Eastern Southern Research Articles

基于MaxEnt模型的中国沙棘潜在适宜分布区分析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于MaxEnt模型的中国沙棘潜在适宜分布区分析 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202101260269 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 科技部中俄科技合作专项（2014DFR31230）；甘肃省自然科学基金（18JR3RA177）；"中-俄沙棘加工技术甘肃省国际科技合作基地"项目（GHJD201802）资助 Identification of potential distribution area for Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis by the MaxEnt model Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:中国沙棘主要分布于我国华北、西北、西南等地森林-草原过渡地带，是我国北方地区退耕还林、生态修复等工程的重要造林树种，对维持干旱、半干旱地区的生态环境稳定具有重要意义。探讨限制中国沙棘分布的主导气候因子，模拟其潜在适宜分布区，以期为中国沙棘在林业生态工程和生态经济林建设中的合理种植和推广提供理论依据。基于中国沙棘自然分布的328个地理样点，利用最大熵（MaxEnt）模型对中国沙棘的潜在分布区的主导气候因子进行分析，并预测中国沙棘的潜在分布范围。结果表明，基于气候变量的MaxEnt模型训练集和测试集受试者工作特征曲线下面积（AUC值）分别为0.962±0.001和0.949±0.001，均大于0.9，表明MaxEnt模型对中国沙棘潜在分布区的预测具有极高的准确度，可信度好。基于环境变量贡献率和刀切法的结果表明年降雨情况、生长季的水热状况、最干季降雨和最冷月最低温等是限制中国沙棘分布的主要气候因素，其中年降雨是限制中国沙棘分布的主导气候因子。通过模拟得到现代中国沙棘潜在地理分布的总适生区面积为165.1万km2；其中高适生区和中适生区面积共93.3万km2，主要集中分布于河北西部、北部，山西全境，陕西北部及秦岭山区，宁夏南部，甘肃东部、南部及祁连山区，青海东部，四川西部和西藏东部及中部地区；在吉林东北部，内蒙古中部、南部，以及河南西北部地区也有少量分布。 Abstract:Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis is mainly distributed in the forest-grass transition zone and is an important afforestation tree species for the conversion of farmland to forests and ecological restoration projects in North, Northwest, and Southwest China, which plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the ecological environment. This paper tries to explore the dominant climatic factors that limit the distribution of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis in China, and to simulate its suitable distribution area. In order to provide a theoretical basis for the overall arrangement and promotion of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis in forestry ecological engineering and ecological economic forest construction. Based on 328 geographical distribution samples within the distribution range of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model is used to predict the potential distribution range of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis in China. The receiver operating characteristic curve, Jackknife test and the precent contribution of the climatic factors are carried out to analyze to the climatic factors limiting the modern potential geographical distribution of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis, and the response curve is used to determine the suitable range of climatic factors. The results showed that the average values of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of training and test data were 0.962±0.001 and 0.949±0.001 respectively, higher than 0.9, indicated the accuracy of the MaxEnt model was pretty high for modeling potential distribution regions of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis. The combined results from Jackknife test and the precent contribution of the climatic factors revealed that annual precipitation, temperature and precipitation of growth season, precipitation of driest quarter and min temperature of coldest month were the key climate factors that resctrited the distribution of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis in China. The total suitable area of the modern potentially geographical distribution of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis based on the climatic factors was 165.1×104 km2. And the total area of the potential most suitable region and suitable region of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis in China was 93.3×104 km2, mainly located in western and northern Hebei, Shanxi, northern Shaanxi and Qinling Mountains, southern Ningxia, eastern and southern Gansu, Qilian Mountains, eastern Qinghai, western Sichuan, eastern and central Tibet, moreover, there were few suitable region were located in northeastern Jilin, the central and southern Inner Mongolia, as well as northwestern Henan. These regions can be used as the dominant areas for the cultivation and prometon of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Rotavirus Group a in Piglets in Southern Highlands and Eastern Tanzania

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Rotavirus Group a in Piglets in Southern Highlands and Eastern Tanzania

Accessing the nutritional variability of Butia odorata: a food with identity

Butia odorata (Arecaceae) is a palm species in southern Brazil and eastern Uruguay, which produces tasty fruits consumed by humans and animals. Despite the ecological and sociocultural relevance of the species, B. odorata is endangered by extinction. This study aimed to characterize physical aspects, chromatic parameters, chemical, and centesimal composition and determine the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of fruits of B. odorata. Fifteen accessions of B. odorata from Pelotas and Capão do Leão (RS-Brazil) were evaluated for bunches weight, fruit yield, fruit diameter and height, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), TSS/TST ratio, color parameters, total phenolic compounds, total carotenoids, antioxidant activity, percentage of moisture, dry matter, vitamin C, crude fiber, fat, ash, protein and pulp yield. There was genetic variability among the analyzed accessions for several parameters. Some of them influence consumer acceptance, such as coloration and sugar content, which highlights the possibility of selection for genetic improvement. The fruits showed a rich composition in fibers, vitamin C, total carotenoids, and total phenolic content, which contribute to health maintenance. With the growing demand for functional foods, Butia fruits represent a potential product for nutritional enrichment in diets.

Zmiya skorpiya in the Russian North Handwritten Charms Tradition

The article is devoted to the study of a folklore cliche zmiya skorpiya ‘a serpent and a scorpion’ in the Russian North handwritten charms tradition. It was discovered that the source of the cliche is the Gospel of Luke’s quote (Luke 10:19), which was included in the oral charms of the Southern Russian, Eastern Belarusian and Eastern Ukrainian regions, as well as in the Russian North handwritten herdsman charms, most likely through liturgical texts. In herdsman charms this cliche fits organically the list of wild animals from which a charm was supposed to protect the livestock while grazing it in the forest. This allowed the cliche to stay in these charms for a long time – from the 18th and up to the beginning of the 20th century. Unlike the tradition of the south of Russia and the adjacent Ukrainian and Belarusian territories, zmiya skorpiya cliche was practically not varied in the Russian North, since it turned out to be in demand by the handwritten tradition. These herdsman charms were read during the ritual, more often the herd was bypassed with them. The charms also were stored, inherited, bought, sold and copied, and they were almost not subjected to natural variation during oral existence, which led to their conservation and gradual distortion as they were repeatedly copied and as the tradition was destroyed. The cliche was also recorded in love, healing and military charms, but it did not develop in them due to the absence of motives associated with snakes in these charms. In addition, it was included in a number of handwritten prayers, which were widely distributed primarily in the Russian North (such as the Archangel Michael’s Prayer against the Snake, the St. Tryphon’s Incantation, etc.).

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Asia: a systematic review and analysis

IntroductionThe burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is growing rapidly around the world. However, there is limited information on the overall regional prevalence of CKD, as well as the variations...

气候变化对柴胡与狭叶柴胡适生分布的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 气候变化对柴胡与狭叶柴胡适生分布的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202108242369 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家中医药管理局全国中药资源普查项目（GZY-KJS-2018-004）；全国第四次中药资源普查黑龙江专项（2018hljzyzypc-12）；黑龙江省自然科学基金（C2018038） Prediction of distribution pattern and change of suitable areas of Bupleurum chinense and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium under climate change in China Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:研究气候变化下物种适生区的分布格局与变迁，对于物种的保护和资源的可持续利用具有重要的理论和实践意义。选取柴胡（Bupleurum chinense）与狭叶柴胡（Bupleurum scorzonerifolium）在中国地域内的381个有效分布点和36个环境因子，利用MaxEnt模型模拟当前以及未来（2050和2070年）两种气候情景下（RCP4.5和RCP8.5）其适生区的分布格局，并分析了制约其适生区分布的主导环境因子。结果表明：（1）影响柴胡适生区分布的主导环境因子为最湿月份降水量、最干季度平均温度以及海拔。影响狭叶柴胡适生区分布的主导环境因子为最湿月份降水量、温度季节性变化标准差以及海拔；（2）当前气候条件下，柴胡适生区总面积为1.4755×106km2，约占我国国土面积的15.37%，中、高度适生区主要分布在陕西南部、山西东部、甘肃东南部、山东中部、河北中西部等地；狭叶柴胡适生区总面积为1.8034×106km2，约占我国国土面积的18.78%，中、高度适生区主要分布在黑龙江西部和东部、内蒙古中部和东北部、河北北部、陕西中部等地。（3）未来气候背景下，两种柴胡总适生区面积呈现增加趋势。柴胡适生区分布质心向东北方向的高纬度地区迁移，狭叶柴胡适生区分布质心向西部方向的高海拔地区迁移。 Abstract:It is of great theoretical and practical importance to study the distribution patterns and changes of species suitable geographical distribution areas under the background of climate change for the protection of species and the sustainable use of resources. In this study, 381 effective distribution sites of Bupleurum chinense and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium in China (excluding duplicate, invalid and cultivated distribution sites) and 36 environmental factors (terrain, soil and climate data) were selected. Baesd on the data mentioned above, the spatial distribution patterns of the suitable geographical distribution areas, B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium, were simulated by the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model under current climate and two climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the future (2050 and 2070), respectively. Meanwhile, the dominant environmental factors that restrict the distribution of these two species suitable geographical distribution areas were analyzed. The results show that (1) Precipitation of wettest period (Bio13) was the most important environmental factor affecting the suitable geographical distribution areas of B. chinense, followed by mean temperature of driest quarter (Bio09), and altitude (Elevation). In the same way, precipitation of wettest period (Bio13), temperature seasonality (Bio04), and altitude (Elevation) are the dominant environmental factors that affect the distribution of B. scorzonerifolium suitable geographical distribution areas. (2) Under the current climate conditions, the total area of suitable geographical distribution areas for B. chinense is 1.4755×106km2, which is account for about 15.37% of the total land area of China. And the middle and high suitable geographical distribution areas are mainly distributed in southern Shaanxi, eastern Shanxi, southeastern Gansu, central Shandong, central and western Hebei, etc. At the same time, the total area of suitable geographical distribution areas for B. scorzonerifolium is 1.8034×106km2, accounting for approximately 18.78% of the total land area of China, of which the middle and high suitable geographical distribution areas are mainly distributed in western and eastern Heilongjiang, central and northeastern Inner Mongolia, northern Hebei and central Shaanxi, etc. (3) Under the background of future climate change, the total suitable geographical distribution area of two species of Bupleurum both shows an increasing trend. In term of the migration study of suitable geographical distribution geometric center, the suitable geographical distribution geometric center of B. chinense will step by step move to the high latitude area in the northeast, while the suitable geographical distribution geometric center of B. scorzonerifolium will gradually migrate to the high altitude areas in the west. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Трансформация декора от предскифской к раннескифской упряжи: смена мировоззренческих образов

The article considers the transformation of ornament on the elements of horse equipment from the final stage of the pre-Scythian period to the beginning of the early Scythian. At the finale, classical Novocherkassk stage of the pre-Scythian period, some dramatic changes in art take place. In the traditional environment of pre-Scythian geometric art of southern Eastern Europe at the beginning of the 7th century BC, an absolutely alien system of zoomorphic images-signs is suddenly introduced. These changes occur against the background of the emergence of new types of bridle sets and some categories of weapons of Central Asian-Siberian origin, which form the “Zhabotin” military-horseman assemblage, fundamentally different from the previously existing “Novocherkassk”. As a result, it launches the process of fundamental changes in the social code of various groups of the pre-Scythian population of southern Eastern Europe. “Novocherkassk-Zhabotin” syncretic assemblage appears, some elements of which can be traced in the archaeological sites of the Kelermes stage of the early Scythian period not earlier than the last quarter of the 7th century BC.

ОСНОВЫ ХРОНОЛОГИИ И ПЕРИОДИЗАЦИИ ИСТОРИИ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ДОНБАССА В СРЕДНИЕ ВЕКА. ЧАСТЬ 2

The authors propose a periodization of the history of the Donbas lands during the High and Late Middle Ages. The beginning of a large cycle of migration processes caused by the invasion of the Oghuz tribes invasion was a marker of the High Middle Ages in the region. The demographic crisis at the end of the 14th century is considered as a marker of the beginning of the Late Middle Ages. Generally, the Middle Ages come to an end at the late 16th century when the southern borders of the Muscovite state were systematically moving further into the steppe. Particular attention should be paid to the characteristics of the regional features of the transitional periods from the Late Middle Ages to the Modern Era: there was a change in the vector of ethnic and political dominance in the middle and lower reaches of the Seversky Donets. Conditional periods and epochs, identified according to ethno-cultural and political criteria, are as close as possible to the existing conventional periodization. The proposed local model of the periodization of the history of the Donbas lands largely does not coincide with the periodization of the history of the neighboring regions of southern Eastern Europe. The elaboration of subdivided periodization permits us to more accurately reflect the features of the historical process in the region as parts of global history. Civilization criteria of periodization become more significant in the transition from the characteristics of epochs to the characteristics of specific periods. Migration processes are an important criterion for distinguishing between different epochs. Economic and ethnopolitical processes are of decisive importance for identifying periods of local history. A distinctive feature of the evolution of the lifestyle of medieval nomads was the trend towards sedentarization, the increase in the complexity of the food supply, and the development of sedentary settlement strategies. The principles of elaborating the periodization, tested in this study, can be used in discussing the problems of periodization of global history. Discussion of variants for periodization of local history leads to the improvement of the necessary conceptual apparatus. In the context of the periodization of the history of Donbas, the term “Middle Ages” is largely a conditional concept, different from the classical model.

Short-Term Kinematics of the Adria Plate and Space-Time Distribution of Major Peri-Adriatic Earthquakes

Seismic activity is quite strong in the peri-Adriatic zones, whereas the internal part of the Adria plate is almost aseismic. This pattern suggests that Adria is a solid block that interacts with the surrounding belts, trying to move roughly northward. Each major earthquake in a peri-Adriatic zone triggers the acceleration of the decoupled Adria sector, which induces a perturbation of the stress/strain fields in the still blocked boundaries of the plate. Step by step, the displacement of Adria involves more and more northern zones to finally reach the northern front of the plate (eastern Southern Alps). This interpretation seems to be compatible with the time patterns of seismic activity in the main peri-Adriatic zones since 1600 A.D., which may suggest repeated northward migrations of seismic crises. Each supposed migrating sequence involves major earthquakes in most zones. The main features of the first 4 seismic sequences (1600-1930) are used to get insights into possible regularities in the progressive activations of the peri-Adriatic zones. This information and the main features of the ongoing migrating sequence (since 1931) are then used to tentatively recognize the peri-Adriatic zones where the occurrence of next major earthquakes may be most likely.

Anti-cariogenic & Cytotoxic Activity of Red Sandal (Pterocarpus santalinus) Ethanolic Extract

Introduction: Pterocarpus santalinus, with the common names red sanders, red saunders, red sandalwood, Rakt Chandan, and saunderswood, is a species of Pterocarpus endemic to the southern Eastern Ghats mountain range of South India. This tree is valued for the rich red colour of its wood.The use of ethanolic extract is a cost-effective way to produce a quality extract from a large volume of plants.Pterocarpus santalinus has a characteristic anti-cariogenic and cytotoxic activity.This study aimed to find the Anti cariogenic and cytotoxic activity of Pterocarpus santalinus (Red sandal) ethanolic extract preparation.
 Materials and Methods: The anticariogenic activity was done by using agar well diffusion technique and the cytotoxic activity was done by Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. Pterocarpus santalinus were purchased commercially from an herbal health centre, in Chennai. The obtained powder Pterocarpus santalinus stored in an airtight container. 5 gram of powder is mixed with 50 ml of ethanol and kept in the orbital shaker for 72 hours , after it has boiled in a heating mantle at 62- 70 degree c for 5-10 min. The extract is filtered using whatman filter paper 1.The filter extract again contracted using heating mantle.
 Results: The extract shows very good anticariogenic and cytotoxic activity of P.santalinus ethanolic extract by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay.
 Conclusion: The Anti-cariogenic and cytotoxic activity of Pterocarpus santalinus ethanolic extract preparation was effective.

Inter- and intracontinental migration by the Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus)

We recovered 12 archival geolocators deployed on Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) breeding in New York (NY; n = 3, 2 with 2 years of data), Nebraska (NE; n = 6, 1 with 2 years of data), and Oregon (OR; n = 3) to describe migratory routes, timing and rates of migration, nonbreeding season distributions, and migratory connectedness. NY fall migrants migrated along the Atlantic coast to Florida, flew either nonstop across the Gulf of Mexico (GoM; 2 of 3 birds) or stopped once along the way (Cuba and Cayman Islands in different years) to land in Yucatan/Central America. Fall birds from NE and OR arrived at the GoM in the region of the border between Texas and Louisiana, and most likely took a land route to Central America. In spring, all NY birds flew nonstop across the GoM, and once in North America, took a more inland route than in fall. Trans-GoM flights were more common among NE and OR birds in spring than fall. Birds migrated faster in spring than fall, and in both seasons, late departure was associated with more rapid migration. Migratory connectivity was low, and all birds from OR, and one bird from NE and NY each, occupied a single region in northwestern Amazonia (southern Colombia, northern Peru, and eastern Ecuador) while in South America. Most kingbirds from NE and NY were intratropical migrants, occupying 2 regions for periods of ≥30 d. The latter birds migrated farther south to western Brazil and northern Bolivia, but then moved north to later use the same area in northwestern Amazonia where other birds remained throughout the overwinter period. Northwestern Amazonia thus appears to be a critical area for all Eastern Kingbirds during the nonbreeding season, possibly because a prolonged wet season supports abundant fruit resources.

Pterocarpus Santa Mediated Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles and Its Cytotoxic Effect

Introduction: Selenium is an important trace element in the human body that plays a role in nutrition and medicine. Selenium research is gaining traction, not only because of its technical applications, but also because of its novel position in life sciences. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay is widely used in the evaluation of toxicity of heavy metals, pesticides, medicines especially natural plant extracts etc. Pterocarpus santalinus, with the common names red sanders, red saunders, red sandalwood, Rakt Chandan, and saunders wood, is a species of pterocarpus endemic to the southern Eastern ghats mountain range of south india. This tree is valued for the rich red colour of its wood. The aim of the present study is to find out the pterocarpus santa mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and its cytotoxic effect.
 Materials and methods: Selenium nanoparticles were synthesized using pterocarpus santa and its cytotoxic effect were done in brine shrimp and its lethality is checked.
 Results: cytotoxic activity and the number of nauplii were all alive on the first day. After 24 hrs the number of nauplii were dead in all wells except in the 5μl well. The percentage of lethality increased from 50%,100%,100%,100%,100% in the 5µL to 80µL respectively.
 Conclusion: pterocarpus Santa mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles showed better cytotoxic effect in brine shrimp lethality assay showing emergence of a drug candidate for future research.

Bohemizm czy rutenizm – o wyrazie huba, hubka 1. bot. ‘grzyb na drzewach, Polyporus’, 2. ‘wysuszona huba do rozniecania ognia’, 3. ‘grzyby’

The text is a lexical mini-monograph in the context of issues related to linguis­tic borderland and linguistic borrowings. The word under consideration is huba, hubka 1. botany ‘fungus on trees, Polyporus’, 2. ‘dried Polyporus fungus for kin­dling fire, amadou’, 3. ‘fungi’, which in the Polish language is considered either a Bohemism or a Ruthenism. In the light of the linguistic data presented, it can be concluded that the former infrequently attested Bohemian influence was forgot­ten, and that under the influence of the Ruthenian languages the forms of huba, hubka were only later popularized in the Polish general language. On the oth­er hand, the influence of the Czech (and Slovak) language can be observed in the southern dialects, while in the east and in the Polish dialects of the southern Eastern Borderlands, Ukrainian influences were marked. It should be additionally noted that the spreading of these forms in dialects was under a strong impact of the Polish literary language.

Aeromagnetic and Landsat-8 data interpretation for structural and hydrothermal alteration mapping along the Central and Southern Eastern Desert boundary, Egypt

Pan-African basement rocks cover the study area along the boundary between Central and Southern Eastern Desert with small exposed sedimentary sequences. Several vein-type gold mineralization with hydrothermal alteration zones have long been known in the study area. Aeromagnetic and remote sensing imagery data were integrated for mapping the structural elements and hydrothermal alteration zones related to gold mineralization. By aeromagnetic imagery inspection, the structural complexity and porphyry intrusions density maps have been effectively constructed by applying Enhanced Center for Exploration Targeting (CET) techniques. Major NW shear zones along with NNW-SSE, WNW-ESE, NS, and NE-SW are the main trends controlling gold mineralization. On the other hand, applying band ratios and constrained energy minimization (CEM) technique on Landsat-8 data pointed out alteration minerals associated with the hydrothermal fluids. Calcite, sericite, and chlorite are the common alteration minerals detected, while goethite and epidote are less common in alteration zones of the area under study. A combination of CET structural complexity, circular features, and alteration zones produced a potential mineralization map pointing out numerous prospective zones for mineralizing gold. The predictive map was validated by projecting the known gold prospects at the study area, reflecting an agreement between the known gold occurrences and the higher classes of the predictive zone. The discussed techniques in the current research can be adopted as a direct indicator for structural mapping and detecting the alteration zones related to gold mineralization elsewhere.

Inscriptions from Eastern Phrygia and Galatia

The author publishes sixty-one epitaphs, all dating to the Roman and late Roman periods, from eastern Phrygia and southern Galatia. These inscriptions were recorded by Sir William Calder in July 1908 in the course of an extensive epigraphic journey through the steppe north of Konya, and are published here on the basis of Calder’s notebook copies. The texts published here include a large number of indigenous personal names, as well as some interesting kinship terms, curse formulae, and decorative features. The monuments include two verse epitaphs, as well as a significant number of Christian texts.

Agro-climatic onset of cropping season: A tool for determining optimum date of sowing in dry zones of southern Karnataka


 The study was conducted to analyse the rainfall pattern of dry farming zones of Southern Karnataka to arrive at proper date of sowing by considering parameters like threshold rainfall (20 mm), threshold dry day (2.5 mm) and threshold dry spell period (10 days) as a main defining parameters for decision making in sowing of major crops (finger millet, pigeonpea, groundnut, etc.). In all the three zones, the agro-climatic onset of cropping season was earlier as compared to meteorological onset (June 1st week) due to bimodal distribution of rainfall having its peaks in May and September month. In Central Dry Zone, Southern Dry Zone and Eastern Dry Zone, fourteenth June, thirteenth June and twentythird May were the agro-climatic onset dates (average of all stations in each zone), respectively. Station wise analysis of the rainfall revealed different agro-climatic onset dates. Ninth May in central dry zone, eighth May in eastern dry zone and fifth May in southern dry zone were the earliest onset dates. These variations in between zonal and station specific onset dates were due to spatio-temporal variations in rainfall. Therefore, advancements in sowing of crops based on the agro-climatic onset should be taken into account for betterment of crop production.

Productivity Of Various Varieties Of Spring Durum Wheat In The Conditions Of The Central Zone Of Orenburg Region

Spring wheat is one of the most important food grain crops. Hard spring wheat is used to produce cereals, pasta and vermicelli. The grain of this crop contains a lot of protein (14-16%soft, 15-18% hard) and gluten-28-40%.This crop is grown mainly in the following regions: the Volga region, the Southern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia. Average yields are obtained here due to lack of moisture, but the grain contains a lot of protein and gluten. When growing it in the Non-Chernozem zone, higher yields are obtained, but the quantity and quality of gluten is usually lower. In those regions (the North Caucasus, the Central Asian Republic) where winter wheat yields higher yields, spring wheat is considered one of the insurance products in case of its re-sowing in case of poor wintering.

A study of the evaluation of geo-hazards development degree based on time-space coupling

The Geo-hazards comprehensive evaluation index system was established in the early stage of the team, and the number, the number density, the volume and the volume density, which reflect the spatial dimension, are used to evaluate the development degree of geo-hazards, excluding the evaluation factors reflecting the time dimension. In this paper, disaster years reflecting the time dimension are introduced to enrich the development degree evaluation system of geo-hazards. The median logarithmic method and probability density distribution are respectively used to processing data of disaster years and volume, and the entropy weight is used to determine the weight of evaluation factors. The evaluation models are established and the evaluation results are divided into four levels by the slope method, reflecting the development status of disasters. The geo-hazards occurred in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) from 2011 to 2020 are taken as examples, the development degree of geo-hazards (landslide, collapse and debris flow) is evaluated and divided according to this method. The results show that the geo-hazards high development areas cover 323 counties in total, involving 19 provinces, mainly occurring in most of Hunan, western and eastern Hubei, southeastern Jiangxi, eastern Guangdong, central and western Fujian, eastern Sichuan, northern Chongqing and southern Gansu. The sub-high development areas occupy 566 counties in total, involving 25 provinces, mainly occurring in most of Sichuan, western and southern Yunnan, southeastern Hunan, northern Hubei, most of Jiangxi and Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Zhejiang, southwestern Guizhou, southern Shaanxi and eastern Jilin. The moderately development areas cover 623 counties in total, involving 30 provinces, mainly occurring in most of Xinjiang, Tibet, Gansu, Hebei, Shanxi and Henan. The low development areas occupy 1336 counties in total, involving 30 provinces, mainly occurring in Qinghai, most of Tibet, northern Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, western Jilin and Liaoning, eastern and southern Hebei, Shandong, eastern Henan, central and northern Anhui and Jiangsu. When compared with the national disaster prevention deployment situation or the Geo-hazards distribution, the evaluation results are in good agreement with the reality. In addition, through field investigation, the evaluation results are more scientific and reasonable than before.

Kinematics and Evolution of the Southern Eastern California Shear Zone, Based on Analysis of Fault Strike, Distribution, Activity, Roughness, and Secondary Deformation

AbstractThe Eastern California shear zone is a complex set of dextral faults that accommodates significant plate motion and has produced large earthquakes. The evolution of this system and why it consists of closely spaced, irregular faults that fail in multi‐fault ruptures are not well understood. Here we analyze the geometry, spatial distribution, and Quaternary slip activity of right‐lateral faults in the southern Mojave block. We find these faults are oriented favorably for accommodating regional dextral plate motion and do not show evidence of replacement following counterclockwise rotation to unfavorable positions, although activity may be migrating westward as previously proposed. We also confirm that the shear zone is transpressive, with widespread restraining bends, distributed convergent deformation, and significant impact on near‐fault topography. Observations also show that faults are geometrically complex, as represented by along‐strike variability in fault strike. We document a correlation between strike variability and fault activity (slip rate or net slip), which is evident within the shear zone as well as for a control group of other faults. We suggest that strike variability represents a form of geometric roughness, which may inhibit fault slip and result in complex ruptures, slip‐strengthening behavior, and a prevalence of off‐fault deformation. Other factors, including preexisting crustal fabric, edge effects, and changes in the stress field, may further complicate kinematics. These results suggest that faults of the shear zone are still juvenile and somewhat unique, yet offer an important window into how broadly distributed shear may evolve into a through‐going continental transform system.

Effects of Different Doses of Poultry Manure Application on Yield Components and Yield of Different Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Varieties

Background: A study was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of poultry manure application on the yield and some yield components of faba bean crop under ecological conditions of Siirt province, Southern Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. Methods: The study was carried out in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main plots were varieties and the sub-plots were poultry manure doses. At 15 days prior to sowing, 0 (control), 500, 1000, 1500 kg ha-1 of poultry manure was spread and mixed with a rake. Result: All observed parameters were effected from poultry manure doses. Application of 1000 kg/ha poultry manure was found superior in terms of yield and yield related parameters. Grain yield was highest at 1000 kg/ha poultry manure application in 2017 and 2018, (2119 kg/ha and 2083 kg/ha, respectively). Salkım variety was superior in terms of grain yield and most of the other parameters. Both varieties were yielded higher and most of the parameters were higher in 2017 compared to 2018. As a result of the study, cropping “Salkım” faba bean variety with 1000 kg/ha poultry manure application in South Eastern Anatolia or similar ecologies was proposed for higher grain yields.