine studies already in hand. Among these are Peter Carmichael's exploration of how the common soldier "thought, fought and survived" [The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies (Chapel Hill, NC, 2018)] and Stephen Berry's elegant account of their struggle to define themselves as both "good" men and warrior heroes [All That Makes a Man: Love and Ambition in the Civil War South (New York, NY, 2003)]. These and other works inevitably cross paths with gender studies. What, in Berry's terms, "makes a man"? The answer depends, says James Broomall's new book, on the mix of time, place, and circumstance in which a man finds himself. The key phrase in the title is "emotional worlds," plural. What men are expected to feel and how they express those feelings are not constants; they shift with situations—war being a convulsive one. The southern man experienced enormous emotional change in the transition from peace to war and to war's aftermath, and along the way he developed new "emotional communities" in which he could safely express himself. Broomall has employed here a perspective first voiced by Barbara Rosenwein, a medieval historian who found herself [End Page 262] frustrated at the childlike stereotypes modernists had imposed on her subjects. Times change, and the register of acceptable emotional behaviors change with them. Dealing with such challenges (particularly during war) involves what sociologist Arlie Hochschild has termed "emotional work," which historian William Reddy has translated into the "navigation of feelings." Navigating feelings in the emotional community of the Old South was a tough task. To the public, the ideal southern man was a man of honor—that tense mixture of pride, gentility, fearlessness, violence, and supreme self-assurance that gave men mastery over their emotions and, concurrently, other people. It was a stiff code, and it was played for public recognition, not introspection or self-revelation. "Men commanded themselves and their feelings firmly," writes Broomall, a posture which "erected barriers" between men and discouraged "feminine" notions of vulnerability and openness (5). This man of honor became the stereotypical southern gentleman/hothead who had, in Henry Adams's famous phrase, "temperament," not "mind." In fact, it was never that simple, as Broomall is at pains to point out. Books by Berry, Timothy Williams, myself, and others have revealed a questioning, often painful, sometimes ironic side to southern manhood. It crops up in letters, diaries, memoirs, humor, and even sermons. Privately, southern men were prone to self-doubt, but given honor's heroic appeal they could not show it. So they fashioned themselves into "both restrained and martial masculinities, demonstrating a flexible model of manhood that proved essential" to survival in the coming war (31). Here Broomall echoes Carmichael's perspective: Soldiering demanded a "hard-nosed pragmatism" that could accommodate both individualism and military discipline. There could be honor in picket duty, or even in retreat. Broomall's narrative develops soldiers' emotional communities sequentially, through the phases of war. Recruitment and preparation, battle, demobilization, and defeat—all were disorienting and all...

Christian Citizens: Reading the Bible in Black and White in the Postemancipation South by Elizabeth L. Jemison

Reviewed by: Christian Citizens: Reading the Bible in Black and White in the Postemancipation South by Elizabeth L. Jemison Pearl J. Young (bio) Christian Citizens: Reading the Bible in Black and White in the Postemancipation South. By Elizabeth L. Jemison. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. Pp. 242. Cloth, $95.00; paper, $29.95.) Many scholars have considered the reluctance of white southerners to come to terms with emancipation and the efforts by freedpeople to exercise political and social power after the Civil War. Few, however, have considered the shadow of proslavery theology and the extent to which southerners, both Black and white, continued to wrestle over the theological assumptions at the heart of American slavery in the postemancipation era. In Christian Citizens, Elizabeth Jemison argues that the mind-set of proslavery theology—particularly its outlooks on patriotism, the past, and the norms surrounding family, gender, and sex—played a significant role in the trajectory of racial hierarchy and segregation in the postemancipation South. Using published political and denominational records together with sermon notes, curated narratives, and private writings, Jemison offers compelling evidence that Black and white Protestants in the lower Mississippi valley embraced Christian citizenship in their political and social endeavors after emancipation, eventually creating two distinct communities in conversation and debate with one another. Jemison argues for ideological continuity between the antebellum southern world of slavery and the postemancipation reality of violence and racial suppression, a continuity often discounted by scholars focused on the Civil War as a turning point rather than a point of inflection. If the proslavery mind-set endured beyond 1865, then the narrative that abolition triumphed through the Civil War is less meaningful. Additionally, its endurance suggests that proslavery Christianity was about much more than defending slavery, something scholars, such as Charles Irons and [End Page 589] Mitchell Snay, have suggested. What distinguishes the postemancipation era is that Black Christians had a political and religious voice in debates over belonging and power and challenged the fundamental assumptions of white southerners and their theology. As a result, the white "Redemption" of the South, a project to restore the racial status quo of the antebellum era, focused on suppressing the voices of Black men, convincing white northerners to abandon their support of freedpeople, and returning the control of politics, society, and narratives of the past to white southern men. Importantly, Jemison's study restores Black Christians as equal players in the postbellum world and demonstrates repeatedly that, as much as white southern Christians promoted paternalism and the dependent status of freedpeople, they were forced to debate and engage with Black Christians who challenged them by advocating for their own self-interests. Jemison, in particular, prompts historians of American religion to confront their assumptions of evangelicalism and Christian behavior by subtly suggesting that these norms are themselves grounded in assumptions of white supremacy. For example, she juxtaposes white southern Christians, who argued for the separation of religion and politics and the place of men in public debates, with Black Christians, who argued that Christian piety qualified them for citizenship and eventually celebrated women who fought against lynching. To interpret Black Christians as departing from orthodoxy erases the fact that both sides used religion to justify their political action and that legal disenfranchisement and extralegal violence impeded Black men in their activism against racial injustice. Furthermore, Jemison challenges the narrative of the Black church fighting an uphill battle toward legitimacy; she highlights Black citizens' accomplishments following the Civil War and the systemic efforts of white southern Christians to unseat their fellow Christians and erase their voices and actions from the narrative. In her introduction, Jemison makes an unusual comment about the Colored Methodist Episcopal (CME) Church, stating, "I argue against an accepted reading of CME Church history as complicit amid white supremacy" (7). The notion that a Black denomination sponsored by the white southern Methodist church endorsed white paternalism seems so obvious as to be tedious, particularly in contrast to the Black-founded, abolitionist-leaning African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. While seemingly significant only to those mired in the minutia of denominational histories, this methodological choice demonstrates Jemison's willingness to reject traditional interpretations of the...

1527. Incident Sexually Transmitted Infections among Southern Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV in the Era of Biomedical Prevention

BackgroundSexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV disproportionately affect men who have sex with men (MSM) in the U.S. Deep South. The South also continues to bear the majority of incident HIV in the U.S.; concomitantly, STIs have increased among MSM in this region. HIV virologic suppression effectively prevents sexual transmission of HIV (treatment as prevention, TasP), but STIs occur commonly in MSM living with HIV despite this. Here, we describe the incidence of gonorrhea and chlamydia in MSM living with HIV in the context of their viral load (VL) management from 2016 to 2019.MethodsWe analyzed data from adult MSM living with HIV from 2016-2019 in HIV care in Birmingham, AL. Eligible MSM were prospectively enrolled in the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Sites (CNICS) and had documentation of at least one HIV viral load and one STI test (gonorrhea or chlamydia at any anatomic site) in the same calendar year. Demographic data is presented by year. STI incident rates were calculated by year by viral load (VL) category, suppressed (VL < 200 copies/ml) and unsuppressed (VL ≥ 200 copies/ml), with incident rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals for comparing suppressed VL to unsuppressed VL.ResultsThe study cohort included 943, 1084, 1080, and 1106 MSM in each year from 2016-2019, respectively. Of these men, 551 (58%), 623 (58%), 639 (63%), and 676 (61%) were Black or African American with a median age (years) of 46, 45, 44, and 43 from 2016-2019. Most had VL < 200 (79%, 81%, 82%, and 80% from 2016-2019). There were 100, 131, 139, and 168 men with positive GC or CT results per year from 2016-2019. The annual incident rates per 100 person years (PY) for MSM by suppressed and unsuppressed VL as well as IRR are presented in Table 1; the IRR ranged from 3.00-4.34 through the study period. Figure 1 shows incidence rate by VL category. Figure 1. Incidence Rate by Viral Load Category. PY, person years. ConclusionIn this cohort, incident bacterial STIs were common and increased each year in this analysis for both groups, reflecting national STI trends. MSM with suppressed VL had higher bacterial STI incidence rates and higher risk for incident STI compared to MSM with unsuppressed VL. Novel approaches to STI prevention, such as pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis or vaccines, are necessary to alter the STI epidemic in this population and limit its impact on HIV transmission.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures