Southern Governors Research Articles

Study Evapotranspiration in Iraq Using the Penniman-Monteith Equation for the Period (2008-2020)

Evapotranspiration is considered an essential element for the stability of the ecosystem due to its importance in many aspects, including the water cycle, which is an important source of fresh water for humans, animals and plants. It also influences climate and temperatures and regulates weather. It also enters into the design of crop irrigation networks, knowing their water needs to prevent drought and desertification. The Penman-Monteith method is effective and accurate for calculating daily reference evapotranspiration and has been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as a standard method. This study aims to calculate the variation in evapotranspiration rates in Iraq using the Penman-Monteith method over the past thirteen years (2008-2020) in five equal periods (2008, 2011, 2014, 2017, and 2022). This study showed that the total rates of evapotranspiration are decreasing, and these values ​​peaked in 2008 and then decreased significantly in subsequent years. The reason for this decrease is the decrease in wind speed and the increase in relative humidity. It was found that evapotranspiration rates in the central and southern governorates are higher than in the northern governorates. However, there are deviations in the rates for some stations, such as in 2020, which witnessed a general decrease in evapotranspiration rates, except for some stations that recorded an increase. For example, Khanaqin station recorded the highest increase in evapotranspiration rates, which amounted to 23.6%. The reason for this increase is the increase in temperatures by 5.2% and the decrease in relative humidity by -6.5%.

Creditworthiness Criteria According to the 5Cs Model and Credit Decision: The Moderating Role of Intellectual Capital

The current study aims to examine how creditworthiness criteria based on the (5Cs) model with its dimensions (character, capacity, capital, conditions, and collateral) on the credit decision in the presence of intellectual capital as a moderating variable applied to the branches of Jordanian commercial banks in the southern governorates of Jordan. The study included 449 populations from these branches, with a sample size of 205 employees. The authors employed a quantitative approach and utilized Macro PROCESS v4.2 by Andrew F. Hayes for analysis within SPSS v.28 software to achieve the study objective and test its hypotheses. According to the findings of the study, there is a positive effect of creditworthiness criteria based on the (5Cs) model on the credit decision. Furthermore, the study discovered that there is a presence of a moderating role of intellectual capital on the relationship between creditworthiness criteria based on the (5Cs) model and the credit decision. The study recommends that banks should prioritize investing in training programs for employees to improve their ability to assess credit risk accurately.

Correctional Programs in Reform and Rehabilitation Centers in the Southern Governorates of Palestine and Their Impact on the Level of Psychological and Social Adjustment from the Perspective of Recidivist Inmates

Objectives: This study investigated the impact of rehabilitation programs on the psychological and social adaptation of recidivists in Palestine which was achieved by examining the level of implementation of rehabilitation programs and the psychological and social adaptation in different correction and rehabilitation centres. Methods: A systematic research design was adopted to achieve the goal of objective normative inquiry. Data was collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive analysis and linear regression. This encompassed measuring correctional program effectiveness and psychological-social compatibility among 237 recidivist inmates in the southern governorates, chosen through simple random sampling. Results: The results of the study showed a high level of application of the correctional programs used from the point of view of the inmates of recidivism for crime, according to the relative weight of 73.6%. and social, by 12.3%, as well as a significant effect of the variable of age and the variable of educational level as extraneous variables on the relationship between the correctional programs scale and the psychological and social adjustment scale Psychological and social. Conclusions: The study concluded the presence of a high level of implementation of rehabilitation programs as perceived by recidivists, while also indicating a low level of psychological and social compatibility among recidivists. The study further concluded a significant impact of rehabilitation programs on psychological and social compatibility, as well as the influence of age and educational level. However, the study found no significant impact of social status and the duration of punishment.

Environmental Monitoring of Changes in the Flooded Areas of the Marshes and Their Relationship to Water Quality Using GIS Techniques

This study aims to examine the relationship between the flooded areas of the marshes in southern Iraq and their water quality, as well as their relationship with climatic factors such as temperatures and rainfall amounts and their impact on the water discharge into the marshes of southern Iraq in the provinces (Basra, Maysan, and Dhi Qar) through the interpretation of maps with remote sensing tools of the wet cover (water and vegetation), descriptive and quantitative analysis of the flooded areas comparing them with the values of salt concentrations and clarifying the monitoring sites of the water quality and water discharge into the marshes through GIS, as well as the relationship of the wet cover with temperatures, rainfall amounts, and evaporation. The data of this study were obtained from environmental field observation data at climate monitoring stations, incoming water discharge stations, and water quality measurement sites in the three southern governorates. As for the areas of vegetation, the data was obtained through the interpretation of the satellites’ visuals (Sentinel-2 satellite) with a resolution of 15 m using GIS programs through a temporal and spatial comparison of the marshland for April -June-October for ten years (2010-2015-2020) respectively, The results showed that there is a direct relationship between the water quality and the wet cover (vegetation and water) through classification as well as the effect of climatic elements in the marshes.

Severity of Termites (Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri) Infestation on Date Palms

Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate intensity of infestation and annual distribution of termite community in palm orchards in southern governorates of Iraq (Basra and Maysan) to develop appropriate integrated management programs to control termite (Microcerotermis diversus Selvestry) in palm groves. Methods: A field survey was conducted for a whole year(October 2022- September 2023) to evaluate termite community, also relationship between intensity of termite infestation with some palm varieties was studied, and a correlation was made with some important contents for termite vitality in tissues of the frond bases such as Proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, and lignin were estimated to determine which varieties are more tolerant to termite infestation and the most sensitive. Results: Survey showed that palm varieties Khadrawi and Shakkar most susceptible to invasion, with rates of 52.19 and 48.4 termites/frond base, respectively. As for the Barhi and Al-Maktoum cultivars, they had lowest percentage of termite infestation, with 0 and 10.0 termites/frond base, respectively. Conclusions: Termite (Microcerotermis diversus Selvestry) prefers to invade some palm varieties that have a suitable content of carbohydrates and proteins (Khadrawi and Shakkar), especially in the moderate and cold months of the year. Termite community decrease in hot months of the year; therefore we recommend carrying out integrated termite management operations at the beginning of October and November in palm groves in arid and semi-arid areas similar to the areas of southern Iraq.

Circulating vaccine derived polio virus type 2 outbreak and response in Yemen, 2021–2022, a retrospective descriptive analysis

BackgroundThe outbreaks of circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Viruses (cVDPVs) have emerged as a major challenge for the final stage of polio eradication. In Yemen, an explosive outbreak of cVDPV2 was reported from August 2021 to December 2022. This study aims to compare the patterns of cVDPV2 outbreak, response measures taken by health authorities, and impacts in southern and northern governorates.MethodA retrospective descriptive study of confirmed cases of VDPV2 was performed. The data related to cVDPV2 as well as stool specimens and environmental samples that were shipped to WHO-accredited labs were collected by staff of surveillance. Frequencies and percentages were used to characterize and compare the confirmed cases from the southern and northern governorates. The average delayed time as a difference in days between the date of sample collection and lab confirmation was calculated.ResultsThe cVDPV2 was isolated from 227 AFP cases reported from 19/23 Yemeni governorates and from 83% (39/47) of environmental samples with an average of 7 months delayed from sample collection. However, the non-polio AFP (NPAFP) and adequate stool specimen rates in the north were 6.7 and 87% compared to 6.4 and 87% in the south, 86% (195) and 14%(32) out of the total 227 confirmed cases were detected from northern and southern governorates, respectively. The first and second cases of genetically linked isolates experienced paralysis onset on 30 August and 1st September 2021. They respectively were from Taiz and Marib governorates ruled by southern authorities that started vaccination campaigns as a response in February 2022. Thus, in contrast to 2021, the detected cases in 2022 from the total cases detected in the south were lower accounting for 22% (7 of 32) of compared to 79% (155 of 195) of the total cases the north.ConclusionA new emerging cVDPV2 was confirmed in Yemen. The result of this study highlighted the impact of vaccination campaigns in containing the cVDPV2 outbreak. Maintaining a high level of immunization coverage and switching to nOPV2 instead of tOPV and mOPV2 in campaigns are recommended and environmental surveillance should be expanded in such a risky country.

Study The Spread of Cancerous Diseases Throughout Iraq Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

GIS science is considered one of the modern sciences that intertwine with various disciplines and scientific branches in order to solve or present a specific problem. Understanding the wider picture of public health has been greatly aided by the development of Medical GIS. In this paper, the spatial analysis of GIS was used to prepare maps for the distribution of the number of cancer cases in some central and southern governorates of Iraq for several years. It was clearly noted that most of the injuries are in southern Iraq. In this paper was used the Arc-GIS software V. 10.3 and data collected by the ministry of health department of statistics were used.

Director of schools in the southern governorates of Palestine for management by values and their impact on the level of outstanding creativity of their scholars

Director of schools in the southern governorates of Palestine for management by values and their impact on the level of outstanding creativity of their scholars

Qualitative Evaluation for Asphalt Binder Modified with SBS Polymer

Solutions for safer, more durable infrastructure are required in light of increasing traffic and severe weather in Iraq. The most significant road conservation and maintenance challenges are the pavement's low resistance to dynamic loads and short service life. As a result, vast sums of money are spent annually to enhance the road service capacities in Iraq. Thermoplastic electrometric polymers for bitumen modification create long-lasting, cost-effective roadways. This study aims to determine how the mechanical properties of neat asphalt binder change when styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) is added as a modifier. The current research investigates adding three percentages of SBS (3, 5, and 7% of the weight of bitumen). Both neat and polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) were subjected to a series of physical laboratory and Superpave tests, including a dynamic shear rheometer tester (DSR) and a storage stability test. In addition, a chemical analysis test was conducted to identify any change in the neat binder chemical composition due to the addition of SBS polymer. The results indicated that 5% of SBS polymer was the optimum addition percentage to the local asphalt in Iraq. Additionally, it reduced the susceptibility of bitumen to temperature changes and enhanced its characteristics in all laboratory tests. The obtained PMB significantly improved rutting and fatigue factors compared to the neat asphalt binder. Based on the DSR tester and the storage stability test, the ratio of 5% SBS met the requirements of class PG76-10, used in the central and southern governorates of Iraq. Using SBS polymer on the surface course in Iraq reduces road damage due to the scorching summer sun, reduces the likelihood of rutting and fatigue cracking, and works well in hot regions, resulting in roads that last longer, provide comfortable riding, and require less maintenance.

A Proposed Strategy for Activating Smart ‎Accountability in Private Schools in the ‎Southern Governorates of Palestine

The purpose of the study was to examine how smart ‎accountability was being implemented in private schools in the ‎Southern Governorates of Palestine from the perspective of the ‎teachers, with the goal of outlining a suggested plan of action to ‎implement smart accountability in those institutions. The study ‎used a descriptive survey and a developmental approach. The ‎sample consisted of 43 teachers, who were asked to fill out a ‎questionnaire and an environmental analysis form. The study ‎found that private schools were implementing intelligent ‎accountability to an intermediate degree.The study presented a ‎proposed strategy to activate intelligent accountability in those ‎schools, which included a philosophy, premises, objectives, ‎components and implementation mechanisms.‎‏.‏‎ A sample of ‎experts in various fields of education from faculty members at ‎Palestinian universities participated in a focus group using the ‎method to implement the strategy‏.‏‎ The study recommended that ‎the Ministry of Education adopt the proposed strategy and ‎integrate smart accountability into the professional development ‎programs for principals.‎ ‎(Keywords: Smart Accountability, Private Schools, Southern ‎Governorates of Palestine)‎

The reality of leadership succession planning in the general administration of the Palestinian Electricity Distribution Company, according to Seven-star Rothwell’s model

The study aimed to analyze the reality of practicing leadership succession planning in the general management of the Palestinian Electricity Company in the southern governorates (Gaza Strip), in addition to identifying the challenges that impede the practice of succession planning and its effectiveness. This study followed the analytical descriptive method and a questionnaire as collecting tools and applied them to supervisory staff in the general management of the company by using the comprehensive survey method. A total of 102 male and female employees participated, and 93 valid questionnaires were recovered for analysis, with a recovery rate of 91.2%. The most important results showed that the general management of the company practices leadership succession planning in all its stages to a medium degree. The results also showed that there are a number of obstacles and challenges that impede the effective practice of the leadership succession planning process, such as the lack of background knowledge of successful experiences for this kind of planning and the weakness of the evaluation system associated with the succession planning process. and the lack of sufficient conviction to spread the culture of planning to successive leaderships among the management of the company. The statistical software program (SPSS V24) was used to test and analyze the data. One of the key recommendations of the study was to give more attention to the leadership succession planning process and work on addressing the challenges that reduce its effectiveness within the company.

The Developing of the comprehensive examination system in the intermediate colleges in the southern governorates of Palestine

This study aimed to develop the comprehensive examination system in the intermediate college in the southern governments of Palestine, and suggest ways to develop it, and the researchers depended the descriptive approach in its analytical style, and used questionnaire as a main tool for study, and the study sample was selected using the simple random sampling method, It consisted of (278) faculty and administrative staff members, and (220) male and female graduates, and one of the most important findings of the study was: that the degree of the study sample’s assessment of the level of effectiveness of the elements of the comprehensive examination system in the intermediate colleges in the southern governorates of Palestine came with a relative weight of (73.20%), which is a high degree, and that the degree of The graduates' assessment of their level of satisfaction with the comprehensive examination system got a relative weight of (80.10%), which means that it is very high. The researchers suggested a number of ways, the most important of which are: holding enrichment training and rehabilitation courses for all administrators and faculty members on the comprehensive exam, holding periodic meetings between the Ministry of Education and Higher Education and the concerned colleges to discuss the comprehensive exam procedures, and developing the comprehensive applied exam standards, in order to achieve the development of the system.

Levels of discriminatory practices and behaviours towards employees with disabilities in the Jordanian public sector: an exploratory analytical study

PurposeBased on the principle of equality, individuals with disabilities have the right to equal job opportunities and career advancements and to actively participate in the economy like other members of society. This study aims to provide an integrated description of discriminatory occupational practices and behaviours that individuals with disabilities face. This study followed the descriptive analytical approach to achieve the objectives. A questionnaire was used for data collection purposes.Design/methodology/approachThe target population for this study was male and female employees with disabilities working in the Jordanian Government sector for the years 2019–2022 in all governorates of Jordan. The sample method used was purposive-convenient random sampling, and the size of the sample valid for statistical analysis was n = 1,043. Using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (v26), a number of statistical tests were conducted to infer the features of the researched phenomenon.FindingsThis study found an overall moderate level (mean = 2.76) of practices and behaviours of job discrimination against individuals with disabilities in the Jordanian public sector. All proposed practices and behaviours were at moderate levels of agreement, with the highest discriminatory behaviours being in the areas of training and learning opportunities (2.88), followed by job performance evaluation (2.84), work leave and vacation (2.75), integration and social participation (2.74), career advancement and promotion (2.73) and, last, the distribution of tasks and responsibilities (2.61). Furthermore, it was found that there are significant differences in the levels of discriminatory practices and behaviours towards people with physical disabilities, individuals with visual impairments and psychological disabilities, new employees at work and those with a low level of education. In addition, employees at higher administrative levels (manager, deputy/assistant manager and head of department/division) and workers in the southern and central governorates are exposed to the highest levels of discrimination.Research limitations/implicationsLack of data: There is often a lack of reliable and comprehensive data on employees with disabilities, making it difficult for researchers to accurately study and understand the experiences of this population. Stigma and discrimination: People with disabilities often face stigma and discrimination, which can make it challenging for researchers to engage with them and collect accurate information.Practical implicationsMoreover, it was found that the main agencies to which cases of discriminatory practices towards individuals with disabilities working in the Jordanian public sector are reported are the direct managers/supervisors (n = 381), the ministry to which the institution/department belongs (n = 278) and the Higher Council for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (n = 261).Social implicationsSupporting social inclusion: Employment can provide a sense of purpose, identity and social inclusion for people with disabilities, which can have a positive impact on their disabilities and overall quality of life. Improving diversity and inclusion: The inclusion of employees with disabilities can contribute to a more diverse and inclusive workplace, where all employees feel valued and respected.Originality/valueThis study found that discriminatory practices against employees with disabilities in the Jordanian public sector were largely because of a lack of awareness of reporting mechanisms and negative attitudes towards individuals with disabilities. This study proposes solutions such as raising awareness among non-disabled employees, implementing penalties for discriminatory behaviour and updating legislation for the rights of individuals with disabilities.

Self-organization skills and their relationship to school integration among high school students

The study aimed to reveal the relationship between self-organization skills with school integration among high school students, and the study sample consisted of (710) high school students, the male sample was (330) and the female sample was (380) in secondary schools in the southern governorates of Palestine, and the study used the self-organization scale. And the school integration scale and the study followed the descriptive approach, and the study concluded that the relative weight of the axis of self-organization skills was (74%) high, while the relative weight of the axis of school integration reached (76.8%), and there is a statistically significant relationship at the level of significance ( α ≥ 0.05) between self-organization skills and school integration, and there are statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05) between the average grades of high school students on the self-organization skills scale, and the school integration scale for study variables (type - grade in the previous grade). Keywords: self-organization - school integration - high school students. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/13-10-06 Publication date: May 31 st 2023

The role of teachers in employing the Palestinian novel to promote the Palestinian cause among public school students in the southern governorates of Palestine

The study aimed to identify the degree of teachers’ practice of their role in employing the Palestinian novel to promote the Palestinian cause among public school students in the southern governorates of Palestine from their point of view, and to reveal the existence of differences between the mean estimates of the sample members for this level. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive approach in its analytical style. She designed a questionnaire of (27) items, and the questionnaire was applied to a sample of (80) male and female teachers. Among the most important findings of the study:The study sample's estimate of the degree of teachers' practice of their role in employing the Palestinian novel to promote the Palestinian cause among public school students in the southern governorates of Palestine obtained a relative weight of (74.426%), that is, a large degree, and there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the sample's assessment of the degree of teachers' practice of their role In employing the Palestinian novel to promote the Palestinian cause among public school students in the southern governorates of Palestine due to the study variables (gender, age, stage), The study recommended the following: protecting the Palestinian novel and preserving it from distortion or loss, forming a committee of specialists to archive Palestinian history on paper and electronically in a way that facilitates access for students, and strengthening belonging to the Palestinian generations, whether inside or outside Palestine, forming a committee to evaluate and amend curricula to serve the promotion of the novel And the Palestinian cause, and alleviating the teacher’s burdens so that he can carry out extracurricular activities that serve to strengthen the Palestinian cause and narrative, and benefit from the capabilities of this great people to address the hateful division, as unity is the basis for victory over this tyrannical and unjust occupation, and the use of technology and electronic space to spread narratives that dedicate Jerusalem’s status as the center of the Palestinian cause, and shed light towards it

The reality of clinical supervision among educational supervisors and its relationship to the performance of teachers in the southern governorates of Palestine

The study aimed to get to know the fact that the honors are included in the honors, and his relationship with the knowledge of the teachers to the performance of the teachers. The researcher used the descriptive approach, and the questionnaire tool to collect data. The study population reached (11555) male and female teachers. The researcher took a simple random sample of (200) male and female teachers. To analyze the data, the researcher used the statistical analysis program (SPSS). and the study reached many results, the most important of which are: the field of teachers’ performance got a relative weight (85.581%) and ranked first, and the field of the supervisor’s practice of clinical supervision got a relative weight (77.256%) and ranked second. In light of the results, the study recommended increasing the development programs for teachers within the framework of professional growth for teachers, during and outside school hours through various activities. Training courses, workshops, and focus groups. Reducing the burden on educational supervisors by increasing their number; To give them an opportunity to communicate with teachers and help them solve the problems they face and promote them to excellence and creativity.

Parliamentary Dress

Parliamentary Dress

Economic Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting Applications in the West Bank, Palestine

Freshwater resources are uncertain in Palestine and their uncertainty is expected to intensify due to climate change and the political situation. Yet, in this region, a stable freshwater supply is vital for domestic and agricultural uses. Rainwater harvesting could help to increase freshwater availability. This study investigates the economic feasibility of two rainwater harvesting applications in the West Bank, with eyebrow terracing in olive groves in rural areas and domestic rooftop harvesting in urban areas. Cost-effectiveness is estimated using a spatially explicit cost–benefit analysis. Three land zones varying in suitability for the implementation of eyebrow terracing in olive groves are analyzed. The potential increase in olive yield is estimated with a crop–water balance model. The potential amount of rainfall that can be harvested with domestic rooftop harvesting is calculated based on the average rooftop area for each of the 11 governorates individually. Costs and benefits are considered at the household level to calculate the economic feasibility of these two applications. Although eyebrow terracing enlarges soil moisture availability for olive trees and thereby increases olive yield by about 10–14%, construction costs are too high to make implementation cost-effective. Similarly, rooftop harvesting can harvest about 30% on average of the annual domestic water demand and is worthwhile in the northern and southern governorates. Yet, in this case, construction costs are generally too high to be cost-effective. This obstructs more widespread adoption of rainwater harvesting in the West Bank, which is urgently needed given the large impacts of climate change. Providing subsidies for rainwater harvesting could help to make adoption more attractive for households.

The role of the educational supervisor and the subjects committees in the professional development of secondary school teachers in the southern governorates

The study aimed to identify the role of the educational supervisor and the Subjects committees in the professional development of secondary teachers in the southern governorates, and to reveal that there are differences between the averages of the estimates of the sample members for this role, and to achieve this, the descriptive analytical approach was used, and it designed a questionnaire of (23) items Distributed over three areas, where it was applied to a random sample of (94) secondary teachers in public schools in the Gaza Strip. One of the most important findings of the study was: that the study sample estimated the degree of practice of the educational supervisor and the detective committees for their role in the professional development of teachers; he got a relative weight (66.84), i.e. an average degree, and the fields of study got an average degree ranging between (68.58% - 65.50%).arranged in descending order as follows: (the skill of implementation of lessons - planning skill - evaluation skill), and it also showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the averages of the estimates of the study sample members of the role of the educational supervisor and the detective committees in Professional Development of Secondary teachers in the southern governorates of Palestine attributed to the variable of gender, years of service and specialization, the study reached a set of ways to develop the role of the educational supervisor and detective committees in the professional development of teachers.
 
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School Climate and its Relationship to the Performance of Educational Supervisors in Primary Schools in the Southern Governorates of Palestine

The investigation sought to find a pattern. The general atmosphere at Palestine's southern governorates' basic UNRWA schools And demonstrating its connection to educational supervisors' performance from the viewpoint of the instructors.
 The descriptive analytical approach was employed by the researcher to meet the study's objectives. She created two questionnaires: the first to determine the pattern of the school environment, which has 42 items spread over six domains, and the second to assess the effectiveness of educational supervisors, which has 16 items spread across two domains. One of the study's key results was that the sample's assessment of the prevalent climatic pattern in the International Relief's elementary schools was significantly off.
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