Southeast Missouri Research Articles

Assessing Nutrition Knowledge of Elderly Adults in Southeast Missouri

Assessing Nutrition Knowledge of Elderly Adults in Southeast Missouri

Sensor‐based Nitrogen Fertilization for Midseason Rice Production in Southeast Missouri

Core Ideas Sensor‐based N management used with a nitrogen‐rich strip was a very effective decision support tool for midseason N management. Sensor‐based N management provided opportunity to take advantage of year‐to‐year environmental variation. Sensor‐based N management approach reduced the amount of total N applied without any yield penalty compared with the traditional practice. Sensor‐based nitrogen (N) decision management tools have shown potential to improve N fertilizer efficiency, yield, and profitability. Small‐plot experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of sensor‐based management in guiding midseason N application decisions. Treatments were two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Jupiter, a medium grain, and Roy J, a long grain) and eight N treatments: (i) check (no N fertilizer); (ii) 60 lb N/acre applied preflood + midseason N applied based on sensor reading (sensor‐based management); (iii) 90 lb N/acre applied preflood + midseason N applied based on sensor reading (sensor‐based management); (iv) 120 lb N/acre applied preflood; (v) 120 lb N/acre applied preflood + 30 lb N/acre applied at midseason (traditional practice); (vi) 120 lb N/acre applied preflood + midseason N applied based on sensor reading (sensor‐based management); (vii) 150 lb N/acre applied preflood; and (viii) 180 lb N/acre applied preflood (N reference strip). Grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were compared among N treatments. Results showed sensor‐based management for midseason application recommended lower total N application rate by 15 to 90 lb N/acre over the traditional practice. These results indicate that N fertilization made by a sensor‐based midseason recommendation can optimize yield and NUE in southeast Missouri.

Listen to staff, constituents to be an effective leader

When Sandy Hinkle was a student at Southeast Missouri State University, many students and others on campus were afraid of the registrar, Alton Bray. But as a student-worker in the admissions office, Hinkle got to know him as a kind man who “had the right answers and could help students and faculty through whatever situation they were in.”

Emplacement of ultramafic-carbonatite intrusions along reactivated North American mid-continent rift structures

Understanding the various emplacement pathways of ultramafic‑carbonatite intrusive complexes and mapping of their global distribution are in an early stage. Discerning the pattern of their emplacement can reveal information about earth's dynamics and guide exploration for associated economic deposits. Here we apply multiple spatial analysis methods and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to assess the correlation between outcrops of ultramafic‑carbonatite intrusives and regional craton-scale fractures and assign targets for further exploration. Kernel density cluster, two-point azimuth, and the Fry method two-dimension spatial analyses are applied to 58 known outcrops of intrusives in the Avon Volcanic District (AVD), southeast Missouri USA. The results of the spatial analysis show linear trends among the outcrops with three primary orientations: northwest, northeast, and east-west and a strong correlation with regional fault zones. SAR data processing and analysis guided by the spatial results reveals rhombic lineament patterns with sides that parallel the northwest-northeast emplacement patterns of the AVD. These rhombic structures are related to possible extensional stepover duplexes, likely formed during Precambrian North American plate rifting along transfer faults. Reactivation of the Precambrian structures during high angle dip slip and wrench faulting that was penecontemporaneous with emplacement of the AVD in the Devonian likely provided pathways for the mantle-derived intrusives. These findings can guide exploration efforts and help us understand the emplacement of a unique intracontinental intrusive complex.

Infants, Mothers, and Gendered Space in a Mississippian Village: Revisiting Wilkie’s House 1 at the Hunze-Evans Site

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses a unique structure known as House 1 from the Hunze-Evans village site (23CG8) in Southeast Missouri as a small step toward addressing a dearth of infant-focused research in pre-Columbian North America in general, and within the Mississippian cultural tradition in particular. House 1 has previously been considered as a women’s special-use structure, and a review of archaeological and ethnohistoric sources regarding Mississippian gendered spaces lends support to this interpretation. However, specific attention to ideas that intersect with womanhood – particularly fertility, childbirth, and infancy – leads to a richer and more thorough interpretation of this structure. I suggest that House 1 represents a unique, local expression of Mississippian cosmological themes of gender and fertility as expressed through infant-focused activity, including mortuary ceremonialism, childbirth, and associated ritual seclusion.

The effects of sunfish on spotted salamander oviposition, hatching time, and larval survival

Introduced species have negative effects on amphibian populations by reducing local recruitment and consuming larvae before metamorphosis. Fish can naturally colonize ponds periodically because of flooding and connectivity with river floodplains. However, many fish introductions have been intentional for commercial, recreational, and biocontrol purposes. In southeast Missouri (USA),Ambystoma maculatumwill attempt to breed in ponds even if introduced fish (Lepomisspp.) are present. We predicted that fish would have negative effects on salamander oviposition, hatching success and timing, and larval survival. In order to evaluate the effects of introduced fish onA. maculatumacross life stages, we conducted pond surveys and a series of mesocosm experiments. Using field surveys,A.maculatumdeposited significantly fewer eggs in ponds with fish. In short-term mesocosm experiments, we found that hatching time was not significantly affected by deposition site or fish cues, however, hatching success was lower for eggs deposited in fish ponds. NoA. maculatumlarvae survived when fish were present, regardless of egg deposition site. Our study is important because we found that, unless a female avoids depositing eggs with fish, one fish species can have profound effects on larval amphibian persistence. Therefore, small-scale fish introductions for recreation can act as a potential source for reduced recruitment and an increased risk of local extinction.

Mineralogy, Chemistry, and Fluid-Aided Evolution of the Pea Ridge Fe Oxide-(Y + REE) Deposit, Southeast Missouri, USA

The Kiruna-type Pea Ridge iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposit is hosted by a sequence of 1.47 Ga rhyolite tuffs of the St. Francois Mountains, southeast Missouri, USA. It consists of a series of altered zones composed mainly of amphibole, magnetite, hematite, and quartz, together with the presence of several rare earth element (Y + REE)-rich breccia pipes. In many cases, the fluorapatite within these zones is rich in inclusions of monazite, iron oxide, and quartz inclusions, plus minor xenotime. Monazite and minor xenotime are also found intergrown as inclusions in the fluorapatite, as well as in surrounding recrystallized magnetite and hematite in the magnetite ore. Monazite and xenotime typically occur as inclusions within both oxides. Monazite-(Ce) and xenotime-(Y) are both relatively poor (<2 wt %) in ThO2 and UO2. No significant compositional differences exist in the (Y + REE) chemistry between monazite and xenotime inclusions in fluorapatite compared to grains intergrown with magnetite and hematite, suggesting that these two REE-rich minerals are cogenetic. Monazite-xenotime geothermometry and geochronology of monazite inclusions in fluorapatite provide evidence that formation/remobilization of the (Y + REE) phosphates took place at ca. 50° to 400°C, approximately 5 to 10 m.y. after emplacement of the main iron oxide-phosphate orebody. Evidence from field relationships and fluid inclusion chemistry, together with the massive recrystallization and remobilization of fluorapatite, monazite, xenotime, and iron oxides at Pea Ridge, suggest a subvolcanic origin coupled with a strong metasomatic reworking of the IOA deposit.

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Sulfur, and Carbon Isotopes in the Pea Ridge Magnetite-Apatite Deposit, Southeast Missouri, and Sulfur Isotope Comparisons to Other Iron Deposits in the Region

Oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and carbon isotopes have been analyzed in the Pea Ridge magnetite-apatite deposit, the largest historic producer among the known iron deposits in the southeast Missouri portion of the 1.5 to 1.3 Ga eastern granite-rhyolite province. The data were collected to investigate the sources of ore fluids, conditions of ore formation, and provenance of sulfur, and to improve the general understanding of the copper, gold, and rare earth element potential of iron deposits regionally. The δ 18 O values of Pea Ridge magnetite are 1.9 to 4.0‰, consistent with a model in which some magnetite crystallized from a melt and other magnetite—perhaps the majority—precipitated from an aqueous fluid of magmatic origin. The δ 18 O values of quartz, apatite, actinolite, K-feldspar, sulfates, and calcite are significantly higher, enough so as to indicate growth or equilibration under cooler conditions than magnetite and/or in the presence of a fluid that was not entirely magmatic. A variety of observations, including stable isotope observations, implicate a second fluid that may ultimately have been meteoric in origin and may have been modified by isotopic exchange with rocks or by evaporation during storage in lakes. Sulfur isotope analyses of sulfides from Pea Ridge and seven other mineral deposits in the region reveal two distinct populations that average 3 and 13‰. Two sulfur sources are implied. One was probably igneous melts or rocks belonging to the mafic- to intermediate-composition volcanic suite that is present at or near most of the iron deposits; the other was either melts or volcanic rocks that had degassed very extensively, or else volcanic lakes that had trapped rising magmatic gases. The higher δ 34 S values correspond to deposits or prospects where copper is noteworthy—the Central Dome portion of the Boss deposit, the Bourbon deposit, and the Vilander prospective area. The correspondence suggests that (1) sulfur either limited the deposition of copper or was cotransported with copper, and (2) sulfur isotope analysis may be useful in evaluating southeast Missouri iron deposits for copper and possibly for gold.

Mining and Exploration History of the Southeast Missouri Iron Metallogenic Province

Mining has been a driving force in the development of Missouri for hundreds of years—a history of feast and famine, success and ruin. In southeast Missouri, the mining history spans times from early crude furnaces and small mines to large modern operations working at depths of more than 730 m below the surface. Eight major iron orebodies and myriad minor deposits are known in the southeast Missouri iron metallogenic province, which is hosted in Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks of the St. Francois Mountains terrane. The first iron furnace west of the Mississippi River was opened in Missouri in the early part of the 19 th century, marking the beginning of a prosperous industry that shaped the fortunes of citizens and the state. The industry persevered through the United States Civil War, including the dramatic battle in 1864 that caused extensive damage to the Pilot Knob ironworks. Earlier discovery in 1844 of banded iron formation ores in Michigan and depletion of easily accessible surface iron deposits in southeast Missouri led to eventual downturn in the local mining industry. Magnetic surveys in the 1950s resulted in discovery of several large subsurface deposits, including the Pea Ridge iron oxide-apatite deposit and the Boss iron oxide-copper-gold deposit ca. 52 km to the south. Iron production in Missouri ceased in 2001, when the Pea Ridge mine closed. Great potential nevertheless exists for renewed production of iron and other metals in the province.

Iron and Oxygen Isotope Signatures of the Pea Ridge and Pilot Knob Magnetite-Apatite Deposits, Southeast Missouri, USA

New O and Fe stable isotope ratios are reported for magnetite samples from high-grade massive magnetite of the Mesoproterozoic Pea Ridge and Pilot Knob magnetite-apatite ore deposits and these results are compared with data for other iron oxide-apatite deposits to shed light on the origin of the southeast Missouri deposits. The δ 18 O values of magnetite from Pea Ridge ( n = 12) and Pilot Knob ( n = 3) range from 1.0 to 7.0 and 3.3 to 6.7‰, respectively. The δ 56 Fe values of magnetite from Pea Ridge ( n = 10) and Pilot Knob ( n = 6) are 0.03 to 0.35 and 0.06 to 0.27‰, respectively. These δ 18 O and the δ 56 Fe values suggest that magnetite crystallized from a silicate melt (typical igneous δ 56 Fe ranges 0.06–0.49‰) and grew in equilibrium with a magmatic-hydrothermal aqueous fluid. We propose that the δ 18 O and δ 56 Fe data for the Pea Ridge and Pilot Knob magnetite-apatite deposits are consistent with the flotation model recently proposed by Knipping et al. (2015a), which invokes flotation of a magmatic magnetite-fluid suspension and offers a plausible explanation for the igneous (i.e., up to ~15.9 wt % TiO 2 in magnetite) and hydrothermal features of the deposits.

High Spatial Resolution U-Pb Geochronology and Pb Isotope Geochemistry of Magnetite-Apatite Ore from the Pea Ridge Iron Oxide-Apatite Deposit, St. Francois Mountains, Southeast Missouri, USA

The Pea Ridge iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposit is one of the major rhyolite-hosted magnetite deposits of the St. Francois Mountains terrane, which is located within the Mesoproterozoic (1.5–1.3 Ga) Granite-Rhyolite province in the U.S. Midcontinent. Precise and accurate determination of the timing and duration of oreforming processes in this deposit is crucial for understanding its origin and placing it within a deposit-scale and regional geologic context. Apatite and monazite, well-established U-Pb mineral geochronometers, are abundant in the Pea Ridge orebody. However, the potential presence of multiple generations of dateable minerals, processes of dissolution-reprecipitation, and occurrence of micrometer-sized intergrowths and inclusions complicate measurements and interpretations of the geochronological results. Here, we employ a combination of several techniques, including ID-TIMS and high spatial resolution geochronology of apatite and monazite using LA-SC-ICPMS and SHRIMP, and Pb isotope geochemistry of pyrite and magnetite to obtain the first direct age constraints on the formation and alteration history of the Pea Ridge IOA deposit. The oldest apatite TIMS 207 Pb*/ 206 Pb* dates are 1471 ± 1 and 1468 ± 1 Ma, slightly younger than (but within error of) the ~1474 to ~1473 Ma U-Pb zircon ages of the host rhyolites. Dating of apatite and monazite inclusions within apatite provides evidence for at least one younger metasomatic event at ~1.44 Ga, and possibly multiple superimposed metasomatic events between 1.47 and 1.44 Ga. Lead isotop analyses of pyrite show extremely radiogenic 206 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios up to ~80 unsupported by in situ U decay. This excess radiogenic Pb in pyrite may have been derived from the spatially associated apatite as apatite recrystallized several tens of million years after its formation. The low initial 206 Pb/ 204 Pb ratio of ~16.5 and 207 Pb/ 204 Pb ratio of ~15.4 for individual magnetite grains indicate closed U-Pb system behavior in this mineral and are consistent with derivation of the Pb from a mantle-like source.

Magnetic and Gravity Gradiometry Framework for Mesoproterozoic Iron Oxide-Apatite and Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold Deposits, Southeast Missouri

High-resolution airborne magnetic and gravity gradiometry data provide the geophysical framework for evaluating the exploration potential of hidden iron oxide deposits in Mesoproterozoic basement rocks of southeast Missouri. The data are used to calculate mineral prospectivity for iron oxide-apatite (IOA) ± rare earth element (REE) and iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits. Results delineate the geophysical footprints of all known iron oxide deposits and reveal several previously unrecognized prospective areas. The airborne data are also inverted to three-dimensional density and magnetic susceptibility models over four concealed deposits at Pea Ridge (IOA ± REE), Boss (IOCG), Kratz Spring (IOA), and Bourbon (IOCG). The Pea Ridge susceptibility model shows a magnetic source that is vertically extensive and traceable to a depth of greater than 2 km. A smaller density source, located within the shallow Precambrian basement, is partly coincident with the magnetic source at Pea Ridge. In contrast, the Boss models show a large (625-m-wide), vertically extensive, and coincident dense and magnetic stock with shallower adjacent lobes that extend more than 2,600 m across the shallow Precambrian paleosurface. The Kratz Spring deposit appears to be a smaller volume of iron oxides and is characterized by lower density and less magnetic rock compared to the other iron deposits. A prospective area identified south of the Kratz Spring deposit shows the largest volume of coincident dense and nonmagnetic rock in the subsurface, and is interpreted as prospective for a hematite-dominant lithology that extends from the top of the Precambrian to depths exceeding 2 km. The Bourbon deposit displays a large bowl-shaped volume of coincident high density and high-magnetic susceptibility rock, and a geometry that suggests the iron mineralization is vertically restricted to the upper parts of the Precambrian basement. In order to underpin the evaluation of the prospectivity and three-dimensional models, an extensive statistical summary of density and apparent magnetic susceptibility measurements is presented that includes data on several hundred samples taken from the deposits, altered wall rocks, and unaltered country rocks.

Regional Geologic and Petrologic Framework for Iron Oxide ± Apatite ± Rare Earth Element and Iron Oxide Copper-Gold Deposits of the Mesoproterozoic St. Francois Mountains Terrane, Southeast Missouri, USA

This paper provides an overview on the genesis of Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks and associated iron oxide ± apatite (IOA) ± rare earth element, iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), and iron-rich sedimentary deposits in the St. Francois Mountains terrane of southeast Missouri, USA. The St. Francois Mountains terrane lies along the southeastern margin of Laurentia as part of the eastern granite-rhyolite province. The province formed during two major pulses of igneous activity: (1) an older early Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.50–1.44 Ga) episode of volcanism and granite plutonism, and (2) a younger middle Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.33–1.30 Ga) episode of bimodal gabbro and granite plutonism. The volcanic rocks are predominantly high-silica rhyolite pyroclastic flows, volcanogenic breccias, and associated volcanogenic sediments with lesser amounts of basaltic to andesitic volcanic and associated subvolcanic intrusive rocks. The iron oxide deposits are all hosted in the early Mesoproterozoic volcanic and volcaniclastic sequences. Previous studies have characterized the St. Francois Mountains terrane as a classic, A-type within-plate granitic terrane. However, our new whole-rock geochemical data indicate that the felsic volcanic rocks are effusive derivatives from multicomponent source types, having compositional similarities to A-type within-plate granites as well as to S- and I-type granites generated in an arc setting. In addition, the volcanic-hosted IOA and IOCG deposits occur within bimodal volcanic sequences, some of which have volcanic arc geochemical affinities, suggesting an extensional tectonic setting during volcanism prior to emplacement of the ore-forming systems. The Missouri iron orebodies are magmatic-related hydrothermal deposits that, when considered in aggregate, display a vertical zonation from high-temperature, magmatic ± hydrothermal IOA deposits emplaced at moderate depths (~1–2 km), to magnetite-dominant IOA veins and IOCG deposits emplaced at shallow subvolcanic depths. The shallowest parts of these systems include near-surface, iron oxide-only replacement deposits, surficial epithermal sediment-hosted replacement deposits, synsedimentary ironstone deposits, and Mn-rich exhalite deposits. Alteration associated with the IOA and IOCG mineralizing systems of the host volcanic rocks dominantly produced potassic with lesser amounts of calcic- and sodic-rich mineral assemblages. No deposits are known to be hosted in granite, implying that the mineralizing systems were operative during a relatively short, postvolcanic period yet prior to intrusion of the granitoids. Companion studies in this special issue on mineral chemistry, stable isotopes, and iron isotopes suggest that the magnetite within the IOA deposits formed from high-temperature fluids of magmatic or magmatic-hydrothermal origin. However, the data do not discriminate between a magmatic-hydrothermal source fluid exsolved from an Fe-rich immiscible liquid or an Fe-rich silicate magma. Mineral chemical, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope data from these new studies record the effects of metasomatic fluids that interacted with crustal reservoirs such as volcanic rocks or seawater.

A Special Issue Devoted to Proterozoic Iron Oxide-Apatite (±REE) and Iron Oxide Copper-Gold and Affiliated Deposits of Southeast Missouri, USA, and the Great Bear Magmatic Zone, Northwest Territories, Canada: Preface

This special issue is focused on the geology and mineral deposits in the Mesoproterozoic St. Francois Mountains terrane of southeast Missouri, United States, and in the Paleoproterozoic Great Bear magmatic zone of Northwest Territories, Canada. Contributions in this special issue emphasize iron oxide-apatite (IOA) ± rare earth element (REE) and iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) and affiliated deposits (e.g., Hitzman, 2000; Barton, 2014). The volume includes results of studies by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), derived from research done for the USGS Mineral Resources Program, and from GSC research completed under auspices of the Geomapping for Energy and Minerals and Targeted Geoscience Initiative programs. These studies took advantage of extensive historic drilling at and near IOA and IOCG deposits in Missouri, and of exceptional field exposures in the Great Bear magmatic zone. Collectively, results of this cumulative body of work provide new insights into the geological, geochemical, geophysical, and temporal characteristics of IOA ± REE, IOCG, and affiliated deposits, leading to enhanced understanding of diverse magmatic-hydrothermal systems, and refining of genetic models and exploration strategies for such deposits, within these terranes and elsewhere in the world. Both North American terranes contain iron oxide-alkali alteration zones that formed during predominantly I-type, calc-alkaline (including S-type and shoshonitic in the Great Bear zone) volcano-plutonic magmatism. Later magmatism in both terranes was mainly of A-type affinity. Locally, the IOA deposits are spatially associated with high REE concentrations. The IOCG and affiliated deposits include Co- and Birich variants. Skarns, polymetallic veins, and albitite-hosted U deposits are also present within the footprints of the regional iron oxide-alkali alteration systems. Mineralization occurred contemporaneously with mafic to felsic volcanism and local volcanogenic sedimentation, including within or marginal to large ash-flow calderas. Proterozoic rocks in both the St. Francois Mountains terrane and the Great …

Inventory Simulation Model of a Lamp of Maintenance Warehouse of Facilities Management Department at Southeast Missouri State University Using Arena

It has been observed that inventory problems related to too small or very large order quantities may be the reason of failure in business. Optimal inventory management is very essential in order to reduce cost, stock out and meet the uncertain demand continuously. This simulation is done over a maintenance warehouse of facilities management department at Southeast Missouri State University. The problem addressed in this study is the lack of proper inventory management is the reason for excessive cost in the maintenance warehouse of facilities management department at Southeast Missouri State University. Sometimes stock out of lamp occurs which cost extra money due to urgent order made. The purpose of this study is to develop an inventory model of a lamp that will optimize the inventory level and minimize cost and stock out of this lamp of the maintenance warehouse of facilities management department at Southeast Missouri State University, and at the same time meet the uncertain needs or demands of the different departments that arise randomly throughout the year.

Use of Standardized Patients to Enhance Simulation of Medication Administration.

Author Affiliations: Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau. This project was partially supported by funding from a Missouri Foundation for Health Grant. The author declares no conflicts of interest. Correspondence: Dr Ham, One University Plaza MS 8300, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 ([email protected]). Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.nurseeducatoronline.com). Accepted for publication: December 22, 2015 Published ahead of print: February 9, 2016

Isotopically constrained lead sources in fugitive dust from unsurfaced roads in the southeast Missouri mining district

The isotopic composition of lead (Pb) in fugitive dust suspended by a vehicle from 13 unsurfaced roads in Missouri was measured to identify the source of Pb within an established long-term mining area. A three end-member model using 207Pb/206Pb and concentration as tracers resulted in fugitive dust samples plotting in the mixing field of well characterized heterogeneous end members. End members selected for this investigation include the 207Pb/206Pb for 1) a Pb-mixture representing mine tailings, 2) aerosol Pb-impacted soils within close proximity to the Buick secondary recycling smelter, and 3) an average of soils, rock cores and drill cuttings representing the background conditions. Aqua regia total concentrations and 207Pb/206Pb of mining area dust suggest that 35.4–84.3% of the source Pb in dust is associated with the mine tailings mixture, 9.1–52.7% is associated with the smelter mixture, and 0–21.6% is associated with background materials. Isotope ratios varied minimally within the operational phases of sequential extraction suggesting that mixing of all three Pb mixtures occurs throughout. Labile forms of Pb were attributed to all three end members. The extractable carbonate phase had as much as 96.6% of the total concentration associated with mine tailings, 51.8% associated with smelter deposition, and 34.2% with background. The next most labile geochemical phase (Fe + Mn Oxides) showed similar results with as much as 85.3% associated with mine tailings, 56.8% associated with smelter deposition, and 4.2% associated with the background soil.

Effects of High-intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients

The use of High-intensity Interval Training (HIT) has recently gained popularity in the general public. Currently, the majority of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs implement moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) programs. Recent research in the CR setting has shown that HIT may induce greater cardiorespiratory benefits (i.e., increased VO2max) in a shorter training and per session time period compared to MICE. PURPOSE: To assess the effects of a HIT vs. MICE exercise program on VO2max, six-minute walk distance (6MWD), and six-minute walk speed (6MWS) in patients rehabilitating from various cardiac events. METHODS: Six (3 female, 3 male, mean ± SD; age: 63±10 yr) volunteers participated in the HIT and 11 (5 female, 6 males, 64+16 yr) in the MICE program. The project was approved by Southeast Missouri State University and Saint Francis Medical Center IRBs, respectively. Participants completed a 6MW test prior to the initiation of the project. Each 20 minute HIT session was assessed via Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) on a 6-20 Borg Scale. Intervals of low (RPE of 9-11 or Very to Fairly Light) and high intensity (14-17 or Somewhat to Very Hard) exercise were performed continuously every two minutes. MICE sessions were participant self-assessed between an RPE of 11-14. The HIT sessions were performed three times per week for six weeks, separated by at least 24 hours, for a total of 18 sessions. Each 30 minute MICE session was performed 4.1+1.2 days per week for 8.4+1.8 weeks. An independent-samples t test was conducted to compare pre- vs. post-assessments for predicted VO2max, 6MWD, and 6MWS with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: A significant difference was found for 6MWD [t(15) = -4.02, p<0.001] and 6MWS [t(15) = -4.01, p<0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicate HIT as a potentially more viable method for increasing 6MWD and 6MWS. The lack of change in predicted VO2max is most likely due to the predictive qualities of the 6MW test compared to a lab tested value. Most importantly, the HIT program showed a significant change in walking speed and distance, this was observed over a shorter training period and less time per training period compared to the MICE program. Supported by Southeast Missouri State University Summer Research Fellowship

REDUCING DOOR-TO-BALLOON TIME IN A RURAL TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL: IMPACT OF PREHOSPITAL ECG TRANSMISSION ON STEMI CARE

Rural healthcare centers face particular logistic challenges meeting national STEMI standards for timing of primary PCI. Our 423-bed tertiary care hospital in a city of 17,000 serves as the STEMI center for an eight county population of 146,000 in Southeast Missouri and Northeast Arkansas. In 2010

Differences Found in the Macroinvertebrate Community Composition in the Presence or Absence of the Invasive Alien Crayfish, Orconectes hylas.

Introductions of alien species into aquatic ecosystems have been well documented, including invasions of crayfish species; however, little is known about the effects of these introductions on macroinvertebrate communities. The woodland crayfish (Orconectes hylas (Faxon)) has been introduced into the St. Francis River watershed in southeast Missouri and has displaced populations of native crayfish. The effects of O. hylas on macroinvertebrate community composition were investigated in a fourth-order Ozark stream at two locations, one with the presence of O. hylas and one without. Significant differences between sites and across four sampling periods and two habitats were found in five categories of benthic macroinvertebrate metrics: species richness, percent/composition, dominance/diversity, functional feeding groups, and biotic indices. In most seasons and habitat combinations, the invaded site had significantly higher relative abundance of riffle beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae), and significantly lower Missouri biotic index values, total taxa richness, and both richness and relative abundance of midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). Overall study results indicate that some macroinvertebrate community differences due to the O. hylas invasion were not consistent between seasons and habitats, suggesting that further research on spatial and temporal habitat use and feeding ecology of Ozark crayfish species is needed to improve our understanding of the effects of these invasions on aquatic communities.