Southern Country Research Articles

Losada, Sudamericana y Emecé: el puente traductor hispanoargentino de las tres grandes (1936 – 1955)

This article offers an overview of the translation work carried out in the book series of three major publishers that marked the “golden age” of the Argentine publishing industry: Losada, Sudamericana, and Emece. In the context of the so-called “Argentine publishing boom”, it is crucial to point out the instrumental activity carried out by a group of Spanish exiles in the southern country after the outbreak of the Civil War in the Peninsula. In addition to officiating as founders of the publishing companies, they served as editors, literary consultants, readers or directors. More importantly, they worked as translators. Between 1936 and 1955, these three companies assumed the dual objective of modernizing the local publishing industry and renewing existing publishing catalogs. The apparent success of their collections was undoubtedly due both to the high quality of the published translations, and to the introduction of new materials, genres, and authors that aroused the interest of the burgeoning Latin American readership. From Argentina, the spirit of these publications radiated to other countries of the continent and provided a boost to the development of new fields of reading and study, such as literature, social sciences, law, philosophy, pedagogy, natural sciences, or applied sciences.

Everyday Laptop Use by Children in a Southern Country: A Mixed-Method Approach

Information and communication technology (ICT) use among children in low-income countries remains understudied. The purpose of this study is to describe laptop usage among children in the context of the One Laptop per Child (OLPC) project 4 years after the laptops were first introduced in a community in Madagascar. The study was conducted using a mixed-method approach combining analysis of ICT use history, empirical observations, and interviews with children and parents. In class, activities involving laptops—including educational games, information research, and the creation of texts and storyboards—were found to be aligned with existing classroom activities. Outside school, computers were found to be used in individual, group, or family settings to listen to music and watch videos, play games, share content, and do homework. The study also found that computers play a major role in everyday routines, opening up new possibilities in photography and video-making. The findings also indicate that computer usage encourages children to learn new literacies in which image plays a central role and new forms of self-expression if they are accompanied and supported by their family.

An analysis of daily and monthly precipitation seasonality and regimes in Iran and the associated changes in 1951–2014

Daily and monthly total precipitation of 155 synoptic stations with relatively regular distribution over Iran, covering the 1990–2014 period, were used to investigate the spatial pattern of precipitation seasonality and regimes over Iran, using a set of precipitation seasonality indices. The results suggest a strong agreement between the indices computed at monthly time scale. The result also shows a latitudinal decreasing gradient from the lower index values in the north to the highest values in the south of Iran, suggesting a strong negative relationship between the latitude and the indices. A weak but statistically significant association was also found between the indices and the longitude, showing a gradual west-east contrast between the mountainous western Iran and the central-eastern lowlands and deserts of the country. The spatial patterns of the indices well agree in revealing different precipitation regimes in Iran, in spite of the observed discrepancies in their areal extent of the regions identified. All the indices characterized northern Iran by a precipitation regime having a moderate seasonality, while the mountainous areas of the western and northern Iran are featured by a marked precipitation regime possessing a longer dry season. However, the most seasonal precipitation regime with the longest dry period describes the southern country and some spot areas of the central-eastern Iran. The spatial distribution of the seasonal precipitation regimes and the month and season of maximum precipitation amounts across Iran was also identified, suggesting that from the 24 possible precipitation regimes over the globe, eight were found in Iran, from which a precipitation regime with the highest precipitation amount in winter, followed by autumn, spring, and summer characterized most parts of the country. January and JFM were also found as the month and season of maximum precipitation in a majority of stations distributed over Iran, respectively. The precipitation concentration index (DPCI) computed using daily precipitation data ranges between 0.56 and 0.76 across the country; nonetheless, the values between 0.64 and 0.70 characterized a majority of stations distributed over most parts of Iran. Contrarily to the indices computed at monthly time scale, the DPCI does not show a clear latitudinal pattern over the country. The Mann–Kendal trend test and the Sen slope estimator were applied to the computed indices relative to 16 stations with the longest and complete precipitation records during 1951–2014 time period. The indices time series showed no significant trend in the majority of the stations, indicating that the precipitation regimes of the studied stations did not change over 1951–2014 period.

Ranking do Índice Brasil de Inovação (IBI) nas Atividades Industriais e Extrativas da Região Sul do Brasil

O objetivo do estudo visa identificar o ranking do Índice Brasil de Inovação das atividades industriais e extrativas, exploradas na região sul do Brasil. O delineamento desta pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo de caráter descritivo, com procedimento de pesquisa documental, e uma abordagem quantitativa do problema. Inicialmente foram coletados os dados disponíveis no sítio eletrônico do PINTEC relativos às inovações tecnológicas dos anos de 2000, 2003, 2005 e 2008, e calculados o Índice Brasil de Inovação – IBI, dos estados localizados no sul do Brasil. Em uma análise posterior, efetuado um ranking denominado AHP, para identificar a atividade industrial e extrativa relativas aos três estados, que mais se destacou. Os resultados informam pela análise descritiva que o maior IBI caracterizou-se para os estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná e Santa Catarina respectivamente, já em relação os destaques entre as atividades industriais, em ordem sequencial apresenta a fabricação de máquinas e equipamentos, a atividade de fabricação de produtos alimentícios e outras atividades. Por meio do método de ranqueamento AHP, verificou-se que as mais inovativas atividades classificam-se respectivamente pela fabricação de produtos alimentícios, seguido da atividade de fabricação de máquinas e equipamentos e outras atividades, refletindo a características econômicas e de inovação da região sul do país.

An Analysis of Women and Sustainable Development Goals

On 25 September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as the agreed framework for international development. It is the successor to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, unlike the MDGs, the 2030 Agenda presents a much wider scope by deliberately and more fully incorporating economic and environmental sustainability, as well as the aspiration of many countries for peaceful and inclusive societies. The agenda also applies to all countries rather than just the developing countries. In this regard, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is more ambitious envisaging the eradication of poverty, the systematic tack-ling of climate change and building peaceful, resilient, equitable and inclusive societies. The Agenda, unlike the MDGs, has a stand-alone Goal on gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. In addition, there are gender equality targets in other Goals, and a more consistent call for sex disaggregation of data across many indicators.UN Women Communications and Advocacy Section in New York conducted an analysis of what the 17 SDGs adopted mean to women in order to inform strategic interventions building on the efforts of localization at country and regional levels. This analysis has been collated in this publication and linked to UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa Regional and Country Office priorities. Concrete examples programming interventions by UN Women country offices in the region are pro led in relation to specific SDGs and how those streams of interventions could lead to localization efforts. This has been done through an analysis of all annual reports submitted by regional/ multi/country offices to identify work streams feeding into the localization of sustainable development goals. The team comprising UN Women’s consultant on SDGs, Knowledge Management and Research Specialist and UN Women’s Regional Communications Assistant, under the leadership of the Deputy Regional Director, linked to existing analysis provided by UN Women on Women and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).The publication showcases how women are affected by each of the 17 proposed SDGs, as well as how women and girls can — and will — be key to achieving each of these goals. Data and stories of the impact of each SDG on women and girls is illustrated. UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa region’s efforts and interventions as they relate to SDGs are also discussed under each SDG, including our programmes, intergovernmental work and advocacy for policy change.This publication is intended to help countries in Eastern and Southern Africa understand and appreciate the linkages between SDGs and women and girls in their localization efforts and in establishing various partnerships and networks that feed into the vision of localizing SDGs at the country and regional levels.

The South and Alternative Models of Trade and Investment Regulation Australia, China and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

After a relatively slow beginning, the countries of East and South-East Asia, including Australia and New Zealand, have greatly expanded their network of bilateral and pluri-lateral regional agreements dealing with investment and trade in the form both of bilateral investment agreements and free trade agreements. Currently, the ASEAN states and its six main partners, the developing countries of China, Korea and India, and the developed countries of Japan, Australia and New Zealand, are negotiating a Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), which is intended to cover trade in goods and services, investment, competition, intellectual property and a range of other issues. At the same time, countries such as Australia and China are considered by the OECD to maintain highly restrictive investment regimes. Australia, which is both a capital exporting and importing state, now has FTAs with investment provisions with ASEAN, Japan and Korea and hopes to finalize its agreements with China towards the end of 2015. Although Australia cannot be placed in the category of a Southern country, its middle-level economy, and its role as a recipient of capital investment, presents some rather different issues to the developing-developed country analysis. China, although a developing country, is a world leader in both inbound and outbound investment, and the expansion of its investments in Asia and elsewhere presents a number of issues for its neighbors and for its own policies. This paper will focus on Australian and Chinese investment in the context of developments in the region and explore the legal tools that these two countries undertake, both at the international and the national levels, to implement their own development policies, particularly in the context of investment.

Does South-South Cooperation Really Work? Some Evidences from Korea's Bilateral ODA Programs to Facilitate HRD in ICT in Bangladesh

[ Abstract ] While North-South cooperation (NSC) continues to play a considerably dominant role in international development cooperation efforts, there is growing criticisms across the world as to the role and effectiveness of the NSC to support the developing countries to meet their development needs. As such, South-South cooperation (SSC) has become a subject of discussion in recent years across the world in international development and has increasingly become popular as an effective aid modality. However, there is unavailability of sufficient empirical studies about the efficacy of the SSC in the context of Bangladesh. The present paper attempts to examine two KOICA’s projects to facilitate HRD in ICT in Bangladesh taking into consideration of Korea as a southern country. The study revealed that Korea’s bilateral development cooperation efforts have been effective so far to fulfill their objectives. The findings of the study put forward that SSC may work in the form of technical cooperation to support the developing countries, pro vided that technical cooperation is demand-driven, and that there is sufficient level of absorptive capacity and supportive policy as well on the part of developing partner country to utilize external skills and technology.

Falling off the Map: South Africa, Antarctica and Empire, c. 1919–59

During the first half of the twentieth century, despatches about the coldest corner of the British Empire were circulated to three, sometimes four, of its southern neighbours under the British crown: Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the Falklands. Of these four, South Africa seemed the least interested in Antarctica, despite the keen interest of some influential individuals and a strategy of bringing Antarctica into the imperial fold through British dominions that were proximate to Antarctica. In this context, we ask how South Africa viewed itself in relation to the Antarctic to the south and the British metropole to the north. We discuss the key activities that connected South Africa to Antarctica—whaling and weather forecasting. Moreover, we consider some of the enterprising plans for a South African National Antarctic expedition, and what these plans reveal of South Africa's perception of itself as a southern country. This article interlinks with a growing scholarship that is critical of treating Antarctic history as politically and culturally isolated, including showing how the relatively simple natural and political ecology of the Antarctic can throw into relief multiple national and international concerns.

KULTÚRAALAPÍTÁS A MAGYAR KIRÁLYSÁG DÉLI VIDÉKEIN

A vajdasági magyar kultúra történetére koncentrálva jelen dolgozat Margócsy István szintézis-értrelmezésének szellemében kísérli meg a vajdasági magyar kultúrtörténet alapvetésének, a magyar királyság déli vidéke, (a Dél-Alföld) kultúraalapítási csomópontjainak (Csanád, Aracs, Bodrog, Bács, Szerém) a szintetizálását. A Magyar Királyság déli országrészein kialakuló multietnikus közösségek alkotta kultúrkörök kelet és nyugat határán egy sokszínű, traumatizált kulturális entitás aktualitását (ha lehet szó ilyesmiről), továbbélési lehetőségeit is vizsgálja.

Australia, China and the Asia-Pacific: The Regulation of Investment Flows into Australia

Australia now has FTAs with investment provisions with ASEAN, Japan and Korea – the China agreement is now in its 20th round of negotiations and investment is, according to reports, a major issue. Australia is both a major exporter to developing countries and a recipient of substantial amounts of investment from developed and developing countries, particularly from China. It is also the subject of an investor-State arbitration (through the Hong Kong BIT). The paper addresses trade and investment regulations involving China, Australia and the Asia-Pacific. Although Australia cannot be placed in the category of a Southern country, its middle-level economy, and its role as a recipient of capital investment, presents some rather different issues to the developing-developed country analysis.

RANKING DO ÍNDICE BRASIL DE INOVAÇÃO (IBI) NAS ATIVIDADES INDUSTRIAIS E EXTRATIVAS DA REGIÃO SUL DO BRASIL

With the market characterized by intense and constant change, innovation has become essential for the maintenance of business and economic development of the country and its regions. The objective of the study aims to identify the ranking of Brazil Innovation Index of industrial and extractive activities are operated in southern Brazil. The design of this research is characterized as a descriptive study, with documentary research procedure, and a quantitative approach to the problem. Initially was collected data available on the web site relating to the technological innovations PINTEC the years 2000, 2003, 2005 and 2008, and calculated the Brazil Index of Innovation - IBI, of the states located in southern Brazil. In a further analysis, performed a ranking called AHP to identify the industrial and extractive activity for the three states that stood out. The results tell the descriptive analysis that the highest IBI was characterized for the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Santa Catarina respectively, as compared the highlights among the industrial activities in sequential order provides the manufacture of machinery and equipment, activity in manufacturing food products and other activities. Through the AHP ranking method, was found that the most innovative activities are classified respectively by the manufacture of food products, followed by the activity of manufacturing of machinery and equipment and other activities, reflecting the economic characteristics and innovation in southern country.

Shaped by asymmetrical interdependence: a qualitative case study of the external influences on international non-governmental organizations' implementation of equity principles in HIV/AIDS work.

IntroductionAddressing inequities is a key role for international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) working in health and development. Yet, putting equity principles into practice can prove challenging. In-depth empirical research examining what influences INGOs’ implementation of equity principles is limited. This study examined the influences on one INGO’s implementation of equity principles in its HIV/AIDS programs.MethodsThis research employed a case study with nested components (an INGO operating in Kenya, with offices in North America). We used multiple data collection methods, including document reviews, interviews (with staff, partners and clients of the INGO in Kenya), and participant observation (with Kenyan INGO staff). Participant observation was conducted with 10 people over three months. Forty-one interviews were completed, and 127 documents analyzed. Data analysis followed Auerbach and Silverstein’s analytic process (2003), with qualitative coding conducted in multiple stages, using descriptive matrices, visual displays and networks (Miles and Huberman, 1994).ResultsThere was a gap between the INGO’s intent to implement equity principles and actual practice due to multiple influences from various players, including donors and country governments. The INGO was reliant on donor funding and needed permission from the Kenyan government to work in-country. Major influences included donor agendas and funding, donor country policies, and Southern country government priorities and legislation. The INGO privileged particular vulnerable populations (based on its reputation, its history, and the priorities of the Kenyan government and the donors). To balance its equity commitment with the influences from other players, the INGO aligned with the system as well as pushed back incrementally on the donors and the Kenyan government to influence these organizations’ equity agendas. By moving its equity agenda forward incrementally and using its reputational advantage, the INGO avoided potential negative repercussions that might result from pushing too fast or working outside the system.ConclusionsThe INGO aligned the implementation of equity principles in its HIV/AIDS initiatives by working within a system characterized by asymmetrical interdependence. Influences from the donors and Kenyan government contributed to an implementation gap between what the INGO intended to accomplish in implementing equity principles in HIV/AIDS work and actual practice.

Direction of trade and wage inequality

Contrary to the predictions of the 2 × 2 × 2 Heckscher–Ohlin model, empirical evidence shows that the skill premium increased in some developing countries and decreased in others after trade liberalization. Khalifa (2014) attempts to reconcile the empirical evidence with the theoretical predictions by introducing a theoretical set-up that includes the additional aspect of South–South trade. The model shows that South–South trade openness can cause the skill premium to increase in the Southern country that is relatively more skill abundant, and to decrease in the Southern country that is relatively less skill abundant. This article introduces an empirical analysis to test the theoretical predictions of Khalifa (2014) using threshold estimation techniques introduced by Hansen (1999). The results suggest the presence of a statistically significant skill abundance threshold, below which the estimate of the coefficient of the relationship between South–South trade openness and wage inequality is negative, and above which the point estimate is positive.

Compulsory licensing and access to drugs

Compulsory licensing allows the use of a patented invention without the owner's consent, with the aim of improving access to essential drugs. The pharmaceutical sector argues that, if broadly used, it can be detrimental to innovation. We model the interaction between a company in the North that holds the patent for a certain drug and a government in the South that needs to purchase it. We show that both access to drugs and pharmaceutical innovation depend largely on the Southern country's ability to manufacture a generic version. If the manufacturing cost is too high, compulsory licensing is not exercised. As the cost decreases, it becomes a credible threat forcing prices down, but reducing both access and innovation. When the cost is low enough, the South produces its own generic version and access reaches its highest value, despite a reduction in innovation. The global welfare analysis shows that the overall impact of compulsory licensing can be positive, even when accounting for its impact on innovation. We also consider the interaction between compulsory licensing and the strength of intellectual property rights, which can have global repercussions in other markets beyond the South.

Circular Migration between the North and the South: Effects on the Source Southern Economies

Abstract For a growing number of researchers, international migration has particularly undergone a change in recent decades. In 2006, the recently released Report of the General Secretary of the United Nations on International Migration and Development suggested a “new era of mobility” characterized in part by a greater degree of non-permanent, or circular migration. Although the impact of circular migration on development is far from being determined, a current literature review suggests a growing optimism about its potential of development. This optimism comes mainly from the erosion of the migration structure traditionally polarized in which emigrants are seen as “loss” for the country of origin (Southern country) and immigrants are therefore “won” by the country of destination (Northern country), entering through a direct effect of brain drain i.e. the depreciation of human capital and consequently the reduction of the economic growth of developing countries. In fact, today, emigrants and their descendants are key players in the development agenda of a number of developing countries. In addition to the induced effect of brain drain as a stimulus to domestic education, the value of emigrants comes not only from what they can contribute from far (diaspora option), but also that what they can cause through their return to their country of origin (return option). Thus, in the context of circular migration, there is a brain drain followed by a brain gain (feedback effect) in which we find both the diaspora option and especially the return option, from which the economies of developing countries can benefit in terms of economic growth through technology transfer of their nationals in the North, including on the one hand remittances, links with international trade and foreign direct investment and diaspora networks (diaspora option), and on the other hand the physical return of nationals (return option).

Spatial variability analysis of reference evapotranspiration in Iran utilizing fine resolution gridded datasets

Monthly averages of maximum and minimum temperature, mean relative humidity, sunshine duration and wind speed at 2m height, relative to 148 Iranian weather stations and period 1991–2005 were utilized for interpolation and gridding the variables to 1̊ in latitude and longitude. The Ordinary kriging method was used coupled with a spherical isotropic variogram. Monthly precipitation of the APHRODITE dataset was regridded to the same mesh grid for computing the aridity index jointly with the gridded variables. The required elevation for estimation of ETo at each grid node was extracted from the digital elevation map of Iran. The adequacy of gridded variables was proved through a set of statistical indicators applied to the cross-validated interpolation errors. The Penman–Monteith (PM-ETo) reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated using the gridded variables and statistically compared with those of observational datasets relative to some stations covering all climatic regions of Iran. Results indicated that the PM-ETo computed using gridded variables well fitted the PM-ETo computed using observed full weather variables at those selected stations. ETo was also estimated by the Hargreaves–Samani (HS) and FAO-PM temperature (PMT) methods using gridded variables of minimum and maximum temperature (Tmin and Tmax). To estimate ETo with HS and PMT methods, appropriate kRs, an empirical radiation adjustment coefficient, were considered for each station, whereas Tmin was adjusted for estimation of the dew point temperature (Tdew) used for PMT computation. It was found that the appropriate kRs for both HS and PMT methods are identical all over the country and they are smaller in dry-sub-humid to humid areas and higher in semi-arid to hyper-arid climates. The result suggested that the HS and PMT methods appropriately predict ETo all over Iran if the appropriate kRs are utilized. The spatial patterns of ETo computed with HS and PMT methods found to be identical and resemble to that of PM-ETo, all showing a gradual increasing from north to south, with the lowest ETo values observed over northern humid and sub-humid climates of Iran and larger ETo for arid and hyper-arid climates in the southern and eastern country. Results indicated that the HS and PMT methods are appropriate alternatives for estimation of ETo for all climatic regions of Iran, either when using observation or gridded data.

Muslim immigrants and the Greek nation: The emergence of nationalist intolerance

Faced with claims for recognising religious diversity, liberal European democracies have shifted in the last 10 years towards a more restrictive view of integration. This paper seeks to make a contribution to this line of research on how European countries deal with migration-related ethnic and religious diversity today by investigating the case of a southern country, notably Greece. Greece is an interesting case to study: it has by now 20 years of experience as a host country, but still its migrant integration policies are under-developed. In addition Greece it is currently experiencing an acute economic crisis while irregular migration towards the country is on the rise. These developments have contributed to bringing migration on to centre stage in political discourse with a concomitant rise of racist and xenophobic discourses against migrants. This paper takes, as a case study, the public Muslim prayer that took place in several squares of Athens on 18 November 2010 as a peaceful protest against the fact that Athens still does not have a formal mosque. We use this event as an opportunity for interviewing social and political actors directly or indirectly involved in it on their views regarding migration, religious diversity and their accommodation in the Greek public space. We analyse their discourse on whether and under what conditions religious diversity, Islam in particular, should be tolerated or accepted in Greek society. We propose here the notion of ‘nationalist intolerance’ to make sense of Greek discourses and propose a dynamic understanding of tolerance and intolerance as concepts that do not emanate from abstract norms but are rather negotiated in specific contexts.

Does China's trade expansion help African development? — an empirical estimation

This paper uses Comtrade panel data to assess the impacts of imports from China, in comparison with those from the United States and France, on Sub-Saharan African manufactured exports (as proxies of production performance). It is found that Chinese impacts are significantly positive in all sectors and in general Chinese impacts are stronger than those of the United States and France. A South–South trade theoretical framework is then explored to interpret this finding: When the absorptive capability of a poorly-developed country is quite limited and (or) a sizeable substitution effect of importing intermediate goods on this country's local production is present, it is better to import from a Southern country with a superior technology than from a Northern country with a very advanced technology. Therefore, my finding has provided evidence that China's increasing trade with Africa is helpful to African economic development.

Estimation of ETo with Hargreaves–Samani and FAO-PM temperature methods for a wide range of climates in Iran

Monthly data records of 40 Iranian stations distributed over the country, for the period 1971–2005, were utilized for estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using Penman–Monteith (PM-ETo), Hargreaves–Samani (HS) and FAO-PM temperature (PMT) methods. To estimate ETo with HS and PMT methods, appropriate kRs, an empirical radiation adjustment coefficient, were considered for each station, whereas Tmin was adjusted for estimation of Tdew and used only for PMT computation. It was found that the appropriate kRs for both HS and PMT methods are identical for a given station and it is generally smaller in sub-humid and humid than in semi-arid to hyper-arid climates. The performance of the PMT was further improved in both arid and humid climates when Tmin was adjusted. The result suggested that the HS and PMT methods appropriately predict ETo for all climatic regions of Iran if the appropriate kRs was utilized. However, the considered methods showed weak performances for some stations in arid and hyper-arid climates of eastern and southern Iran owing to the effect of extreme and variable wind speed inherent in the PM-ETo. Thus, the role played by wind speed in ETo estimation was examined; the result indicated that the existence of extreme winds, and also the time variability of wind speed, is responsible for the observed discrepancies between PMT and PM-ETo estimates. The spatial patterns of ETo computed with HS and PMT methods found to be identical and resemble to that of PM-ETo, all showing a gradual increasing from north to south, with the lowest ETo values observed over northern humid and sub-humid climates of Iran and larger ETo for arid and hyper-arid climates in the southern and eastern country. Results indicated that the HS and PMT methods are appropriate alternatives for estimation of ETo for all climatic regions of Iran.

Partial sequence analysis of B2L gene of Brazilian orf viruses from sheep and goats

We herein describe the partial nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the B2L gene of seventeen Brazilian orf viruses (ORFV). Seventeen viruses were recovered from outbreaks of contagious ecthyma in sheep and goats in four states in Southern and Northeast country, and three from commercial vaccines. Most analyzed viruses were associated with outbreaks of classical contagious ecthyma, with lip, nostrils and labial commissure involvement, yet udder/teat, feet, vulvar and disseminated lesions were also reported in some cases. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a high degree of B2L similarity among sheep sequences (>99%) regardless the geographic origin, and a remarkable high identity for the two goat isolates (>99.8%), with similarity dropping to below 99% when comparing viruses from the two species. A phylogenetic tree grouped most sheep and goat viruses on different branches. In addition, sequence alignment allowed the identification of up to six scattered nucleotide changes that were predominant and more consistent in goat isolates, including a number of sequences from other continents. Thus, in spite of the high nucleotide similarity, different degrees of similarity and discrete nucleotide changes in the B2L gene may help in grouping ORFV viruses according to host species.