Southeastern Anatolia Region Research Articles

Assessing Spatio-Temporal Change and Dynamics of Forest Ecosystem Succession Using Patch Analysis

Aim of study: This study focuses on creating a secondary forest succession (SFS) map between 1972 and 2014 according to the Clementsian theory based on land cover, assessing the spatio-temporal pattern of forest succession change, and determining the factors affecting the forest ecosystem.
 Area of study: This study was conducted at the Çermik Forest Enterprise (FE) in Diyarbakır city, located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye.
 Material and methods: Clementsian theory, Remote Sensing (RS), and Geographical Information System (GIS) were used to generate the SFS map. Patch Analyst 4.0 was used to determine changes in spatiotemporal patterns with landscape indices.
 Main results: The total forested area increased from 32405.1 ha (13% of the study area) in 1972 to 45054.7 ha (18% of the study area) in 2014, with a net increase of 12649.6 ha. It was determined that the progressive succession area was 87736.7 ha, the regressive succession area was 39216.5 ha, and the unchanged succession area was approximately 129989.6 ha. The number of patches increased over a 42-year period.
 Research highlights: The forest ecosystem was more fragmented, with patches becoming more irregular, complex, and edgy

Spatial variation of agricultural land in Turkey using CORINE data

Detection of the exchange and distribution of agricultural lands allows many projects and plans to be made and interpreted correctly, such as food safety, planning, and environmental risk analysis. From this point of study in the spatial changes and distribution of agricultural land in time across Turkey were examined. CORINE Land Cover (CLC) data was used to identify agricultural land and examine changes over time. As a result of the study, it was observed that agricultural lands increased slightly from 1990 to 2018, but this increase has not always been in the form of preserving existing agricultural lands and adding existing agricultural lands. While some areas have lost their agricultural land characteristics, some areas have become agricultural land. New agricultural areas are usually realized by the transformation of forests and semi-natural areas while the agricultural areas that disappear are provided from heterogeneous agricultural areas. The Central Anatolia region stands out in the distribution of agricultural areas by region. The region with the highest concentration of agricultural land in terms of both proportion and area is the Central Anatolia region. Also, the Central Anatolia region is the region with the most intensive Non-irrigated agriculture. The area where irrigated agriculture is proportionally most made is the southeast Anatolia region. According to province-based, the provinces with more than 40% of the provincial surface area are Kırıkkale, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Aksaray in the Central Anatolia region, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa in the Southeastern Anatolia region, Edirne and Tekirdağ in the Marmara region. The provinces of Artvin, Tunceli, Bingöl, and Hakkari are the provinces where the percentage of agricultural land is below 10%.

Trends of High and Low Values of Annual and Seasonal Precipitation in Turkey

The exploration of precipitation data trends using innovative analysis methods is anticipated to offer significant contributions to sustainability across various domains, including water resources management, agricultural planning, climate change understanding, environmental protection, risk assessment, and preparedness. This study employs an improved visualization of the innovative trend analysis (IV-ITA) method for detecting annual and seasonal trends in precipitation variables across 194 stations in Turkey over the period 1969–2020. The outcomes derived from the IV-ITA method were further juxtaposed with the results obtained from the classical Mann–Kendall (MK) test. Using the MK test, statistically significant increasing trends were detected in the annual pattern along the northern coasts of Turkey. Based on the results obtained from the IV-ITA, substantial decreasing trends were identified in the basins within the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Conversely, an increasing trend was observed in the basins situated in the northwest. It was also established that an increasing trend was observed throughout Turkey, except for some stations in the low-data group. The most significant increasing trend was noted in the basins along the southern coastline, characterized by the prevalence of the Mediterranean climate. In the high-data group, an increase of up to 50% was noted along the southwest coast. Upon comparing the outcomes derived from the IV-ITA method with those obtained using the MK test, it becomes apparent that the IV-ITA yields significantly more detailed results than the MK test. Additionally, applying the IV-ITA method in climate-sensitive regions and basins is envisioned to enhance the accuracy of assessments, foster a sustainable environment, and improve the effective management of water resources.

Türkiye nadir Verbascum racemiferum Boiss. & Hausskkn Ex Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) anatomisi, palinolojisi ve tohum mikromorfolojisi

Verbascum racemiferum Boiss. & Hausskkn ex Boiss. is a member of the Verbascum L. (Scrophulariaceae) genus known as "Sığırkuyruğu". It is an rare species that grows in Turkey which is a center of endemism for Verbascum species. In this study, the anatomical, palynological and seed micromorphological features of V. racemiferum, which is known to grow only in Mardin in the Southeastern Anatolia region, were investigated for the first time. In the root cross-section, the xylem elements occupy a considerable area. In the stem cross-section, the upper part of the epidermis cells is surrounded by a separate cuticle layer and the pith region covers a large area. The main vein of the leaf is shapped as collateral bundle. Idioblasts were observed in the leaves of V. racemiferum. Pollen grains of V. racemiferum are tricolporate-tricolpate, spheroidal; P/E ratio is 0.96 and exine ornamentation is reticulate. Seeds of V. racemiferum are brown and oblong-ovate to prismatic and alveolate. The apex is acute beak. The seed coat ornamentation is irregular polygonal cells, with densely and distinct vesicles. In addition, this study will be a reference to studies on the genus Verbascum.

Tectonic geomorphology of Türkiye and its insights into the neotectonic deformation of the Anatolian Plate

Quantitative geomorphic analyses are usually powerful in identifying active tectonics across global orogenic belts. Our present study will focus on the Anatolian Plate which hosts a lot of recent catastrophic earthquakes in Türkiye. Six geomorphic indices for 100 sub-basins around Türkiye have been computed including local relief, slope, normalized steepness index (kSn)), hypsometric curve and integral (HI), transverse topographic symmetry factor (Tf), and the basin asymmetry factor (Af). The averaged kSn and Af values have shown four high-value anomalous zones, suggesting relatively high uplift rates featured by high river incision and regional tilting. The values of 0.35 ​≤ ​HI ​< ​0.6 for basins with S-shaped curves imply intensive tectonic activities along the eastern part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), the Northeast Anatolian Fault Zone (NEAFZ), the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), and the Central Anatolian Fault Zone(CAFZ). All results of the geomorphic indices analysis suggest a relatively high degree of tectonic activity in the following four areas, the Isparta Angle, the Eastern Black Sea Mountains, the South-eastern Anatolia Region, and the Central Anatolian fault zone. We further suggest that the eastern part of the NAFZ, NEAFZ, EAFZ, and CAFZ will be more active in tectonic activities, with a greater potential for strong earthquake occurrence.

CULTURE TOURISM IN GAZİANTEP AND ITS SURROUNDING AREA

This study named Culture Tourism in Gaziantep and its immediate environment, contains historical and cultural attractions that create the basis of culture tourism in Gaziantep and the presentation possibilities to the tourist with respect to gradually developing understanding of tourism. Therefore, as an alternative tourism type, culture tourism, is a kind of tourism experienced on cultural resources, and its main motivation is to see and know new places, to learn new things and the most important is that, it creates a need for gaining new experiences to participate in cultural facilities. In this study, available cultural and historical attractions in Gaziantep province in South-Eastern Anatolia region are emphasised. In this respect, historical and cultural heritage attractions, in Gaziantep province, which still continue to exist and belong to Hittite, Med, Assyria, Persian, Iskender, Seleskos, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic-Arabic and Islamic-Turkish culture are explained. Moreover, attractions are categorized under 5 different main subject areas such as historically, prehistorically, archeologically, military and religion. Later, the tourism capacity of the examination area is emphasised and in the last part of the study general suggestions on the improvement and organization of cultural tourism are given. KEY WORDS: Gaziantep, Tourism, Culture Tourism, Tourists, Attractions

Culture- and Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection of Flavobacterium Psychrophilum in Naturally Infected Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum, 1792) from Trout Farms

The present study aimed to detect Flavobacterium psychrophilum in fish samples collected from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792) farms in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Türkiye by means of bacteriological culture and polymerase chain reaction and to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of the causative bacteria. A total of 40 trout farms located in Diyarbakır, Adıyaman, Şanlıurfa, and Batman provinces were visited, and 1200 samples were examined. During January and February 30 fish with an average live weight of 200–250 g were collected from each farm. Samples were obtained from the liver, spleen, kidneys, and tissues following macroscopic laboratory examination of the specimens. Antibiotic treatment is the treatment of choice owing to the lack of an effective vaccine in the control of the disease. Therefore, it is important to rapidly identify the bacterial species and investigate its susceptibility to antibiotics. In this study, the causative bacteria were detected in 5 out of 40 farms. The causative bacteria infected the liver, kidney, and tissues. The sensitivity of Enrofloxacin (5 microgram (µg)), Florfenicol (30µg), Neomycin (5µg), Amoxicillin (25µg), Oxytetracycline (30µg), Erythromycin (10µg), Gentamycin (5µg), Streptomycin (5µg) and Nalidixic acid (10µg) were defined at chancing ratios. In conclusion, these bacteria were detected in regional farms, which should minimize the stress factors by avoiding overstocking and following the required hygiene rules.

A Case Series of Butane Intoxication Fatalities in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye

Aim: Volatile solvent abuse (VSA), is the third most common form of substance abuse after alcohol and cigarettes. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of fatalities due to butane gas. &#x0D; Material and Methods: From 8,075 autopsies conducted in our center in Şanlıurfa, Türkiye in a 10-year period, 10 deaths were determined to be due to butane gas intoxication. &#x0D; Results: All the fatalities were males (mean age: 17.6 years). Friends reported chronic use of lighter gas by the fatalities prior to the incident. In contrast, close relatives stated that it was the first instance of VSA. The preferred inhalation methods were bagging (i.e., inhaling gas from a plastic bag, n=4) and direct inhalation (i.e., spraying the gas directly in the mouth, n=6). The scene of incident findings revealed more than one lighter gas cartridge at the scene in nine cases and many lighters at the scene in one case. The autopsy examinations revealed minimal grazing on the body in three cases and no traumatic findings in seven cases. Butane was detected in blood samples in all 10 cases and in lung tissue samples in eight cases. In all 10 cases, there were areas of intra-alveolar swelling, edema, and bleeding in the lungs. &#x0D; Conclusion: The actual incidence of VSA-related deaths is likely much higher than the number of reported cases, as our center is located near the Syrian border and has one of the highest populations of children and young people in Türkiye.

Milk Sharing and Human Milk Banking Among Lactating Women Living in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey: Knowledge, Opinions, and Practices

Milk Sharing and Human Milk Banking Among Lactating Women Living in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey: Knowledge, Opinions, and Practices

Land Suitability Assessment for Pistachio Cultivation Using GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making: A Case Study of Mardin, Turkey.

Site selection for pistachio orchards is an important issue for sustainable agricultural policies, crop productivity, agricultural planning, and communities. This study aims to investigate suitable places for pistachio in the Mardin Province (SE Turkey) by considering several variables, such as meteorological data, topographic conditions, economic factors, and soil characteristics, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. Pistachio farmers, expert opinions, and literature data were used to determine the requirements for pistachio cultivation. Four main assessment criteria (thirteen sub-criteria), sixty value ranges, and fourteen exclusion criteria were determined for the pistachio land suitability assessment. The weighting of the evaluation criteria was calculated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Farmers and experts have stated that meteorological factors are more important than soil, topography, and economic factors. All data were transferred to the GIS environment, and a land suitability map was created using the weighted linear combination method. The results show that Mardin province has very suitable lands for pistachio cultivation. The resulting map determined that the 228,891.59ha area in Mardin province is very suitable for pistachio. To evaluate the accuracy of the land suitability map generated for pistachio, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used. The value of the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to be 0.806, which indicates that the study is consistent. The created suitability map will be an essential data source for developing sustainable agricultural strategies in the Southeastern Anatolia region.

Determination of the tolerance of physiological, morphological, and yield parameters of landrace durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) to high-temperature stress

In the South-eastern Anatolia Region, where the climate is favorable to cultivation for durum wheat, there have been notable reductions in both yield and quality due to biotic and abiotic stress factors in the region. Primary one of these stresses is high-temperature stress. High-temperature stress, specifically during the late flowering stage and early grain filling stage, results in substantial reductions in both crop yield and quality. In this study, several practical, easily and rapidly quantifiable physiological, morphological, and yield-related parameters that may be used in durum wheat improvement programs in the region for high-temperature stress tolerance were investigated. Ninety landrace durum genotypes and 4 standard cultivars were used. The study was carried out at GAP (South-eastern Anatolia Project) International Agricultural Research and Training Centre in an air conditioning room according to an augmented design under optimum conditions and stressful conditions where high-temperature stress was created. Compared to optimum conditions, there were reductions in flag leaf greening time by 20%, days to maturity by 7%, spike length by 10%, peduncle length by 18%, grain filling time by 23%, number of spikelets on the spike by 12%, number of grains on the spike by 39%, and thousand-kernel weight by 33%, while grain filling rate increased under high-temperature stress conditions. The genotypes 82, 83, 87, 88, 99, and 103 and the standard varieties Artuklu and Sümerli prevailed in both optimum and stress conditions. The fact that leaf erectness, flag leaf greening time, grain filling time, and leaf chlorophyll content among morphological and physiological characteristics had a significant correlation with yield components under both conditions indicates that these characteristics can be used as selection criteria for tolerance to stressful conditions in the region.

Spatial assessment of sediment risk with integrated entropy-based WASPAS and fuzzy clustering methods in Turkey: impact of forestry activities and meteorological factors.

The sediment formed during erosion processes is acknowledged as one of the important contributors to environmental damage. In forest areas, sediment production occurs as a result of meteorological factors and wood harvesting, as well as forest road construction activities carried out for the continuity of forests. In this context, the aim of the study is to reveal the sediment risk in forest areas at the provincial level in Turkey by using entropy-based weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) and fuzzy clustering methods. The results establish that the weights of the factors affecting the sediment risk are the forest road construction rate (0.3721), the wood harvesting rate (0.3463), the average precipitation (0.2227), and the average temperature (0.0587). Seven provinces were found in the highest risk class of the cluster in terms of sediment risk. Two of those (Yalova and Kocaeli) are located in the Marmara Region, while the others (Bartın, Düzce, Giresun, Ordu, and Zonguldak) are located in the Black Sea Region. Four of the provinces in the lowest risk class of the cluster (Bingöl, Bitlis, Erzincan, and Malatya) are located in the Eastern Anatolia Region, while a fifth (Siirt) is located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. As is seen in the study, multi-criteria decision-making methods make it possible to evaluate different scenarios for sedimentation estimation and control and to select the most effective solutions. In conclusion, the use of WASPAS, entropy, and fuzzy clustering methods can provide a comprehensive and effective approach for assessing the sediment risk.

The influence of Altitude on the Species Composition of Diving Beetles (Coleoptera; Adephaga; Dytiscidae) of Eastern and South Eastern Region of Turkey

This study was carried out between 2013 and 2019 in five provinces located in Eastern and South Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. The dytiscid specimens were collected from a total of 226 sampling sites that altitudes varied between 500 and 2,700 meters. The 226 sampling sites were classified into one of six altitudinal levels defined by semi open intervals with amplitude of 300 m. A total of 45 species belonging to the family Dytiscidae were identified. A detailed ecological analysis related to altitude is made by means of the distribution of 45 identified species. The richness of species was analyzed at different altitudinal levels. The indicator species were determined by establishing their altitude profile in terms of reciprocal species-factor information. The species density is highest in altitudinal level 2 (800-1100m) and is gradually decrease by increasing of altitudinal level. Ten representative species are placed into three groups: species occurring at high altitude; species present at low altitude and species occurring along the entire altitudinal gradient.

Effect on RC buildings of 6 February 2023 Turkey earthquake doublets and new doctrines for seismic design

Two major catastrophic earthquakes, which occurred 9 h apart on the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone and one of its branches on February 6, 2023 in Turkey, directly affected 11 provinces in the Eastern and South-Eastern Anatolia regions, where 14 million people live. These earthquakes are among the most destructive earthquakes in the history of Turkey, caused approximately 3 times more property damage and loss of life than the 1999 Marmara Earthquake. More than 24,000 aftershocks with magnitudes of up to 6.7 Mw occurred after these earthquakes. In this study, the causes of heavy destruction in some of the provinces and districts most affected by earthquakes (especially Hatay-Antakya, Kahramanmaraş, Gaziantep-Nurdagi, Gaziantep-Islahiye, Adıyaman-Gölbaşı, Malatya) were examined under sub-headings. The reasons for the damages were supported by the striking images obtained during the site investigation in the earthquake zone, and the issues that should be considered based on both seismic codes and implementations were also stated. In addition, in order to better understand the effects of earthquakes on reinforced concrete structures, the ratios of the loads acting on the structures in both earthquakes to the design load predicted by the code valid at the time the structures were built are presented in graphics. The results obtained show that the effects of design and application mistakes are quite high in the heavy destruction caused by earthquakes. But it is understood that the seismic code design criteria and requirements are insufficient in some regions. In addition, the establishment of residential areas in risky areas without taking any precautions has produced dramatic results.

Detección de Yersinia ruckeri en truchas arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) infectadas naturalmente en criaderos de truchas en Anatolia, Turquía

The present study aimed to detect Yersinia ruckeri bacteria in fish samples collected from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) farms in the South Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey through bacteriological culturing and polymerase chain reaction. Separate visits were made to trout farming facilities in Diyarbakır, Adıyaman, Şanlıurfa, and Batman in January and February 2021, and 30 fish with an average live weight of 200–250 g were collected from each facility. A total of 1,200 samples were taken from 40 trout farms. Liver, spleen, kidney, and tissue specimens were collected from rainbow trout. Yersinia ruckeri was isolated from the kidney, liver and muscle tissue of fish on McConkey Agar for bacteriological examinations. Isolated strains were identified by MALDİ–TOF and PCR. It was detected the bacteria in the liver, kidney, and muscle tissue samples of fish from 23 out of 40 farms. In conclusion, these bacteria were detected in local farms. These farms must implement vaccination, minimize stress factors affecting the fish, and avoid overstocking. The best methods to protect against infection include avoiding overstocking, low oxygen levels, and underqualified labor force.

Estimation of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa l.) yield under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate change projections with ANN in Turkey

Alfalfa is one of the most widely cultivated forage crops in the world. Alfalfa farming is carried out on approximately 35 million ha of land worldwide with an annual production amounting to 255 million tons. The average alfalfa cultivated area is about 637 000 ha with production of 13 million tons and yield of 2 200 kg da-1 in Turkey. It is expected that climate change will have significantly different effects on its production and yield in future. Therefore, the aim of the study was to predict the effect of climate change on the yield of alfalfa via selected Artificial Neural Network (ANN) according to RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios. In line with this, first of all the best ANN structure among 176 different ANN alternatives consisting of various input parameters, learning rates, decay and neuron numbers to predicts alfalfa yield was selected. The ANN training/test dataset used in the study were composed of the alfalfa cultivation statistics, the soil parameters and the climatological data. Alfalfa yield for years 2020-2060 and 2060-2100 in 79 provinces of Turkey are predicted by using best ANN model, according to climate change projections (HadGEM2-ES RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The ANN was able to calculate alfalfa yield with 0.827 coefficient of determination and 0.813 Nash-Sutcliff coefficient. It is understood that the alfalfa plant can resist climate change and its yield tend to increase or decrease in regions, where there will be an increase or decrease in precipitation in the same order as result of climatic change. It is predicted that the highest yield increase will be in Artvin (6%) (a province of the Eastern Anatolia region) and the maximum yield decrease will be noted in Siirt (9%) (a province of the South eastern Anatolia region). This research may be considered as a creative prediction approach for the alfalfa yield estimation.

The Effects of MBSR Programme on Prenatal Comfort and Fetal Health Anxiety in Pregnant Women

ABSTRACT Objective This study was conducted to examine the effect of the online Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) programme applied to pregnant women on their prenatal comfort and foetal anxiety levels. Material and Method This randomised controlled study was conducted between July and October 2022, with 89 pregnant women registered in a Family Health Centre of Adiyaman, located in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. In the study, a total of eight sessions of MBSR programme, one session per week for eight weeks, were applied to the pregnant women in the experimental group. Data of the study was collected with the ‘Personal Information Form’, ‘Prenatal Comfort Scale (PCS)’, and ‘Fetal Health Anxiety Inventory (FHAI)’. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and t-test for independent and dependent samples were utilised in the analysis of the data. Results It has been determined that the PCS total mean score after the intervention is 58.91 ± 7.18 in the experimental group and 50.56 ± 15.78 in the control group; the post-test FHAI total mean score is 4.52 ± 1.66 in the experimental group and 9.76 ± 5.00 in the control group, and the difference between the groups is statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion It has been determined that the MBSR programme applied to pregnant women has increased the prenatal comfort levels of pregnant women and has decreased foetal health anxieties. In line with these results, it is recommended that the MBSR programme may be used as an alternative method to relieve pregnant women.

Evaluation of meteorological time series trends in Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey

In this study, trend analyses of six climatic variables (mean, minimum, and maximum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and precipitation) for 1966-2020 are conducted for the Southeastern Anatolia Region, which is the main focus of the integrated development project in Turkey (Turkish acronym GAP). The trends for seasonal and annual periods are determined using the Mann-Kendall (MK) test, and Sen's slope method and regression analyses are used to find the trends' slopes. Moreover, Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) is also used to find the time series changes for low, medium, and high values. As a result of the analyses, the mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures in the GAP region show increasing trends according to both methods. Significant trends are obtained at a limited number of stations for the precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed with the MK test, while consistent decreasing trends are found at most stations with the ITA method.

Analysis of Spatial Distribution of Climatic Comfort Conditions in Diyarbakır City

Cities have more adverse thermal comfort conditions than the rural and semi-rural areas around them. In this study, it is aimed to examine the spatial distribution of thermal comfort conditions in Diyarbakir, a historical city in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Thermal comfort can be defined as the state of people feeling comfortable or happy in their environment or thermal environment. Uncomfortable conditions lead to social, economic and physical negativities, especially to human health. Thermal comfort conditions were calculated with the Physiological Equivalent Temperature index obtained from the RayMan model using hourly measurement data for the 2015 – 2021 (7 years) period of four meteorological stations in the field. In the study, while 'cold' and 'cool' stresses are experienced in the winter season in Diyarbakır, 'warm', 'hot' and 'very hot' stresses were determined in the 5-month hot period of the year (May-September). In the evaluations, it has been revealed that densely built urban areas in the city center have more unfavorable thermal conditions than the lower density urban areas and rural areas around them. It is a vital necessity to design and plan with a contemporary smart geographical perspective to reduce the negative thermal conditions of cities and for sustainable healthy cities.

Mardin İli Bazı Dağlık Bölgelerinde İnsan Tüketimi Amaçlı Yenilebilir Bitkiler Üzerine Bir Araştırma

This research was carried out to determine the ethnobotanical studies of edible wild plants in some parts of Mardin province, a historical city of Upper Mesopotamia, in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, between the years 2018-2020. The wild plants consumed as food by the local people living in the villages of Mardin province and their usage patterns were determined. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 80 people and ethnobotanical information forms were prepared. The local and scientific names of the identified plants were included and their usage purposes were determined. As a result of the study, it was determined that 131 plant species were used as edible in folk tradition.