Southern Front Research Articles

Fold-thrust belt in the southern front of the central High Atlas (Morocco): Analysis and implications for the tectonic inversion of the atlas system

Thrust folds have developed significantly in the meso-Cenozoic rock units of the Errachidia-Boudnib basin. The study areas correspond to the north part of the Pre-African Trough, which is located between the Anti-Atlas and the Atlas systems. It is characterized by faulted anticlines that are indicative of a foreland orogenic context.The Atlas system's structural evolution underwent several stages, starting with a Triassic extensional event followed by a period of fault reactivation during the Atlas compression. This research focuses on examining the thrust and detachment folds associated with both reverse and strike-slip components. For this purpose, we performed detailed geological mapping and interpretation of folding and fault slip data.As a result of shortening, field observations reveal that the study area exhibited well-developed thrusting geometry. Preexisting blind faults and multiple decollement levels within favorable formations such as Cenomanian evaporitic marls, Cenomanian-Turonian marls rich in organic matter, and Senonian argillites influence the folding patterns, which are not uniform. The findings demonstrate two key points. First, the most significant folds have formed along major blind thrusts. Subsequently, between these major faults, detachment folds were developed within the Jurassic-Cretaceous strata. Currently, due to erosion, certain thrusts have become visible, including the Ta'bbast thrust fault, Ait Atman (from the first stage), and the Timazguit fault zone (from the second stage). The South Atlas fault largely remains a blind fault. Additionally, the study emphasizes the presence of strike-slip components and en-echelon folding, indicating a transpressional regime during the uplift of the Atlas system.

Simulation analysis of 3D stability of a landslide with a locking segment: a case study of the Tizicao landslide in Maoxian County, southwest China

Abstract. Rock bridges, also known as locking masses in landslides, affect the three-dimensional (3D) stability and deformation patterns of landslides. However, it is always difficult to simulate rock bridges with continuous grid models in 3D landslides due to their discontinuous deformations. Tizicao landslide, located in Maoxian County, southwest China, is a typical landslide with a super-large rock mass volume of about 1388.2 × 104 m3 and a locking segment. To explore a better rock bridge model used to simulate 3D stability and deformations of the Tizicao landslide, this study introduced three rock bridge models into the FLAC3D program, including the intact rock mass model (IRMM), the Jennings model (JM), and the contact surface model with high strength parameters (CSM-HSP). The CSM-HSP model was eventually used in the FLAC3D program to obtain the 3D deformation characteristics of the landslide. In addition, the two-dimensional (2D) stability of the Tizicao landslide was analyzed using the GeoStudio program. The simulation results indicate that the Tizicao landslide is generally stable under current conditions owing to the existence of the locking segment in its southern front. This inference is consistent with the field deformation and monitoring data. It was found that the general stability and local deformations of the landslide are influenced by the locking segment according to the comparison between the 2D and 3D stability. There was a linear relationship between the locking ratio and the factor of safety (Fos), which applied to the 2D stability analysis of the landslides with a locking segment each, while there existed an approximate quadratic parabola suitable for the 3D stability of the landslides. Finally, this study analyzed the laws of the 3D Fos varying with the locking ratio and strength parameters of the locking masses and the sliding surface. Furthermore, it explored the advantages and disadvantages of the three rock bridge models in the simulation of the 3D stability of landslides with a locking segment.

Land-surface quantitative analysis for mapping and deciphering the construction processes of piedmont alluvial fans in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains

Land-surface quantitative analysis based on digital elevation model (DEM) has been applied for improving the geomorphological mapping of piedmont alluvial fans. Indeed, these fans are frequently along a mountain front, where a series of coalescing fans may eventually occur. The margins of adjacent fans are rather difficult to map, thus preventing accurate and meaningful quantification of fan morphometric properties such as fan area, length, and slope. These morphometric properties are essential for informing on the influence of climatic conditions and tectonic factors on the fan-building processes. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a quantitative digital mapping approach along a stretch of about 50 km in the southern front of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains. Here, the Geomorphological Map of Syria at 1:1,000,000 scale (1963) reported at least nine piedmont alluvial fans, but these were poorly characterized in terms of geomorphometric characteristics and construction processes. Adopting the 1-arcsec SRTMv3 DEM, we propose a four-step workflow to analyse the feeding catchments morphology and fan morphometry. In this manner, the identification and geomorphological mapping of coalescent piedmont fans as well as the recognition of the main construction process have been improved. The proposed approach can support geomorphological investigations of wide and inaccessible areas—especially where arid and semi-arid climate conditions prevail—as well as where socio-political issues may prevent effective field work.

Surface Rupturing Earthquakes of the Greater Caucasus Frontal Thrusts, Azerbaijan

AbstractHere we present the results of the first paleoseismic study of the Kura fold‐thrust belt in Azerbaijan based on field mapping, fault trenching, and Quaternary dating. Convergence at rates of ∼10 mm/yr between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates is largely accommodated by the Kura fold‐thrust belt which stretches between central Azerbaijan and Georgia along the southern front of the Greater Caucasus (45–48°E). Although destructive historic earthquakes are known here, little is known about the active faults responsible for these earthquakes. A paleoseismic trench was excavated across a 2‐m‐high fault scarp near Agsu revealing evidence of two surface rupturing earthquakes. Radiocarbon dating of the faulted sediments limits the earthquake timing to AD 1713–1895 and AD 1872–2003. Allowing for uncertainties in dating, the two events likely correspond to historical destructive M ∼ 7 earthquakes near Shamakhi, Azerbaijan in AD 1668 and 1902. A second trench 60 km west of Agsu was excavated near Goychay also revealing evidence of at least one event that occurred 334–118 BC. Holocene shortening and dip‐slip rates for the Kura fold‐thrust belt are ∼8.0 and 8.5 mm/yr, respectively, based on an uplifted strath terrace west of Agsu. The only known historical devastating (M > ∼7) earthquakes in the Kura region, west of Shamakhi, occurred in 1139 and possibly 1668. The lack of reported historical ruptures from the past 4–8 centuries in the Kura, in contrast with the numerous recorded destructive earthquakes in Shamakhi, suggests that the Kura fold‐thrust belt may have accumulated sufficient strain to produce a M > 7.7 earthquake.

Gettysburg's Southern Front: Opportunity and Failure at Richmond by Hampton Newsome (review)

Gettysburg's Southern Front: Opportunity and Failure at Richmond by Hampton Newsome (review)

Origins of Southern Ocean warm sea surface temperature bias in CMIP6 models

The warm sea surface temperature (SST) bias in the Southern Ocean (SO) has persisted in several generations of Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP) models, yet the origins of such a bias remain controversial. Using the latest CMIP6 models, here we find that the warm SST bias in the SO features a zonally oriented non-uniform pattern mainly located between the northern and southern fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. This common bias is not likely to be caused by the biases in the surface heat flux or the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) — the two previously suggested sources of the SO bias based on CMIP5 models. Instead, it is linked to the robust common warm bias in the Northern Atlantic deep ocean through the AMOC transport as an adiabatic process. Our findings indicate that remote oceanic biases that are dynamically connected to the SO should be taken into account to reduce the SO SST bias in climate models.

O polskiej historiografii ludobójstwa Ormian. Perspektywa krytyczna w świetle międzynarodowego stanu badań. Część II

The Armenian Genocide (1915–1917) is one of the crucial events defining the character of the final period of the Ottoman Empire existence and the southern front of World War I. It is also a core identity reference for Armenians and a matter of memory dispute with the Turkish Republic. Since the 1970s it has been a relevant research space for historians. Surprisingly, in Polish historiography, the subject is addressed only marginally, and its bibliography is puzzlingly limited. The article aims to discuss the genocide’s Polish historiography in the broader context of world research. The description of the number of Polish inputs devoted to it provides background for the main research problem – a reflection on the shape of genocide narratives created by Polish historians. This makes it possible to indicate the discursive structures determining the historical narratives on the Armenian Genocide. Hypothetically, they are the result of both the issue of the time of their creation and the axiology and worldview of the authors. In the second part of this article, quasi-historical narratives are described in order to indicate broadly how the narrative of the Armenian Genocide in Poland is shaped. There is also a critical look at the only text describing the historiography of the genocide in Poland. Most importantly, there is a critical look at the historiography of genocide, combined with an attempt to place it in the typologies created for the world’s research output. The whole concludes with a single summary and bibliography.

O polskiej historiografii ludobójstwa Ormian. Perspektywa krytyczna w świetle międzynarodowego stanu badań. Część I

The Armenian Genocide, which took place from 1915 to 1917, is one of the most crucial events defining the character of both the final period of the Ottoman Empire and the southern front of World War I. It is also a core identity reference for Armenians and a matter of memory dispute with the Turkish Republic. Since the 1970s, it has been a relevant research space for historians. Surprisingly, in Polish historiography, the subject is only marginally addressed, and its bibliography is puzzlingly limited. The article aims to discuss the Polish historiography of the Armenian Genocide in the broader context of world research. The description of the number of Polish inputs devoted to the Armenian Genocide provides background for the main research problem – a reflection on the shape of genocide narratives created by Polish historians. This makes it possible to indicate the discursive structures that determine the historical narratives on the Armenian Genocide. Hypothetically, they result from both the time in which they were created and the authors’ axiology and worldview. The article is divided into two parts. The first, in addition to the introduction and description of the state of research, focuses on the interpretation of all Polish historical texts concerning the issue of the Armenian Genocide. A critical analysis is devoted to both compact monographs and broader historical works in which reference is made to the issue of the genocide, above all in the context of the historiography of the declining period of the Ottoman Empire.

The Subsistence and Supply Activities on the Southern Front in the National Struggle

Savaşların insanlık üzerinde ki yıkıcı etkilerinin en bariz gözlendiği ve sonuçlarıyla yüzyıl boyunca etkisini hissettiren I. Dünya Savaşı, Osmanlı Devleti açısından yeni bir mücadele dönemini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Uzun süren savaş boyunca maddi ve manevi olarak güç kaybeden ve yokluk içine giren devletin yanı sıra halkta yetersiz kaynaklarla baş başa kalmıştır. Millî Mücadele Döneminde Güney Cephesinde iaşe ve ikmal çalışmalarını mücadelenin seyrine etkisi yönünden ele alan bu çalışmada Adana, Antep, Urfa ve Maraş bölgelerindeki insan, silah ve cephane, iaşe ve çeşitli sıhhi ihtiyaçların sağlanmasındaki idari ve ekonomik yapılanma incelenmektedir. Bir halk savaşı olması nedeniyle tüm kaynakların da yerinden ve halktan karşılandığı bu savaşta Mustafa Kemal ve Heyet-i Temsiliye’nin hızlı ve yerinde müdahaleleri ise mücadeleyi millî ve topyekûn bir hareket konuma getirmiştir. Çalışmanın temel varsayımı savaş öncesi ve savaş sırasında bu birliklerin ve cephe gerisinde kalan halkın kontrollü ve sistematik iaşe faaliyetlerinin Mustafa Kemal ve Heyet-i Temsiliye’nin öncülüğünde yerel güçler tarafından idare edildiği üzerinedir. Çalışmanın temel dayanağını arşiv belgeleri, yerel kaynaklar, anı ve hatıralar, resmi kaynakların yanında yabancı kaynaklar ve konu ile ilgili yazılmış araştırma inceleme eserleri oluşturmaktadır.

Tectonic evolution of the Triassic diapirs in the southern front of the Rif belt, Northern Morocco

Located at the front of the external Pre-Rif, northern Morocco, at the edge between the Rif cordillera and the Saiss neogen basin, Triassic diapirs constitute one of the main features of this area, occurring within the Meso-Cenozoic allochthonous formations. In order to understand their geological setting and evolution during the Meso-Cenozoic times, we carry out a geological study based on structural analysis and fracturing field investigations. The obtained results are completed by previous geophysical and seismic works. The rising salt bodies (halite, anhydrite and gypsum) in those diapirs was controlled by the two NW-SE and NE-SW system faults from the Mesozoic to the Quaternary. The contacts between the Triassic material and the Miocene sedimentary marls are discussed. Some mapped tectonic contacts, considered as thrusting faults are in fact stratigraphic limits, which are characterized by polygenic conglomerates. These arguments allow us to review the whole history of these salt walls and to discuss their current geometry.

Particularitățile includerii Basarabiei și a nordului Bucovinei în componența Uniunii Sovietice

"The author considers a set of military propaganda measures taken by Soviet troops to seize the territories of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Regular units of the USSR Armed Forces which were united in a specially created Southern Front, whose troops were concentrated on the border with Romania, were used to achieve this goal. On June 28, 1940, Soviet troops crossed the Dniester and entered Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Romanian units were ordered to withdraw in an organized manner. The Red Army exceeded the agreed rate of evacuation of Romanian troops, violated the line of demarcation, which led to local incidents. There were cases of disarmament of Romanian soldiers. There were armed clashes, a result of which were loses of both sides, including killed. In turn, the Red Army also felt hostility, encountering minefields, anti-tank barriers, trenches, mined or dismantled railways and bridges. Both Soviet and Romanian military units took certain military-administrative measures against the civilian population, which had different motives and forms of manifestation. The low level of morale of the retreating Romanian army led to the disintegration of entire military units, whose soldiers dropped their weapons and fled home. At the same time, there were serious violations of military discipline among the Red Army, for which the soldiers were punished, including the death penalty. Immediately after the Red Army entered Bessarabia and the Northern part of Bukovina, a huge Soviet propaganda machine began to operate. A large number of newspapers and special literature were distributed among the population and soldiers; and posters and slogans were hung in the streets and houses. Politicians of the Red Army organized rallies and demonstrations to awaken in the souls of the Bessarabians and Bukovinians “love for the liberators and a sense of confidence in the Soviet authority”. The annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina by the Soviet Union in June-July, 1940 can be considered a well-thought-out and carefully prepared political-diplomatic and military-propaganda campaign. These territories were occupied by the Red Army according to all the rules of military art (all components of the military operation were used: military force, local military pressure, military intelligence, propaganda and propaganda service), thanks to which the USSR achieved its goal. "

Deciphering the role of late Quaternary sea level fluctuations in controlling the sedimentation in the Brahmaputra Plains

Continent-continent collision between Eurasian and the Indian plate during the Cenozoic period lead to the formation of the Himalayan Mountain chain and the development of the Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra foreland basin to the south. Complex climate-tectonic interactions in this orogenic belt are responsible for the rapid erosion and filling of the Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra foreland basin with the eroded materials. This study based on geomorphic mapping, lithofacies analysis, and geochemical (Strontium-Neodymium i.e., SrNd analysis) provenance characterization, as well as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages, provides a dated sedimentation framework for the western Assam lowland areas. The dated relict fan surface lies ~40 m above mean sea level (msl), is incised and forms a regional valley terrace T1 composed of meandering channel deposits. Modern braided rivers flow on the T0 surface. The findings suggest that the alluvial fan is composed of three distinct lithofacies associations and aggraded during 27 to 3 ka. The bottom-most gravelly-sandy facies indicates progradation of the fan during the last glacial maximum (LGM), owing to the increased gradient of the Himalaya bound rivers. The middle facies is a sheet flood deposit which formed during the Latest Pleostocene-early Holocene period with rising sea level and increasing precipitation. During the Mid-Late Holocene, the uppermost facies is deposited as rivers lost their gradient in response to high sea level stand, resulting in inland sedimentation within muddy meandering channels. Our analysis found that falling sea level during the late Holocene was associated with greater precipitation and allowed the river to incise, to form gullies over the fan surface and form the valley terrace T1. The SrNd isotope fingerprints have been used to identify varying fan sediment sources in the Himalaya's southern front (i.e., Lesser and Higher Himalaya) as a function of changing monsoon conditions.

TOROSLARDA YAKILAN İSTİKLAL ATEŞİNİN ROMANI KAYIP SANCAK’TA YAPI VE İZLEK

Geçmişte yaşanan olayların yazarların muhayyilesinde yeniden yorumlanarak kurgulanması sonucu meydana gelen tarihî romanlar, kimi yazarlar tarafından millî kimliği oluşturan değerleri muhafaza etmek ve millî bilinci uyanık tutmak amacıyla kaleme alınır. Türk edebiyatında geçmişten günümüze birçok tarihî roman kaleme alınmıştır. Mehmet Uluğtürkan’ın kaleme aldığı Kayıp Sancak romanı da bunlardan biridir. Yazar, özgün bir bakış açısıyla Millî Mücadele döneminde Güney cephesinde yaşananlara dikkat çeker. Adana’nın düşman işgalinden kurtuluşuna ithafen yazılan romanda Adana halkının Millî Mücadele’nin kazanılmasında gösterdiği kahramanlık ve mücadele gözler önüne serilir. Romanın olay örgüsü, 31 Ekim 1918 tarihinde Mustafa Kemal’in Adana’ya gelişiyle başlar ve 5 Ocak 1922 tarihinde Adana’nın düşman işgalinden kurtuluşunun kutlama gösterileriyle son bulur. Bu zaman aralığında yaşananlar bir tarihî süreç şeklinde aktarılır. Romanda Millî Mücadele döneminde Mustafa Kemal tarafından Adana’nın işgalden kurtarılması amacıyla görevlendirilen başkişi Tekelioğlu Sinan’ın ve çevresindekilerin verdiği direniş hareketi anlatılır. Bu çalışma boyunca metin merkezli bir yaklaşımla Kayıp Sancak romanı yapı ve izlek açısından tüm yönleriyle incelenecektir.

Măsurile pregătitoare politico-diplomatice și militar-propagandistice ale U.R.S.S. pentru anexarea Basarabiei și a nordului Bucovinei (II)

"A significant turning point in relations between the Soviet Union and Romania was associated with the incorporation of Bessarabia and northern part of Bukovina into the USSR, which took place in the context of Soviet-German rapprochement. To this end, the Soviet leadership developed a set of preparatory political-diplomatic and military-propaganda measures. Soviet political and diplomatic actions were based on fundamental military preparations. In order to prepare and further joining Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina to the USSR, the Southern Front was created on the basis of the Kyiv Special and Odessa military districts. Army General Georgy Zhukov was appointed as a commander. The General Staff of the Red Army developed two variants of actions by Soviet troops. The first one provided for measures in case the Romanian government would not agree to the peaceful transfer of Bessarabia and Bukovina to the USSR. The second variant was an action plan in case of a voluntary retreat of Romanian troops west of the Prut. The first option was taken as the base. As early as June 26, 1940, on the border with Romania, the Soviet command concentrated 32 infantry, 2 motorized infantry, 6 cavalry divisions, 11 tank, 3 airborne brigades, 16 artillery regiments of the commander-in-chief’s reserve, 14 corps artillery regiments and 4 separate artillery divisions. In the main areas of the offensive, more than a triple advantage in manpower and means was provided. At the same time, for the purpose of ideological support, a huge propaganda apparatus was prepared to work with the population. In accordance with the Directive of the Main Political Directorate of the Red Army № 0140 (June 21, 1940), a large number of political workers were sent to the disposal of the Southern Front. One month before the start of the military operation, all employees of party and Soviet organizations were considered as mobilized. After appropriate training, they were ready for further activities as editorial staff, propagandists and agitators. Concert brigades and drama theatre groups were organized for the cultural service of the population. There were selected mobile library, gramophone records, and films. Book-mobile was arranged; everything necessary for the publication in Romanian newspaper was completed and provided with everything necessary. Due to the diligence of all these preparatory acts, the territories of Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina were occupied by the Red Army according to all the rules of military art (all elements of military operation were used: military force, local military pressure, military intelligence and counterintelligence, agitation and propaganda), thanks to which the USSR could reach its purpose. "

Chronology of the Late Pleistocene Caspian Sea hydrologic changes: A review of dates and proposed climate-induced driving mechanisms

This paper provides a review of the dates used to define major hydrologic changes in the Caspian Sea during the Late Pleistocene that includes the Early Khvalynian and Hyrcanian highstands and the Atelian lowstand, and it discusses their driving mechanisms. Dates obtained by 14C (that are the most numerous), by OSL and by U/Th for samples that are well identified in the literature through their geographic location and their laboratory number, are considered. Samples derive from sediments both in the current Caspian Sea coast and in its Middle and Northern basins. Most of dates concern the Early Khvalynian highstand while less abundant ones correspond to the Hyrcanian highstand and Atelian lowstand that preceded the Early Khvalynian. The review of these Late Pleistocene dates provides an overall revision of the hydrologic changes that the Caspian Sea experienced. Accordingly, the Early Khvalynian highstand presents two major phases. The first Early Khvalynian phase (hv1-1) took place between 36.0 and 22.0 cal kyr, and water level reached ca 0 m a.s.l. Its second phase (hv1-2) is characterised by the deposition of the so-called Chocolate Clays especially in the Northern Peri-Caspian and took place between ca 22.0 and 12.5 cal kyr BP with a water level rise until at least 40 m a.s.l. between ca 17 and 13 cal kyr BP. Before the Early Khvalynian highstand, the Caspian water level underwent a lowstand between at least 70.0 and 36.0 kyr, i.e. the Atelian lowstand, which was interrupted by the Hyrcanian highstand. During the late stage of the Atelian lowstand, between 43.5 and 42.9 and 36.0 cal kyr BP, the water level decreased between more than −60 m a.s.l. and less than - 90 m a.s.l. at 42.0 cal kyr BP. The importance of the water level drop in the early stage of the Atelian regression between ca 70 and 55.2 kyr could not be estimated but according to seismic profiles, it was much less pronounced than later. The dates for the Hyrcanian highstand range from 55.2 (or even before) to 43.5–42.9 cal kyr BP and the water level reached at least 0 m a.s.l. in its late phase. Through this synthesis, the origins of water inflows into the Caspian Sea could be suggested for the upper part of the Early Khvalynian transgression: it matches with a very large inflow of meltwater from the southern front of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet; the fluvio-glacial waters from the ice cap discharging to the Caspian Sea via the Volga River. Concerning the Hyrcanian transgression, meltwater inputs from the glaciers of western High Asia can be proposed, the fluvio-glacial waters being transported into the Caspian Sea by the Syr Darya and Amu Darya (via the Aral Sea or bypassing it).

Stratigraphic and tectonic architecture of the Middle Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous at the southern front of the Central High Atlas (Morocco): a cartographic revision

ABSTRACT The Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)-Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) deposits exposed at the southern front of the Central High Atlas (CHA, Southern Morocco) include thick fluvial successions largely undifferentiated in previous studies. These continental strata record a long period of relief formation due to crustal shortening and subsequent denudation that predated the Cenozoic, syn-collisional, tectonic inversion of the CHA. This study, carried out through mapping along more than 270 km between Ouarzazate and Errachidia towns, firstly proposes a rock-stratigraphic unified scheme based on a framework of unconformity-bounded stratigraphic units, including sub-units, differentiated for their specific depositional meaning. Secondly, the geological maps and related cross-sections illustrate the evidence of syn-depositional shortening with distinct deformation styles, outlining pre- and syn-collisional tectonic inversion.

Antep Savunmasında Kılıç Ali’nin Rolüne Yeniden Bakmak

Antep savunmasında ismi öne çıkan şahsiyetlerin başında Kılıç Ali [Üsteğmen Asaf
 Emrullah] gelmektedir. Kılıç Ali 1919 yılı sonbaharında Heyet-i Temsiliye Başkanı Mustafa
 Kemal Paşa tarafından güney cephesine gönderilen subaylardandır. Maraş havalisinde
 faaliyet gösterdikten sonra 1920’nin Mart ayı sonlarında Antep’e gelmiş ve 11 Mayıs
 1920 itibarıyla bölgeden ayrılmıştır. Antep Harbi’nde 40 gün kadar bir süre bulunmuştur.
 Kendi anlatımı ve bunu tekrarlayan literatür, Kılıç Ali’nin Antep savunmasının bel
 kemiği olduğuna dair, o olmasaydı neredeyse Antep’in kurtarılamayacağı anlamına gelen
 iddialarla doludur. Literatürde görebildiğimiz kadarıyla Kılıç Ali’nin Antep savunmasındaki
 rolüne ilişkin toplu eleştirel bir değerlendirme yapılmış değildir. Bu makalede Kılıç
 Ali’nin rolü ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır. 10 ay 7 gün süren Antep Harbi’nde, şartların
 nispeten şehri savunan müdafilerin lehine olduğu ilk 40 gün boyunca kendisinin bazı
 başarılarının yanında, Millî kuvvetlerin büyük kayıplar vermesine sebep olma hususunda
 sorumluluğunun bulunduğu da gösterilecektir.

Antarctica in the gray zone

ABSTRACT All appears quiet on Australia’s southern front – Antarctica. The continent remains a beacon of cooperation, home to a continued system of international governance and scientific engagement, lauded as a political win from the depths of the Cold War. Beneath the surface, however, this article argues that strategic competition is now building. In Antarctica, this competition takes the form of gray zone activities. This article argues that the proliferation of gray zone challenges could jeopardize the future of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). This article analyses gray zone activity in Antarctica and highlights the growing complexity Australia faces, as Canberra pursues the dual objectives of protecting Australia’s territorial claim to the Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT) and bolstering the ATS.

Investigating the Role of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the First Year of the War in Confronting and Stabilizing the Aggression of the Iraqi Ba'athist Army (Southern Front)

Investigating the Role of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the First Year of the War in Confronting and Stabilizing the Aggression of the Iraqi Ba'athist Army (Southern Front)

Zircon (U-Th)/He data for the Colorado Front Range “fourteeners” and testing Cryogenian exhumation of sub-Great Unconformity basement

We present zircon (U-Th)/He(ZHe) data for 17 Proterozoic basement samples from elevation profiles on the three peaks in the Front Range of Colorado that are at elevations over 14,000 ft. (4267 m, locally known as “fourteeners”), with complementary Raman data for a sample subset. ZHe dates from Longs Peak in the northern Front Range are uniformly Late Cretaceous to Eocene (37 ± 1 Ma to 137 ± 2 Ma), while those from Mt. Evans (34 ± 1 to 606 ± 18 Ma) and Pikes Peak (111 ± 5 Ma to 773 ± 17 Ma) in the central and southern Front Range are as old as Cryogenian. The results suggest hotter Late Cretaceous to Eocene burial temperatures to the north, attributable to northward thickening Cretaceous burial as proposed previously. Neoproterozoic sandstone injectites in the central range and kimberlite-hosted Cambrian sedimentary xenoliths in the northern range document that Precambrian basement was at the surface in the Cryogenian and/or in the Cambrian, as inferred previously for basement below the Great Unconformity in the southern range. Thermal history modeling demonstrates that ZHe data from the three fourteeners are compatible with the hypothesis of initial basement exhumation throughout the range by the Cryogenian. The study outcomes highlight important considerations for resolving deep-time thermal histories, including younger burial magnitude, detailed sampling position in structural blocks, availability of paleosurface markers, and construction of inverse thermal history models that integrate geologic knowledge and are designed to test geologically realistic thermal history scenarios.