Southern Ethiopia Research Articles

Effect of credit constraint on yield: the case of ginger producers in southern and central Ethiopia

Effect of credit constraint on yield: the case of ginger producers in southern and central Ethiopia

Determinants of implanon discontinuation among women in Gedeo Zone, South Ethiopia: a case–control study

BackgroundThe main public health problem that has a significant impact on the high fertility rate, unintended pregnancies, and induced abortion is Implanon cessation. In addition to Implanon being underutilized in Ethiopia, the rate of cessation is higher among women who started using it. Nevertheless, little is known about the factors that lead to Implanon cessation.ObjectivesThe study was aimed to determine the factors that led women to discontinue Implanon in Gedeo Zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region, southern Ethiopia, 2019.MethodA community-based unmatched case–control study design was carried out. Cases and controls were selected by a multi-stage sampling with a 1:2 case-to-control ratio. Data was entered into EPi-data version 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for analysis. A bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the factors affecting Implanon discontinuation. The adjusted odd ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was used to determine the precision of estimates, and statistical significance was declared at a p-value of 0.05.ResultFrom 516 women included in to the study, 495 (cases = 166 and controls = 329) women have responded to the questionnaires making a response rate of 96%. Monthly income 500—1000 birr [AOR: 0.3; 95% CI (0.2–0.5)], above 1000 birr [AOR: 0.2; 95% CI (0.1–0.4)], history of abortion [AOR: 2.0; 95% CI (1.0–4.1)], birth spacing [AOR: 0.6; 95% CI (0.3–0.9)], partner objection [AOR: 2.4; 95% CI (1.4–4.2)] were significantly associated factors.ConclusionThis study identified that monthly income, having abortion history, birth spacing, partner objection were the factors that affect Implanon discontinuation. To reduce implanon discontinuation, reducing abortion, involving partner and increasing the birth spacing, appropriate counseling before the insertion and appropriate follow-up by a health care practitioner are highly recommended.

Criminal incidences in relation to built environment in Arba Minch City, Southern Ethiopian

Criminal incidences in relation to built environment in Arba Minch City, Southern Ethiopian

Knowledge and associated factors towards trachoma in rural Lemo district, Southern Ethiopia, 2021

Knowledge and associated factors towards trachoma in rural Lemo district, Southern Ethiopia, 2021

The intensity of coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum kahawae Waller and Bridge) and its association with biophysical factors in Southern Ethiopia

The intensity of coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum kahawae Waller and Bridge) and its association with biophysical factors in Southern Ethiopia

Abnormal uterine bleeding and its associated factors among reproductive-age women who visit the gynecology ward in Dilla University General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia, 2022

BackgroundAbnormal uterine bleeding, a frequent gynecological problem among women of reproductive age, significantly affects their health and quality of life. Despite its problem, research on its extent and contributing factors in Ethiopia is scarce. Hence, this study is designed to determine the magnitude and factors associated with abnormal uterine bleeding among women visiting Dilla University General Hospital, Dilla, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study design was conducted with 380 women of reproductive age at Dilla University General Hospital. A systematic sampling method was employed to select the participants for the study. A structured interview administered questionnaire and checklist were used to collect the data. Stata V.14 software was used for cleaning, coding, ensuring completeness and accuracy, and further analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used. Finally, the variables that have a p-value of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsIn this study, the magnitude of abnormal uterine bleeding was 24.21% (95% CI, 20.14–28.79). History of sexually transmitted disease [AOR = 1.44, 95% CI: (1.33, 4.75)], history of anemia [AOR = 3.92, 95% CI: (1.20, 12.74)]., history of alcohol consumption [AOR = 2.49, 95% CI: (1.22, 5.06)], and perceived stress level [AOR = 1.30, 95% CI: (1.15, 1.69)] were found to be significantly associated with abnormal uterine bleeding.ConclusionsThe magnitude of abnormal uterine bleeding was 24.2% in the study setting. Factors such as a history of sexually transmitted disease, anemia, alcohol consumption, and perceived stress level were identified as significant risk factors for abnormal uterine bleeding. Addressing these factors is crucial for management. Further research and interventions targeting these risks are needed to enhance health outcomes. The study provides valuable insights for future interventions.

Workplace violence and its associated factors among nurses working in university teaching hospitals in Southern Ethiopia: a mixed approach

BackgroundWorkplace violence among nurses has increased dramatically in the last decade. Still, mitigation techniques have not been well explored; many studies used a quantitative research approach, and there is a knowledge gap on the current status of workplace violence. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of workplace violence and associated factors among nurses working at university teaching hospitals in the South Region of Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a mixed approach. A random sample of 400 nurses was interviewed for the quantitative analysis, and nine key informants were interviewed for the qualitative analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the data. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a corresponding p-value &amp;lt; 0.05 was used to determine the association between variables. The qualitative data were transcribed and translated, then themes were created, followed by thematic analysis using Open Code version 4.02.ResultsThe prevalence of workplace violence was 61.3% within the last 12 months. Nurses working in emergency departments [AOR = 4.27, 95% CI: 2.21, 8.24], nurses working in inpatient departments [AOR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.40, 4.72], the number of nurses in the same working unit from one to five [AOR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.21, 4.63], and six to ten staff nurses [AOR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.17, 3.85], nurses routinely making direct physical contact [AOR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.55, 4.95], and nurses' work time between 6 pm and 7 am [AOR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.00, 2.82] were factors significantly associated with workplace violence.ConclusionIn this study, the prevalence of workplace violence against nurses was high. We identified factors significantly associated with workplace violence among nurses. Interventions should focus on early risk identification, the management of violent incidents, and the establishment of violence protection strategies that consider contextual factors to reduce workplace violence.

Modelling Time to Recovery from Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis in Southern Ethiopia

Introduction: Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a global heath threat, resistant to key anti-TB drugs. It is ranked among the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Therefore, the current study investigated time to recovery from MDR-TB in southern Ethiopia. Data, Materials and Methods: Restrospective data from selected hospitals in SNNPR (January 2016 to December 2021) were analyzed. A cluster sample of 301 MDR-TB patients (131 NEMMCH, 121 BH, 49 AGH) was considered. Results: Among the 301 cases, 116 (38.5%) were censored. While 185 (61.5%) were recovered. Parametric shared frailty models were employed to account unobserved heterogeneity among the Hospitals and patients and AFT models were employed. the median recovery time of MDR-TB is 22 months. The clustering effect of frailty model was hospitals. Weibull-gamma shared frailty model was appropriate for this data. Conclusion: The final model showed that males have higher recovery rates than females. Extra pulmonary MDR-TB and Urban residency correleted with longer recovery times. The recovery rate increases with increasing baseline weight, education level, and occupation. But, the recovery rate decreases with smoking, co-morbidities, previous drug history, history of TB, and alcohol use Recommendation: All concerned bodies should be cognizant on the risk factors of MDR-TB in SNNP region By providing on early case detection and appropriate treatment of drug-susceptible MDR-TB, since it is essential to shorten the recovery time of MDR-TB patients in line with WHO guidelines

GIS-based Land Suitability Analysis for Mung Bean Production in Arba Minch Zuria District, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Land suitability analysis is of vital importance to maximize crop productivity of farming households. This study has aimed to investigate land suitability for mung bean production using the Analytical Hierarchic Process model. Four main criteria (soil, climate, land use land cover and topography), and 8 sub-criteria (slope, soil texture, soil depth, soil pH, soil cation exchange capacity, temperature, rainfall, and soil drainage) were selected to analyze land suitability. The sub-criteria were reclassified into 5 suitability levels: high, moderate, marginal, not suitable, and permanently not suitable. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), was used to determine the perceived weights that each criterion and sub-criteria carry. The land suitability for mung bean production during the October-November-December (OND) season showed by the final map was 32% (high), 26% (moderate), and 42% (marginal). 14%, 62%, and 24%, respectively were the suitability levels designated as high, moderate, and marginal during the January-February-March (JFM) season. Due to the prevalence of the climatic conditions, topography, spatially low lands, and fertile soil, the production of mung bean during the OND season was high. The major factors that impede higher land suitability during the JFM season include rainfall, soil, poor drainage, and slope. The production of mung bean is important in the agricultural sector for many benefits like human nutrition, local market, animal feed, export commodities, and soil fertility maintenance. So, stakeholders such as the district agricultural office, and governmental, and non-governmental actors should encourage farmers to produce more in conducive seasons and relieve food security shortfalls and livelihood problems in the entirety. Keywords: Land suitability; Geographic Information System; Analytical Hierarchic Process; Mung bean

Prioritization of soil erosion-prone sub-watersheds using geomorphometric and statistical-based weighted sum priority approach in the middle Omo-Gibe River basin, Southern Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Soil erosion, a major factor contributing to land degradation, poses significant environmental challenges across sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. This study identifies erosion-prone sub-watersheds in southern Ethiopia's middle Omo-Gibe River basin using digital elevation model data, analyzed using a geomorphometric and statistically weighted sum priority approach in a Geographic Information System environment. Additionally, hypsometric analysis, lithology, land use/cover analysis, and field observations were integrated to enhance methodological reliability in assessing soil erosion patterns and subsequent land degradation in the basin. Results highlight sub-watersheds with varying degrees of erosion sensitivity, emphasizing morphometric parameters and landscape characteristics. Furthermore, hypsometric analysis confirms a moderate to high susceptibility of sub-watersheds to soil erosion. Moreover, half of the river basin consists of shrubland, encompassing scrubs, range lands, and small wooded areas. These are less efficient in mitigating erosion compared to forests, especially in the face of significant summer rainfall and ensuing runoff. Statistical prioritization identified 19 sub-watersheds, covering 43% of the basin's total area, as highly prone to soil erosion and land degradation. The study's findings are valuable for Ethiopian watershed management decision-makers, enabling informed resource allocation and targeted interventions to control soil erosion and protect water resources by utilizing the outputs of this study.

Self-care behavior and associated factors among adult heart failure patients in outpatient cardiac follow-up unit at Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southern Ethiopia

BackgroundHeart failure is a serious medical condition that occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues. Good self-care is an essential behavior in long term management and maintenance of physiologic stability, better medical and person-centered outcomes. Poor self-care behavior deteriorates the outcomes of heart failure patients. However, there were no sufficient evidences that illustrate the topic in the country, including the study area.MethodologyInstitutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 heart failure patients from July 5-August 4, 2021. All adult heart failure patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria and have appointment during study period were included in the study. Interview and medical chart review was used to collect data. Epidata version 3.1 and SPSS version 20 were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Bivariate and multivariable analysis was computed. The model fitness was checked by Hosmer and Lemeshow test.ResultsFrom the total patients, 240 were interviewed with the response rate of 96%. Among these, 140(58.3%) [95% CI: 52.6, 64.9] had poor self-care behavior. Age>54: 9.891 [2.228, 43.922], poor knowledge: 6.980[1.065, 45.727], depression: 4.973[1.107, 22.338], low social support: 6.060[1.373, 26.739], insomnia: 4.801[1.019, 22.622] and duration with heart failure <1 year: 5.782[1.438, 23.247] were factors associated with poor self-care behavior.ConclusionIn this study, more than half of participants attending at Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in outpatient cardiac follow-up unit had poor self-care behavior. Of the study variables, older age, poor knowledge, depressive symptoms, low social support, insomnia and short duration with heart failure were related with poor self-care behavior. Thus, the findings highlight importance of assessing level of self-care behavior and implicate direction to take action to enhance level of self-care behavior.

Early warning signals of the termination of the African Humid Period(s)

The transition from a humid green Sahara to today’s hyperarid conditions in northern Africa ~5.5 thousand years ago shows the dramatic environmental change to which human societies were exposed and had to adapt to. In this work, we show that in the 620,000-year environmental record from the Chew Bahir basin in the southern Ethiopian Rift, with its decadal resolution, this one thousand year long transition is particularly well documented, along with 20–80 year long droughts, recurring every ~160 years, as possible early warnings. Together with events of extreme wetness at the end of the transition, these droughts form a pronounced climate “flickering”, which can be simulated in climate models and is also present in earlier climate transitions in the Chew Bahir environmental record, indicating that transitions with flickering are characteristic of this region.

Ethnobotany of Moringa stenopetala: A case study from Derashe and Konso ethnic groups in southern Ethiopia

Moringa stenopetala, an important vegetable tree locally called “Haleko” in Derashe and “Shelagda” in Konso area, is cultivated and managed mainly for its edible leaves and for various other purposes in the southern part of Ethiopia. The study explored Ethnobotanical knowledge of the local communities in Konso and Derashe districts. Data were collected using household survey, focus group discussion and key informant interview. A total of 180 households were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Focus group discussions were also conducted involving both men and women. The result showed that M. stenopetala (Haleko) is an important component of the daily dish of the study ethnic groups and used for medicinal purposes. Farmers in both ethnic groups propagate M. stenopetala using its seeds and cuttings. The studied ethnic groups plant the species in home gardens and their crop fields. Farmers produce and use succulent leaves for preparation of local dish. They also practice pollarding of M. stenopetala tree at about 2.30 m to avoid bird resting on the trees and damage their crops. The study also recommends further promotion of the species to other areas with similar agroecology, and propagation techniques research to investigate the optimum cutting height, age and season.

Determinants of urban households in the diversification of livelihood activities: The case of Wolaita zone in southern Ethiopia

Diversification of Livelihood Activities (DLA) is indeed crucial for populous countries like Ethiopia, where it serves as a strategy to mitigate food insecurity. Despite its significance, empirical studies focusing on DLA among urban households in Ethiopia are relatively scarce. Therefore, this study examines factors affecting urban households' participation in the DLA in selected towns of the Wolaita zone. The study used both primary and secondary data. A total of 310 sample respondents from three town administrations in the Wolaita zone: Areka, Boditi, and Sodo, were selected using a multi-phase sampling technique. The study used a survey questionnaire, Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussions, and observations as methods for primary data collection. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that among the sampled respondents, 23.9 %, 28.4 %, and 33.2 % depend on on-farm, on-farm + non-farm, non-farm + off-farm activities, respectively, while the remaining 14.5 % diversify their livelihood activities through combinations of on-farm + non-farm + off-farm Livelihood Diversification Activities (LDA). The Multinomial Logot (MNL) model result shows that the participation of LDA in the study areas was positively and negatively determined by cooperative membership, development agent training, gender, education, home ownership, rural connections, household income, and technical skills that were found to be statistically significant at 1 %, 5 %, and 10 %. Therefore, the government should prioritize empowering the diversification of livelihood activities and develop policies and programs that support urban households’ livelihoods, with a specific focus on promoting off-farm and non-farm endeavors.

The prioritisation of development projects and devaluation of cultural heritage: the case of material culture in Wolaita, southern Ethiopia

This study looks at the prioritisation of development projects and the consequential devaluation of cultural heritage in the case of the Kawo Amado Kella defensive wall in Wolaita, southern Ethiopia. The study region has several cultural, natural and combined world heritage sites, although the location is practically unknown on a regional and national level. The area is one of Ethiopia’s most culturally rich regions, and the wall was discovered at an ancient location near the Omo River. The Wolaita people live in the Omo River basin and have a rich cultural heritage and over time the defensive wall has suffered from various man-made and natural forces. This study focussed on the maintenance and conservation challenges of the Kawo Amado Kella defensive wall and used a qualitative ethnographic research approach with purposive sampling to understand the significance of the wall on a regional and national level as well as internationally. The results of the research are presented in this article.

Evaluating the impacts of climate-induced east Africa's recent disastrous drought on the pastoral livelihoods

Recurrent droughts, exacerbated by the climate, are becoming the greatest threat to the people of eastern Africa. In this region, including eastern Ethiopia, pastoralism is the prime source of livelihood. Due to susceptible means of living this area is mostly affected by droughts and related climatic shocks. Coordinated actions, therefore, demanded to reduce extreme vulnerability and increase adaptive capacity. To bring about change, the development of proactive drought risk management strategies and the adoption of appropriate measures are cliamed. However, there are few studies showing the underlying problems. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the impact of the recent climate-induced drought disaster on pastoralists’ livelihoods and the socio-economic determinants of pastoralists’ vulnerability in southern Ethiopia. Mixed, positivist and post-positivist research approaches were used in the design of the study. Both random and purposive sampling procedures were used in this study to select the study sites and respondents or discussants. A questionnaire was used to collect objective data from the randomly selected 371 respondents, while focus group discussions, key informant interviews and observations were used as methods to collect subjective data. While objective data was collected using semi-structured questions, subjective data was collected were using unstructured or open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the objective data, while the subjective data was analyzed using stepwise content analysis. The result shows that severe drought was the most important extreme episode in the area. In addition, the low adaptive capacity (0.29) combined with the high sensitivity (0.41) and exposure factors (0.36) indicate that pastoralists are highly vulnerable (0.49) to climate-related impacts. The index for catastrophic risk of drought episodes in the pastoralist community is scaled at 0.74. This indicates that the severity of drought can cause a 74 % catastrophic impact on pastoralists’ lives, property, natural environment and livelihoods. On the other hand, water scarcity, biodiversity decline, fodder scarcity, female-headed households, price instability, recurrent droughts, weather-dependent livelihoods, low availability of early warning information and poor access to market factors have had positive and significant impacts on high vulnerability and the resulting consequences. Policy makers are therefore encouraged to develop strategies to help pastoralists build adaptive capacity and reduce vulnerability to climate hazards. These can be implemented by improving access to water and pasture, by providing early warning information, by providing rangeland management, by diversifying livelihoods and by limiting factors that increase pastoralists' vulnerability and their impacts on their climate-dependent livelihoods.

Early Postnatal Care Utilization and Associated Factors Among Women Who Give Birth in the Last Six Weeks in Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia, 2022.

Background: The early postnatal period is defined as the first 48 h to 7 days after delivery. The early postnatal visit is especially the most critical time for the survival of mothers and newborns, particularly through early detection and management of postpartum complications. Despite the benefits, most mothers and newborns do not receive early postnatal care services from healthcare providers during the critical first few days after delivery. Objectives: This study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of early postnatal care utilization and associated factors among mothers who gave birth within the last 6 weeks in Hosanna town, Southern Ethiopia, from April 20 to May 30, 2022. Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Hadiya Zone, Hosanna town, Southern Ethiopia. A simple random sample technique was used to recruit 403 mothers who had given birth in the previous 6 weeks from a family folder. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a standardized questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between outcomes and explanatory variables, and the strength of the association was interpreted using an odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. In our study, p values of 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of early postnatal care utilization among mothers who gave birth within 1 week of the study area was 25.8% (95% CI: 21.7-30.0). No formal and primary educational level of husband (AOR = 0.05, 95% CI: [0.02, 0.16]), antenatal care follow-up (AOR = 2.13, 95% CI: [1.11, 4.1]), length of hospital stay before discharge (≥24 h) (AOR = 0.3, 95% CI: [0.16, 0.55]), and information about early postnatal care utilization (AOR = 3.08, 95% CI: [1.72, 5.52]) were factors significantly associated with early postnatal care utilization. Conclusion: In comparison to World Health Organization standards, the study's overall prevalence of early postnatal care utilization was low. Early postnatal care use was significantly associated with antenatal care follow-up, the husband's educational level, knowledge of early postnatal care use, and length of stay at the health institution following birth. As a result, the strength of health facilities is to improve service provision, information education, and communication.

The abundance and distribution of sandflies (with emphasis on Phlebotomus pedifer) (Diptera: Psychodidae) along the altitudinal gradient in Kindo Didaye district, Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia.

Understanding the distribution patterns of medically significant sandflies is crucial for effective vector and disease control planning. This study focused on investigating the abundance and distribution of phlebotomine sandflies, specifically emphasizing Phlebotomus pedifer (Diptera: Psychodidae), the vector of Leishmania aethiopica responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the highlands of southern Ethiopia. The study employed CDC light traps and sticky paper traps in various habitats, including human houses, farm fields, and rock cliffs, with and without the presence of hyraxes. The study was conducted along an altitudinal gradient in Kindo Didaye district, Wolaita Zone. A total of 7,994 sandflies belonging to 2 genera, Phlebotomus (26.1%) and Sergentomyia (73.9%), were collected. In the genus Phlebotomus, P. pedifer (74.1%) was the most abundant, followed by P. alexandri (18.05%) and P. gibiensis (7.85%). Altitude showed a strong positive association with the density and distribution of P. pedifer and a negative association with those of P. alexandri, P. gibiensis, and Sergentomyia spp. Furthermore, the study revealed distinct habitat preferences, with P. pedifer showing the highest mean density in hyrax dwellings, followed by human houses, and the lowest in farm fields. These findings provide valuable insights for planning targeted control measures against P. pedifer in both indoor and outdoor environments, particularly in the highland and midland areas of the study region.

Assessment of respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward rabies and associated risk factors in Shone Town, Southern Ethiopia.

Rabies is a neglected tropical viral disease most often transmitted through the bite of an infected animal. This study assessed the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Shone Town community toward rabies. A survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Shone town, Ethiopia, from November 2022 to April 2023. Woreda was selected purposefully, while Kebeles and the study populations were selected by simple random sampling. Four hundred and sixteen respondents were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. All respondents had heard about rabies from different sources, with the majority hearing from informal sources (62%). Approximately 51.9%, 0.7%, and 47.4% of individuals were aware of saliva contact, rabid animal bites, and both as means of transmission, respectively. The survey showed that 64.4% of participants knew the 100% fatal nature of rabies once the clinical signs developed, and 35.6% did not. Approximately 51.4% of respondents agreed that killing stray dogs was an effective method for rabies prevention. In this study, 72.6% of the respondents had contact with pets, and 36.8% of the interviewees had vaccinated their dogs. Only the educational level (p = 0.03) was associated with knowledge of the transmission route. Age (p = 0.04) and educational level (p = 0.01) had a statistically significant association with knowledge of the risk of not vaccinating dogs. A lack of formal education in the communities, low levels of education, and the majority of respondents acquiring their knowledge from unofficial sources are important contributors to the low levels of awareness.

Extended-SpectrumBeta-LactamaseProducingEscherichia coli in Raw Cow Milk At Selling Points and Determinants of Contamination in and Around Chencha, Southern Ethiopia.

Bacterial foodborne infections are a major public health concern globally, and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in food worsens the associated problems which are alarming issues. The current study aimed to isolate E. coli, determine antimicrobial resistance patterns, estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli, and determinants of raw cow milk contamination at selling points in and around Chencha, Southern Ethiopia from January 2021 to April, 2022. A total of 384 milk samples were collected randomly using a cross-sectional study and processed in the laboratory for evaluation of microbial load, bacterial isolation, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. The determinants were assessed through a prepared questionnaire, and descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSS version 21. Out of 384 milk samples analyzed for microbial loads, 5.3±1.68 log and 2.17±1.51 log CFU/mL respectively were the mean values of total viable count and total coliform count. A total of 118 (30.7%) samples were contaminated with E. coli of about 11.8% extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. Notably, 91 (77.1%) of isolates were multiple drug-resistant isolates. The multivariable logistic regression showed that variables of educational status of milk handlers, hand washing activities, nose picking habit of milk handlers, milk container cleaning activity, milk container type, physical abnormal milk checking status, and attended training on hygienic food handling practices type were significantly associated with the milk contamination in the study area. The results implied that the raw milk samples served in the study area contained bacterial pathogens and a higher microbial load than recommended standards. Our data also confirmed the presence of multiple drug resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli. Therefore, a close follow-up and training of milk handlers is needed. Besides, consumers should be made aware of the risks of consuming raw milk.