Southeastern Direction Research Articles

Synoptyczne uwarunkowania napływu mas powietrza polarnego nad Lubelszczyznę

<p>Celem opracowania jest charakterystyka częstości i uwarunkowań synoptycznych napływu mas powietrza polarnego nad obszar Lubelszczyzny. Ich występowanie w ujęciu regionalnym określono dla godziny 12 UTC na podstawie dolnych map synoptycznych PIHM/IMGW-PIB z okresu 1951–2010. Częstość napływu mas powietrza polarnego (morskiego „świeżego” – PPm, morskiego starego – PPms, morskiego ciepłego – PPmc i kontynentalnego – PPk) w ciągu roku wynosiła 82,5%. Spośród wyróżnionych typów mas powietrza najczęściej notowano powietrze polarne morskie stare (PPms), z częstością przekraczającą 37% (maksimum w lecie, minimum wiosną). W latach 1951–2010 zaznaczyły się istotne zmiany w częstości napływu nad Lubelszczyznę mas PPk (spadek średnio o 11 dni na 10 lat), PPm (spadek 7 dni na 10 lat) i PPmc (wzrost o blisko 11 dni na 10 lat). We wszystkich porach roku masy PPms najczęściej napływały nad Lubelszczyznę z zachodu, PPmc z południowego zachodu i zachodu, PPm z zachodu i północo-zachodu, a PPk ze wschodu i południowego wschodu.</p>

Source contribution analysis of tropospheric NO2 based on two-dimensional MAX-DOAS measurements

Ground-based two-dimensional (2D) Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were collected continuously from June 2015 to May 2016 in Hefei, China. The spatial distribution of NO2 concentrations showed that more air pollution was present in eastern and southeastern direction from the study site, and these areas were located in the center of the city and economic developing zone. The seasonal variations of NO2 concentrations were distinct, and the highest levels were detected in winter, while the lowest levels were detected in summer. The mean concentration of NO2 during the heating season (November–March of the following year) was 6.56 ppbv, while that during the non-heating season (April–October) was 4 ppbv. The highest concentrations of NO2, carbon monoxide (CO), and PM2.5 were all observed during the heating season. The results from the potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis suggested that NO2 pollution in the summer was caused primarily by long-range transport from the east, while that in winter showed significant local influences. By combining the analyses of meteorological trajectory pressure profiles and aerosol optical depths (AODs), the sources of NO2 during the heating season were found to be mainly local emissions, while those during the non-heating season were mainly from long-range transportation.

ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF LANDSCAPES ACCORDING TO THE PRODUCTIVITY OF VEGETATION

Mining and processing of mineral resources causes the technological environmental impact, including the vegetation. Using field findings, the productivity of plant communities was estimated according to NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) - index of the amount of photosynthetically active biomass. Zones are outlined by the degree of damaged vegetation, characterizing the impact of Pechenganikel Mining and Metallurgical Combine (Murmansk Oblast). For the area of 380 km2, located in the vicinity of combine, the map of the damaged vegetation in the environs of urban-type settlement Nikel (1:100 000) was created in the program MapInfo Professional 11.5. Analysis of the map have shown the greatest pollution to be appeared in the north-eastern, eastern and south-eastern directions from the Pechenganikel combine due to the prevalence of the south and south-west winds as well as the uplands with an average height of 300-400m in the northern, eastern and southern adjacencies of Nikel. For zones with the considerable deterioration of vegetation the existence conditions for local areas with fewer disturbances than the surrounding area is determined. Plants growing in the zone of intensive technogenic impact, accumulate heavy metals in significant quantities that should be considered in a detailed researching of pollutants’ content in plants, especially for those used as food. Moreover, NDVI reveals pollutants to spread over a far larger area than can be visually find out only due to field studies, as the outward signs of vegetation response to pollution do not always give the100% certainty.

ADZHIEL TRACT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE LOCAL HISTORY OF THE CRIMEAN AZOV REGION: KEY RESULTS AND PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH

The object of the research is the peculiarities of the historical process on the Kerch Peninsula in the context of the local history of one of its regions. The authors conduct a detailed study of the most inhabited region of the Crimean Azov region – the Adzhiel tract, located in the western part of the peninsula to the territory adjacent to the Kazantip Bay. This gully, which goes in the north-western and south-eastern direction, fences off a significant part of the Kerch peninsula and represents one of the natural protective boundaries of the Eastern Crimea. The subject of research is to reconstruct the historical picture of the area, to define the main results and prospects for further research. Relying on a wide range of sources, primarily on the archaeological material of their own perennial excavations in the specified area, with the use of the source analysis method, the authors consider the known facts and events of the ancient history of the Kerch Peninsula in a new way. The methodological basis of the work is objectivity and historicism, which contributed to conducting of unbiased research. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time on a wide material, the stages of the historical development of one of the regions of the Kerch Peninsula were highlighted and the actual directions for further research in this area were identified. Due to the abundance of water and fertile soil, the Adzhiel tract was almost always inhabited by people. However, the most intense events occurred in the tract in the era of the Bosporus kingdom, when a system of defensive fortifications of the western borders of the state functioned here. Perhaps this system was more complicated than it previously seemed. This is indicated by the remains of another, previously unknown tower discovered by the authors in 2018. Thus, the authors conclude that the further prospects of research in the Adzhiel tract are connected both with the detailed reconstruction of the defence system of the Bosporus on the western frontiers of the state and also with the continuation of the study of Christian antiquities, including medieval time, and the religious life of the population of the Khazar Khaganate.

Estimating the Volcanic Ash Fall Rate from the Mount Sinabung Eruption on February 19, 2018 Using Weather Radar

This paper presents a theoretical method for estimating volcanic ash fall rate from the eruption of Sinabung Volcano on February 19, 2018 using an X-band multi-parameter radar (X-MP radar). The X-MP radar was run in a sectoral range height indicator (SRHI) scan mode for 6° angular range (azimuth of 221°–226°) and at an elevation angle of 7° to 40° angular range. The distance of the radar is approximately 8 km in the Southeastern direction of the vent of Mount Sinabung. Based on a three-dimensional (3-D) image of the radar reflectivity factor, the ash column height was established to be more than 7.7 km, and in-depth information on detectable tephra could be obtained. This paper aims to present the microphysical parameters of volcanic ash measured by X-MP radar, which are the tephra concentration and the fall-out rate. These parameters were calculated in a two-step stepwise approach microphysical model using the scaled gamma distribution. The first step was ash classification based on a set of training data on synthetic ash and its estimated reflectivity factor. Using a naïve Bayesian classification, the measured reflectivity factors from the eruption were classified into the classification model. The second step was estimating the volcanic ash concentration and the fall-out rate by power-law function. The model estimated a maximum of approximately 12.9 g·m-3of ash concentration from the coarse ash class (mean diameterDn= 0.1 mm) and a minimum of approximately 0.8 megatons of volcanic ash mass accumulation from the eruption.

Planetary long term changes of the cosmic ray geomagnetic cut off rigidities

The geomagnetic cutoff rigidities for vertical and inclined detectors of the World Network neutron monitors and muon telescopes were obtained with an annual resolution for the period 1950 2015 and for the forecast time up to 2050 by the method of trajectory calculations on the basis of the IGRF model. The results of the calculations indicate the manifestation of two World anomalies of the time dependence of the rigidity of geomagnetic cutoff and an irregular course for the north-western and south-eastern directions for detectors in the northern and southern hemispheres.

Crustal P wave velocity structure beneath the SE margin of the Tibetan Plateau from Deep Seismic Sounding results

The crust and uppermost mantle beneath the southeastern (SE) margin of Tibetan Plateau record the lateral expansion of Tibet and far-field effects from the ongoing continental collision and convergence. In order to obtain constraints on the deep structure and the eastward expansion of the plateau, we synthesized Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) results in this region and constructed the P wave velocity models for each terrane. The principal characteristics of the crustal velocity model and tectonic significance are: (1) Crustal thickness decreases from 53 km beneath the Songpan-Ganzi terrane (SGT) to 34 km in the south direction beneath Simao terrane (SMT), and 42 km in the east direction beneath Chengdu area. The crust is dominantly felsic in upper crust, with a small percentage of mafic composition in the lower crust. (2) The crustal structure is very heterogeneous in this region. The Indochina Block is characterized by low seismic velocities in the upper crust, while the west Yangtze terrane (WYZT) and SGT show higher velocities in the upper crust. The lower crust beneath WYZT is relatively thicker than other terranes. (3) We deduce that the high velocity in the upper crust and relatively thick lower crust beneath the SGT and WYZT can be associated with magmatic processes that generated the Emeishan flood basalts which may have been triggered by rifting or mantle plume. The lateral variations of the crustal thickness in SE Tibet may be due to lower crustal flow from the Tibetan Plateau to the SE direction after blocked by the cold and rigid Yangtze craton in the east direction.

Micro-arcsecond structure of Sagittarius A∗ revealed by high-sensitivity 86 GHz VLBI observations

Context. The compact radio source Sagittarius A∗ (Sgr A∗) in the Galactic centre is the primary supermassive black hole candidate. General relativistic magnetohydrodynamical (GRMHD) simulations of the accretion flow around Sgr A∗ predict the presence of sub-structure at observing wavelengths of ∼3 mm and below (frequencies of 86 GHz and above). For very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of Sgr A∗ at this frequency the blurring effect of interstellar scattering becomes sub-dominant, and arrays such as the high sensitivity array (HSA) and the global mm-VLBI array (GMVA) are now capable of resolving potential sub-structure in the source. Such investigations help to improve our understanding of the emission geometry of the mm-wave emission of Sgr A∗, which is crucial for constraining theoretical models and for providing a background to interpret 1 mm VLBI data from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). Aims. Following the closure phase analysis in our first paper, which indicates asymmetry in the 3 mm emission of Sgr A∗, here we have used the full visibility information to check for possible sub-structure. We extracted source size information from closure amplitude analysis, and investigate how this constrains a combined fit of the size-frequency relation and the scattering law for Sgr A∗. Methods. We performed high-sensitivity VLBI observations of Sgr A∗ at 3 mm using the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) and the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) in Mexico on two consecutive days in May 2015, with the second epoch including the Greenbank Telescope (GBT). Results. We confirm the asymmetry for the experiment including GBT. Modelling the emission with an elliptical Gaussian results in significant residual flux of ∼10 mJy in south-eastern direction. The analysis of closure amplitudes allows us to precisely constrain the major and minor axis size of the main emission component. We discuss systematic effects which need to be taken into account. We consider our results in the context of the existing body of size measurements over a range of observing frequencies and investigate how well-constrained the size-frequency relation is by performing a simultaneous fit to the scattering law and the size-frequency relation. Conclusions. We find an overall source geometry that matches previous findings very closely, showing a deviation in fitted model parameters less than 3% over a time scale of weeks and suggesting a highly stable global source geometry over time. The reported sub-structure in the 3 mm emission of Sgr A∗ is consistent with theoretical expectations of refractive noise on long baselines. However, comparing our findings with recent results from 1 mm and 7 mm VLBI observations, which also show evidence for east-west asymmetry, we cannot exclude an intrinsic origin. Confirmation of persistent intrinsic substructure will require further VLBI observations spread out over multiple epochs.

ʻ...Finding a smoother pebble or prettier shell than ordinary’ – Non-utilitarian artefacts in the upper palaeolithic – A case study from Mogyorósbánya (Transdanubia, Hungary)

During the excavations of the Upper Palaeolithic site at Mogyorósbánya several non-utilitarian artefacts were found. Beside the earlier published piece of fossil resin (amber) and lumps of red ochre, more than one hundred Palaeogene and Neogene fossil molluscs, large foraminifers, corals and trace fossils from at least three different geological formations, as well as numerous fragments of phyllite were documented. Pebbles of this soft shale were most probably collected from the alluvium of the Danube river. The majority of the pieces show clear traces of scraping and along the periphery of the largest artefact rhythmic incisions are visible. Even if this piece is not a ready-made object, it can be compared to the limestone and sandstone pebbles found on the Epigravettian site of Pilismarót-Pálrét. Another interesting artefact of unknown function is a carefully shaped but strongly fragmented piece with sharp edge. Fossils of the Eocene Epoch were easily accessible in the region of Mogyorósbánya, while the nearest fossiliferous outcrops of the Oligocene and Pannonian sediments are found 15–17 km in south-eastern direction from the site. Few gastropod shells show unambiguous traces of human modification. Typically, among the 16 Melanopsis fossils found in a single square meter only three pieces were manufactured. On the other hand, the majority of the Dentalium and worm tube fragments were cut and their surfaces show intense rounding and shine. The not modified Nummulites, corals and large internal casts of gastropods were most probably collected by Prehistoric humans because of their unusual form. This interesting group of the Mogyorósbánya artefacts and are compared to the fossils published from the Pilisszántó I rockshelter and to the not modified fossils from Moravia and Romania.

MicroRNA in situ hybridization with phosphate-methylated oligonucleotides (nDNA) probe

Ground-based two-dimensional (2D) Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were collected continuously from June 2015 to May 2016 in Hefei, China. The spatial distribution of NO2 concentrations showed that more air pollution was present in eastern and southeastern direction from the study site, and these areas were located in the center of the city and economic developing zone. The seasonal variations of NO2 concentrations were distinct, and the highest levels were detected in winter, while the lowest levels were detected in summer. The mean concentration of NO2 during the heating season (November–March of the following year) was 6.56 ppbv, while that during the non-heating season (April–October) was 4 ppbv. The highest concentrations of NO2, carbon monoxide (CO), and PM2.5 were all observed during the heating season. The results from the potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis suggested that NO2 pollution in the summer was caused primarily by long-range transport from the east, while that in winter showed significant local influences. By combining the analyses of meteorological trajectory pressure profiles and aerosol optical depths (AODs), the sources of NO2 during the heating season were found to be mainly local emissions, while those during the non-heating season were mainly from long-range transportation.

HYGIENIC SUBSTANTIATION OF DIMENSIONS OF SANITARY PROTECTIVE ZONES FOR MEDIUM SIZE PIG FARMS WITH A GLANCE TO CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTRIBUTION OF ODORIGENIC CHEMICAL AGENTS IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR

The high frequency of complaints from the local population on the appearance of reflex and vegetative reactions associated with chemical pollution of the atmospheric air makes actual the effectiveness of establishing sanitary protection zones around the agro-industrial enterprises in accordance with existing regulatory documents. Thereby raises the need to search new approaches and methods for establishing the safety of such enterprises. Conducted field studies of pollutant concentrations in the atmospheric air at the border of the sanitary protection and residential areas from the industrial squares of pig farms with a 30,000 head capacity before and after the conversion of manure storage facilities, as well as further comparison of the obtained results indicate a change in the level of contamination of the ground atmosphere layer by emissions of certain chemical agents in dynamics. Whereas a repeated feature of the pollution increasing near the residential area, which adjoins the industrial squares, was noted. The exceeding of odor limen for certain polluting chemical agents is noted in the absence of excess of its state hygienic norm in the atmospheric air. The results obtained after the realization of engineering, constructive and environmental solutions and usage of limit values for odors made it possible to adjust the standard sizes of the sanitary protection zone for the production area of the pig farm at the southeastern direction.

Impact of Accessibility on Housing Prices in Dalian City of China Based on a Geographically Weighted Regression Model

This paper studies the relationship between accessibility and housing prices in Dalian by using an improved geographically weighted regression model and house prices, traffic, remote sensing images, etc. Multi-source data improves the accuracy of the spatial differentiation that reflects the impact of traffic accessibility on house prices. The results are as follows: first, the average house price is 12 436 yuan (RMB)/m2, and reveals a declining trend from coastal areas to inland areas. The exception was Guilin Street, which demonstrates a local peak of house prices that decreases from the center of the street to its periphery. Second, the accessibility value is 33 minutes on average, excluding northern and eastern fringe areas, which was over 50 minutes. Third, the significant spatial correlation coefficient between accessibility and house prices is 0.423, and the coefficient increases in the southeastern direction. The strongest impact of accessibility on house prices is in the southeastern coast, and can be seen in the Lehua, Yingke, and Hushan communities, while the weakest impact is in the northwestern fringe, and can be seen in the Yingchengzi, Xixiaomo, and Daheishi community areas.

Numerical modeling of wind waves affected the marine structures in the Kola Bay

In this study of the evaluation of wave impacts on a gravity base structure (GBS) which is moored to berth No. 5 of the Centre of construction of large-capacity marine structures (CCLMS). It was identified five main wind directions that can be dangerous for the construction of CCLMS: East direction (E) South-East (SE) South direction (S), Southwest (SW), West (W) and Northwest (NW). According to the results of statistical processing of extreme storms of the 30-year period, two most dangerous directions of unrest were chosen-the Eastern direction (B) and the South-Eastern (SE) direction. Using a numerical model ARTEMIS, it was received wave field in the waters CCLMS near GBS reading for different sea levels. The simulation results showed that the wave heights affected the structure can reach 2.4 m.

The breeding biology of the White-spectacled Bulbul, Pycnonotus xanthopygos, at the northwestern edge of its distribution range

The White-spectacled Bulbul, Pycnonotus xanthopygos, is an abundant and possibly invasive species in Turkey, where it has gradually expanded its distribution and breeding range in both western and southeastern directions. This study focused on its breeding biology, which is still poorly known. The breeding activity extends from February until September. The preferred nesting areas are mainly gardens and maquis groves, where 24 different nesting tree species have been identified. The clutch size is 3.3 ± 0.8 eggs per pair, nesting success 68%, hatching success 94%, fledgling success 95%, and overall breeding success 89%. While nesting success differs significantly between the years, we found no significant differences in hatching, fledging, and overall breeding success between the years studied. Despite favourable climatic conditions in the Mediterranean region, the species makes only one brood per year in a relatively extended breeding season extending over seven months, and has a relatively a high reproduction rate per nest.

Monitoring the Honeydew Moth, Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Pomegranate Orchards in the Northwestern Region of Egypt.

Cryptoblabes gnidiella is a polyphagous serious species attacking fruits/pods, leaves and stems. C. gnidiella population level in a pomegranate orchard were studied during two successive years (2015 and 2016) at El-Alamain district in the Northwestern of Egypt (Matrouh Governorate). Moths started to emerge two weeks earlier in 2016 (1st half of March) than 2015 season (2nd half of March). Moths` activity continued until the 2nd half of November 2016 or 1st half of December 2015. Three peaks were detected during the 1st half of May, 1st half of July and 2nd half of August, 2015. But four peaks were detected during 2016 season on the 1st half of May, 2nd half of June, 1st half of August and 2nd half of September. Summer months recorded the maximum flight activity, (5.01 - 6.05 moths). Spring and autumn recorded 1.30 - 1.12 moths and 1.63 - 0.72 moths. During winter, moths almost ceased to emerge (0.02 - 0.06 moths). Data showed one brood of the insect activity from mid-March to late November, with only one distinct peak of moth activity during August. The seasonal cycle consisted of an activity season prevailing of about 9 months (from March to November) followed by an inactive season of about 3 months. The majority of moths emerged from the southeastern direction with the most preferred from the south (38.93 – 47.63%), east (40.40 – 40.43%), and least from west (10.64 - 12.62%) and North (1.30 – 8.05%) directions in two successive seasons 2015 and 2016. The direct effect “simple correlation: r” of the temperature (Day Maximum Temp., Day Minimum Temp. and Day Mean Temp.) on the moth activity was significant during the two seasons of study, while the Day Relative Humidity was less effective.

Travelling to the south: Phylogeographic spatial diffusion model in Monttea aphylla (Plantaginaceae), an endemic plant of the Monte Desert.

Effects of Pleistocene climatic oscillations on plant phylogeographic patterns are relatively well studied in forest, savanna and grassland biomes, but such impacts remain less explored on desert regions of the world, especially in South America. Here, we performed a phylogeographical study of Monttea aphylla, an endemic species of the Monte Desert, to understand the evolutionary history of vegetation communities inhabiting the South American Arid Diagonal. We obtained sequences of three chloroplast (trnS–trnfM, trnH–psbA and trnQ–rps16) and one nuclear (ITS) intergenic spacers from 272 individuals of 34 localities throughout the range of the species. Population genetic and Bayesian coalescent analyses were performed to infer genealogical relationships among haplotypes, population genetic structure, and demographic history of the study species. Timing of demographic events was inferred using Bayesian Skyline Plot and the spatio-temporal patterns of lineage diversification was reconstructed using Bayesian relaxed diffusion models. Palaeo-distribution models (PDM) were performed through three different timescales to validate phylogeographical patterns. Twenty-five and 22 haplotypes were identified in the cpDNA and nDNA data, respectively. that clustered into two main genealogical lineages following a latitudinal pattern, the northern and the southern Monte (south of 35° S). The northern Monte showed two lineages of high genetic structure, and more relative stable demography than the southern Monte that retrieved three groups with little phylogenetic structure and a strong signal of demographic expansion that would have started during the Last Interglacial period (ca. 120 Ka). The PDM and diffusion models analyses agreed in the southeast direction of the range expansion. Differential effect of climatic oscillations across the Monte phytogeographic province was observed in Monttea aphylla lineages. In northern Monte, greater genetic structure and more relative stable demography resulted from a more stable climate than in the southern Monte. Pleistocene glaciations drastically decreased the species area in the southern Monte, which expanded in a southeastern direction to the new available areas during the interglacial periods.

Pinus sylvestris as a bio-indicator of territory pollution from aluminum smelter emissions.

The study demonstrates the efficiency of using Pinus sylvestris L. as a bio-indicator of polluting substances that enter the environment with the emission of a large aluminum smelter. Recent research has demonstrated that pollution from aluminum smelter emissions covers a vast territory. The highest content of polluting elements is registered at a distance of 3km from the smelter, with maximum concentrations found in the industrial zone (0.5km from the smelter). The farther from the aluminum smelter, the lower the amount of polluting elements in the needles, although the F level still exceeds the background values at a distance of about 60km from the source, the levels of Zn, Pb, and Cd up to 50km, S up to 40km, and Fe and Cu up to 35km mostly in north-eastern and south-eastern directions correlating with prevailing atmospheric transfer of the emissions. Pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is also most expressed at a distance of 3km from the smelter, then it gradually decreases to coincide with background concentrations at a distance of more than 60km. This is confirmed by changes in overall PAH content and in qualitative and quantitative compositions of individual PAHs. The greatest number of components (17 substances) has been found in samples from the territory of the plant area: phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, anthracene, fluorene, benz[а]anthracene, benz[b]fluoranthene, benz[k]fluoranthene, benz[а]pyrene, benz[е]pyrene, perylene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, benz[g,h,i]perylene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene. The farther away from the plant, the lower the number of components detected in PAH fraction, mainly due to the fact that the concentrations of most toxic PAHs with five or six aromatic rings (benz[b]fluoranthene, benz[k]fluoranthene, benz[а]pyrene, benz[е]pyrene, perylene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, benz[g,h,i]perylene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene) fall below the method detection limit. High concentrations of benz[а]pyrene and perylene in pine needles at the territories adjacent to the aluminum smelter confirm the technogenic character of forest pollution by PAHs.

Analysis of Wave and Current in Anmok Coastal Waters

In this study, waves and currents observed by acoustic AWAC, VECTOR and Aquadopp Profiler in Anmok coastal waters were analysed to account for the variability of wave and current and to understand the mechanism of sediment transport generated by wave-induced current in the surf-zone. The monthly variation of wave and residual currents were analysed and processed with long-term observed AWAC data at station W1, located at the water depth of about 18m measured during from February 2015 to September 2016. Wave-induced currents were also analysed with intensive field measurements such as wave, current, suspended sediment, and bathymetry data observed at the surf-zone during in winter and summer. The statistical result of wave data shows that high waves coming from NNE and NE in winter (DEC-FEB) are dominant due to strong winds from NE. But in the other season waves coming from NE and ENE are prevalent due to the seasonal winds from E and SE. The residual currents with southeastern direction parallel to the shoreline are dominant throughout a year except in winter showing in opposite direction. The speed of ebb-dominant southeastern residual currents decreasing from surface to the bottom is strong in summer and fall but weak in winter and spring. By analysing wave-induced current, we found that cross-shore current were generated by swell waves mainly in winter with incoming wave direction about 45° normal to the shoreline. Depending on the direction of incoming waves, longshore currents in the surf-zone were separated to southeastern and northwestern flows in winter and summer respectively. The variation of observed currents near crescentic bars in the surf-zone shows different direction of longshore and cross-shore currents depending on incoming waves implying to the reason of beach erosion generating the beach cusp and sandbar migration during high waves at Anmok.

Continuous wavelet transform and Euler deconvolution method and their application to magnetic field data of Jharia coalfield, India

Abstract. This paper deals with the application of continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and Euler deconvolution methods to estimate the source depth using magnetic anomalies. These methods are utilized mainly to focus on the fundamental issue of mapping the major coal seam and locating tectonic lineaments. The main aim of the study is to locate and characterize the source of the magnetic field by transferring the data into an auxiliary space by CWT. The method has been tested on several synthetic source anomalies and finally applied to magnetic field data from Jharia coalfield, India. Using magnetic field data, the mean depth of causative sources points out the different lithospheric depth over the study region. Also, it is inferred that there are two faults, namely the northern boundary fault and the southern boundary fault, which have an orientation in the northeastern and southeastern direction respectively. Moreover, the central part of the region is more faulted and folded than the other parts and has sediment thickness of about 2.4 km. The methods give mean depth of the causative sources without any a priori information, which can be used as an initial model in any inversion algorithm.

Seasonal prevailing surface winds in Northern Serbia

Seasonal prevailing surface winds are analyzed in the territory of Northern Serbia, using observational data from 12 meteorological stations over several decades. In accordance with the general definition of prevailing wind, two special definitions of this term are used. The seasonal wind roses in 16 directions at each station are analyzed. This study shows that the prevailing winds in Northern Serbia have northwestern and southeastern directions. Circulation weather types over Serbia are presented in order to determine the connections between the synoptic circulations and prevailing surface winds. Three controlling pressure centers, i.e., the Mediterranean cyclone, Siberian high, and the Azores anticyclone, appear as the most important large-scale factors that influence the creation of the prevailing winds over Northern Serbia. Beside the synoptic cause of the prevailing winds, it is noted that the orography of the eastern Balkans has a major influence on the winds from the second quadrant. It was found that the frequencies of circulation weather types are in agreement with those of the prevailing winds over Northern Serbia.