Southeast Kazakhstan Research Articles

The Impact of Environment on the Morphometric Characteristics of Honeybees Apis Mellifera Carnica in South-East Kazakhstan

The Impact of Environment on the Morphometric Characteristics of Honeybees Apis Mellifera Carnica in South-East Kazakhstan

Cultivation and resource of Artemisia schrenkiana L. for increased pharmaceutical perspective​

Studying the source and cultivation conditions of medicinal plants, growing them in the field of agriculture, and determining new prospects for production is one of the topical topics. This research was conducted in 2022 in the south-eastern territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research work was carried out using geobotanical and biological methods. In this article, the authors describe that contains opposing points of view on the problem considered in the importance of cultivation and resource of agricultural systems medical plant, Artemisia schrenkiana L.. The article presents the results of the plant community of the area where the A. schrenkiana Ledeb plant grows in the south-east of Kazakhstan and laboratory seed productivity. As a result of the research, the authors have described 163 plant species belonging to 31 families and 116 genera from the plant community, making a comprehensive analysis of the microclimatic conditions, terrain structure and floral composition of the area where the A. schrenkiana Ledeb plant grows. Laboratory experiments showed high germination of A. schrenkiana seeds, but the germination of seeds collected from different populations was different: for example, № 2 population seeds had the highest laboratory germination. This was probably due to the remoteness of these populations from anthropogenic factors. because 1 and № 3 populations of A. schrenkiana were found in the vicinity of settlements, while № 2 populations were located in pastures far from villages. According to the natural resource analysis, the following five genera dominated by the number of species in the places where A. schrenkiana Ledeb grows: Gramineae Juss. Poaceae, Compositae Giseke., Chenopodiaceae Vent., Leguminosae Juss. and Boraginaceae Juss. The plants in the studied community were classified according to their useful properties as follows: 157 species value plants, 38 species of medicinal plants, five species of poisonous plants, 10 species of essential oil plants, three species of succulent plants and three species of ornamental plants. Currently, no external factor had a strong negative impact on the plant community where A. schrenkiana Ledeb, a plant with medicinal potential and important in agriculture.

Experimental analysis of a solar water heater with a thermosiphone for domestic applications in the south-east of kazakhstan

In this study, a flat solar collector with a thermosyphon was tested in the laboratory of the Institute of Information and Computing Technologies of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, located in Almaty (77 degrees east longitude and 43 degrees north latitude). Experimental data were collected over several sunny and cloudy days. The dynamic response of the system to changes in solar insolation is studied and analyzed. It has been found that such systems can provide enough energy to meet the need for hot water, contrary to the erroneous opinion of local residents. The system operates using six sensors (temperature sensor, water flow sensor, pressure sensor, coolant temperature sensor in the heater tank, coolant temperature sensor in the heat exchanger and outdoor temperature sensor). Six sensors are controlled with a programmable logistics integrated circuit (FPGA) STM32 circuit designed to monitor the entire solar system, and the actuators include power relays. The temperature readings are sent to the ESP 32 module. The ESP 32 module is synchronized with six sensors connected to the STM32 FPGA, with six electrical wires programmed in C++, which after processing the temperature, date and time data received from the real-time clock. After the whole process, all sensor data is sent to the ESP 32 module, where data is sent to the database. During the experiment an electric energy consumption savings of about 1% was achieved due to the control signal in the controller which had a significant impact on the service time of the equipment.

BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ALFALFA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING IN SOUTH-EASTERN KAZAKHSTAN

The ecological situation and modern agro-landscape improvement, soil fertility maintenance and uplifting, formation of ecologically safe agro-ecosystems with germplasm diversity in crop rotation, and cultures-soil conditioners are the focus of the study. Nitrogen is a vital element required in larger quantities by plants; however, lack of it has become a problem in organic farming. The presented study suggests ways organic farming can boost up nitrogen in return to address nitrogen deficiency. The research shows data on the harvest of three-year standing alfalfa and indicators of the efficiency of annual crops’ use in the crop rotation of organic farming. The study findings exhibited that alfalfa accumulates residues of up to 13–17 t ha-1 in three years of standing, containing more than 280–300, 63–80, and 66–120 kg NPK ha-1, respectively. In the efficiency of different crop rotations, the alfalfa accumulated 13 and 20 t ha-1 organic residues in the two- and three-year periods, respectively. More than 11 t ha-1 of green mass containing 65 to 70 kg of nitrogen, 20 to 25 kg of phosphorous, and 55 to 60 kg of potassium accumulates in the soil in welded form. By sowing in good time, mixed with oats, leave the soil with up to 12–15 t of organic matter, containing 190–200, 35–40, and 230–250 kg NPK ha-1, respectively. A pea-oat mixture of about 12.0 t ha-1 of green mass resulted in 132, 46, and 102 kg NPK ha-1, respectively. The latest findings can serve as a basis for the development of new approaches related to the organic farming system in Southeast Kazakhstan.

The Effectiveness of Bio-Organic Fertilizers and Bioinsecticides on Potatoes in the Conditions of South-East Kazakhstan

Annals of Chemical Science Research The Effectiveness of Bio-Organic Fertilizers and Bioinsecticides on Potatoes in the Conditions of South-East Kazakhstan Аitbaev ТЕ1*, Budanov NW2 and Kairekenova BS1 1LLP “Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing”, Republic of Kazakhstan 2Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Republic of Kazakhstan *Corresponding author:Аitbaev ТЕ, LLP “Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing”, Gagarin Avenue, 238/5, Almaty City , Republic of Kazakhstan Submission: February 10, 2023;Published: February 17, 2023 DOI: 10.31031/ACSR.2023.03.000569 Volume3 Issue4February , 2023

DYNAMICS OF ARGALI POPULATION (OVIS AMMON LINNAEUS, 1758) IN KAZAKHSTAN

The research materials are based on the processing and analyzing the official results of the air and ground surveys conducted in 2019, providing departmental materials. The habitats with a high number of mountain sheep include the Karaganda, Turkestan, Dzhambul and Almaty regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The paper aims to estimate the changes in argali’s number and reveal the basic influencing factors. The total number of wild mountain sheep in Kazakhstan is 17954 heads. The paper shows that the share of the influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the number of argalis is 99.7%. The main influence on the number of snow sheep is exerted by anthropogenic factors such as poaching and economic use of the range of wild mountain sheep by humans. From time to time, severe fires affect the deterioration of the habitat. The authors attribute the creation of specially protected natural territories and the inclusion of subspecies in the Red Book of Kazakhstan to the positive impact of human activity on the argali population. In modern conditions, the natural potential viability and survival of mountain sheep and further naturalization are weak, although there is an increase in the number of argalis. These aspects indicate that the anthropogenic factor affects animals intensely. The analysis of variance shows and testifies to the high influence of the anthropogenic factor on the number of argalis in regions of Kazakhstan. Today, to improve the protection of mountain sheep, it is advisable to organize a network of specially protected natural territories in the mountainous regions of the south and south-east of Kazakhstan.

Old stereotypes and new openness: discourses and practices of trans-border re- and disconnection in south-eastern Kazakhstan’s agricultural sector

ABSTRACT Since the Soviet breakup, rural communities in the Kazakhstan–China borderlands have faced cataclysmic social, economic, and ecological transformations. Collective and state farms have been replaced by precarious smallholder agriculture suffering from a decline in financial inputs and the deterioration of infrastructure. At the same time, dynamic transformations of border permeability (and trans-border reconnections) between Kazakhstan and China have challenged the until relatively recent widespread Soviet rhetoric on Western China (or rather Xinjiang) as an underdeveloped space across the border. This article is based on several months of fieldwork between 2019 and 2021 in Panfilov District, located at major cross-border road and railway intersections and hosting important infrastructural objects, such as a dry port, a major railway transhipment hub, and a trans-border special economic zone. The article explores how the border situation (and the border’s changing permeability for people, commodities, and ideas since the early 1990s) as well as the implementation of new trans-border infrastructures eventually shaped local discourses and practices in the socio-economic development of south-east Kazakhstan’s agricultural sector. It is scrutinized herein how various forms of trans-border socio-economic interactions (although heavily regulated) and China’s (agri-) economic policy in Xinjiang started to affect farmers’ ambitions and practices across the border.

Charophytes (Charophyceae, Charales) of South Kazakhstan: Diversity, Distribution, and Tentative Red List.

The presented research was conducted during 2019-2022 in south and southeast Kazakhstan to document the species richness, distribution, and ecology of charophytes (Characeae) as a first step towards to estimate the need for species protection. Across the 54 sites, we found ten species and one variety. Chara vulgaris Linnaeus and C. contraria A.Braun ex Kützing were the most common species, followed by C. canescens Loiseleur, C. kirghisorum C. F. Lessing, C. tomentosa Linnaeus, C. dominii J. Vilhelm, C. globata W. Migula, Nitellopsis obtusa (Desvaux) J. Groves, and Nitella hyalina (De Candolle) C. Agardh. The list of localities for each species was compiled. The distribution of each taxon was mapped in relations to the ecoregions studied. The two most frequent species were found in a wide spectrum of ecoregions, whereas all other species occurred in only a few regions in Kazakhstan. The Kaskelen River Valley had the most sampled sites with the highest number of co-occurring species (up to five together). Statistical maps were plotted in attempt to outline key environmental variables explaining the distribution of each species. A comparison of species and environmental variables distribution maps lets us assume that C. vulgaris prefers low altitude habitats with higher water temperatures, organic enrichments, and color, but low oxygen and pH. Other species prefer clear, alkaline, organically unpolluted, and well-oxygenated waters in lowland habitats. The redundancy detrended analysis (RDA) defined pH and altitude as negative factors for Nitellopsis obtusa whereas an increase in water temperature was positive. Altitude and water temperatures affected Chara contraria positively while altitude negatively influenced the rare species: Chara tomentosa, C. kirghisorum, and C. dominii. The matK sequences were obtained for C. contraria and C. vulgaris to confirm their identity according to morphological traits and to compare populations of C. gymnophylla and C. vulgaris from an arid region in Israel. Our data allowed for the preparation of a tentative red list from the study region. One species was recognized as endangered, four species and one variety as vulnerable, and two species as least concern. There was insufficient data to determine the status of two species and one variety.

INFILTRATION AND COLMATATION DYNAMICS ON PHYSICAL MODELS STUDY BY INFILTRATION BASINS AT ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE

The problem of the growing shortage of water resources in the world, including in the territory of South-East Kazakhstan, due to global warming and aggravated by long distances to natural sources of good quality water, requires the combined use of surface water and groundwater from local aquifers to supply the local population with high-quality drinking water. The application of methods of artificial groundwater spreading can be an effective way only if positive characteristics of soil and soil parameters of the aeration zone and productive aquifers are obtained in the processes of infiltration and colmatation, which are one of the decisive indicators for ensuring productivity and duration of operation of infiltration basins in the given mode. This work presents the main results of complex field studies of the processes of infiltration and colmatation in infiltration mini-basins at pilot sites within the Aksu, Lepsy and Koksu river valleys, taken as typical for the territory of South-Eastern Kazakhstan, which most needs to increase the water supply of rural population settlements and remote pastures. These studies were supplemented by a detailed assessment of the water-physical, hydrodynamic and filtration properties of the overburden and the upper layers of the aquifer. The new data showed that the infiltration rate varied from 15 m/day at the beginning to 0.75 m/day at the end and remained practically unchanged by the end of the experiment. This was largely facilitated by the values of the heterogeneity coefficient of the granulometric composition of all the examined soils obtained during the studies, which did not exceed 3.0 due to the uniform distribution of coarse fractions and a small proportion of loams and sandy loams. Approximately one month after the start of the tests, a colmatation layer began to be generated at the bottom of the mini-ponds, the thickness of which by the end of the test reached from 3 mm for clay silt to 6 mm for silty clay. However, as studies have shown, the generation of a colmatation layer due to the settling of suspended particles of surface water did not significantly impact on the infiltration processes, as evidenced by the rated values of specific flow rates, which in the final period of time ranged from 0.86 to 0.75-0.80 m3/day per square meter of reduced infiltration surface. Thus, the generated positive results of field studies can serve as a factual basis for design, and can also be recommended and accepted as design indicators both at the stage of a feasibility study and at the stage of detailed design of artificial groundwater spreading systems without additional labor-intensive and costly survey works, and the approved methodology for their implementation will be useful when conducting similar studies in other regions.

Evaluation of the Effect of Various Biopesticides on the useful Arachno Entomofauna of the Apple Orchard in the Southeast of Kazakhstan

Currently, Kazakhstan is actively researching the greening of the protection of apple orchards from lepidopteran pests. In this regard, biological preparations of various origins were tested. The aim was to study their impact on useful non-target arachno entomofauna (entomophagous insects and pollinators). During the research, both classical methods used in entomology and plant protection, and original modifications were used. In the south-east of Kazakhstan, in the agrobiocenosis of an apple orchard, an assessment of the effects of biological preparations was carried out: Phytoverm ® K.E. (aversectin C, a natural mixture of four avermectins B1a, A1a, A2a, B2a, produced by Streptomyces avermitilis microorganisms), Greene Gold, 0.3% by weight (admiration), Entolek Planteco K ® (Akanthomyces lecanii), and Lepidocide ® S.K. (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki) on entomophagous insects of harmful lepidoptera and pollinators. The greatest decrease in the number of indicator species was observed in the variants with azadirachtin and avermectin. It is concluded that when these bioinsecticides are used together with entomophagous insects and pollinators, it is necessary to draw up and apply special step-by-step schemes with a time interval between the treatment with a biological product and the release of entomophagous insects or pollinators in summer. It is also desirable to study these drugs in more detail in terms of their prolonged action, not only on entomophagous insects and pollinators but also on soil-forming agents, in the conditions of Kazakhstan. Biological preparations based on Bacillus thuringiensis and Akanthomyces lecanii had almost no negative effect on the number of entomophagous insects and pollinators. When choosing biologics for use against harmful lepidoptera in apple orchards in the south-east of Kazakhstan, it is advisable to focus on these bioinsecticides as having a more sparing effect for non-target arachno entomofauna.

Орёл-могильник на юго-востоке Казахстана в 2022–2023 годах: распространение, численность, угрозы

Орёл-могильник на юго-востоке Казахстана в 2022–2023 годах: распространение, численность, угрозы

Современный статус степного орла в Казахстане

Современный статус степного орла в Казахстане

Первый опыт использования фотоловушки при изучении гнездовой биологии и экологии змееяда в Национальном парке Алтын Эмель в 2023 году

A Short-Toed Eagle (STE, Circaetus gallicus) nest was observed over the reproductive period of 2023 in Altyn-Emel National Park located in the south-east of Kazakhstan (Zhetysus oblast of the Republic of Kazakhstan). The nest location was on the right bank of the Ile River in arid terrain of clay conglomerate, 12–15 km east of the dry lowland massif of Ulken Kalkan (Ile Forestry section “Zhagalybai”) near the “Kosbastau” area. The nest was built on a live Turanga poplar (Populus diversifolia) about 5 m high on one of two dried branching trunks in the apex of the tree at a height of 3.7 m. Judging by the massiveness of the nest, this was not the first year that this pair of Short-Toed Eagles nested here. A nest of Saxaul Sparrow (Passer ammodendri) was located 50 m away on another turanga tree in a hollow formed by the fall of a dry branch (fully-feathered nestlings observed May 8). At least one pair of Indian Sparrows (Passer indicus) was nesting in the mass of the STE nest. One egg was observed in the STE nest on May 8, which represents a complete clutch, characteristic of the species. On the same day a camera trap (Digital Trail Camera HH-662, 16mp) with a combined trigger mode (3 images and 20-second video with a 20 min delay interval) was installed on a dry turanga poplar 1.7–2.0 m from the nest. Over the next three months, from 8 May to 10 August of this year, the incubating pair, and subsequently the hatched nestlings, were observed, until the nestlings fledged, though regularly returned to the nest from 10–15 August. To note, these were fragmentary, rather than constant observations by the camera trap due to the fact that the installed flash drive was periodically completely filled up and the charge of AA alkaline batteries ran out multiple times. Both individuals of the pair tolerated the close proximity of the camera trap almost immediately, and the camera trap recorded the pair taking turns at egg incubation as early as May 10. They sometimes changed turns in the early morning hours, almost immediately after sunrise. During egg incubation, one of the adults brought a freshly broken 70 cm twig of Elaeagnus (Elaeagnus oxycarpa) with leaves and ripening fruit to the nest when taking over incubation from its partner. On June 26, a nestlings covered in white down was observed in the nest. It also had pin feather stubs and opening pin feathers (pin feathers that are open by one-quarter to one-third) of flight feathers and contour feathers and back plumage that had already begun to open. It also had pins among the downy plumage on the head. When checked on July 19, the nest box contained an almost fully feathered nestlings, with growing remex and rectrix feathers. At times it actively flapped its fully opened wings while bouncing in the nest, evidently preparing to fledge. Both adults fed the nestlings on various species of snakes, including the Arrow Snake (Psammophis lineolatus) observed on July 3 and 14, Sand Boa (Eryx tataricus) observed on July 12, and Rat Snake (Elaphe dione) observed on July 7 and 15. Notably, the nestlings used its beak to pull the snakes out of the throat and esophagus of the parents, who had at that point swallowed the snake by half or even completely (July 3, 6, 7, 12, 15), at the same time the nestlings, helping itself, sometimes grasped the pulled snake with one of its paws (July 7). The recorded frequency and abundance of snake prey items may indirectly indicate a relatively high occurrence and abundance of snakes on the territory of the national park in its coastal part and quite a rich prey base of these reptiles in contrast to the neighboring geographical area in the Southern Pribalkhashie, where Hedgehogs (Erinaceus auritus) prevailed as prey items at the stage of feeding the fledged chick. Among the prey items of STEs recorded by camera trap (photos and video) in Altyn-Emel in 2023, hedgehogs were not recorded. Notably, on July 9, the nestlings began to pull sharply the end of tail from the beak of the adult, practically in the same way as in cases with snakes brought by parents, and the adult then regurgitated a nearly completely swallowed adult male steppe agama (Trapelus sanguinolentus). The authors are grateful to Alisher Kanapiy and Kanat Ospankul for their assistance with the field research, installation and periodic checking of the camera trap.

To the study of arachnids (Arachnida) – entomophages of lepidoptera pests of apple trees in the south-east of Kazakhstan

Nowadays, 81 species and 56 genera of arachnids belonging to 4 orders (Pseudoscorpionida, Trombidiformes, Opiliones and Aranei) and 19 families have been recorded in apple orchards of southeastern Kazakhstan. The order of spiders (Aranei) is dominant in diversity – 16 families, 54 genera and 73 species, the remaining orders include one family and 1-2 genera and species. According to the number of genera and species, the Araneidae family is dominant – 11 species and 9 genera. It is followed by the families Thomisidae (9 genera and 10 species), Salticidae (8 genera and 9 species), Lycosidae (5 genera and 9 species), Philodromidae (4 genera and 9 species), Theridiidae (3 genera and 5 species) and Gnaphosidae (4 genera and 4 species). Other families are represented by 1-2 genera and species. In general, the fauna of arachnid apple plantations, in which chemical pesticide treatments are used, is much more depleted (by 2 or more times) compared to gardens without such treatments and natural biotopes. Data on the consumption of pest caterpillars by different types of spiders in laboratory maintenance are given. Amaurobius erberi (Keyserling, 1863) ate up to 10 caterpillars of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758) or up to 5 caterpillars of the clouded drab Orthosia incerta (Hufnagel, 1766) per day. Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1806) destroyed an average of 5 caterpillars of the codling moth or 3 caterpillars of the clouded drab per day. Smaller species, such as Diaea suspiciosa O.P.-Cambridge, 1885, Xysticus pseudocristatus Azarkina & Logunov, 2001 and Evarcha arcuata (Clerck, 1758), ate 2-3 caterpillars per day. For the first time in the apple orchard, the spider Olios sericeus (Kroneberg, 1875) was recorded, in Kazakhstan this species was previously noted as synanthropic.

УРОВЕНЬ УРОЖАЙНОСТИ НОВЫХ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫХ СОРТОВ СОИ НА ОРОШАЕМЫХ ПОЧВАХ ЮГО-ВОСТОКА КАЗАХСТАНА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ НОРМЫ ВЫСЕВА

This article presents research on the effect of seeding rate on yields of domestic soybean varieties. Conclusions on the profitability of soybean varieties are drawn. The calculation of the economic efficiency of cultivating soybean varieties with different seeding rates is given. The high profitability of the soybean varieties under study, as well as the average yield of the soybean varieties by year of study depending on seeding rates is shown. Five mid-late and late-ripening soybean varieties Lastochka, Zhansaya, Ai Saule, Akku, and Aizere took part in the research. The varieties have been approved for production in the south and south-east of Kazakhstan. The results of all three years of research show the highest yields in all the varieties studied at a seeding rate of 600 thousand/ha. The most productive soybean variety was Ai Saule at a seeding rate of 600,000/ha. The soybean variety Aizere was the least productive with a yield range of 32.9-48.8 c/ha at a seeding rate of 200,000/ha. When using different varieties, taking into account sowing rates, the increase in cost per hectare varies between 216800 and 276200 tenge. The highest profit of 1145900 tenge per hectare was obtained in soybean variety Ai Saule.

The fire blight prevalence on different varieties of apple trees in the main industrial zone of horticulture (south and south-east of Kazakhstan)

Apple is the most significant fruit in Kazakhstan, as well as in many other countries of the world. According to the Statistics Agency in 2020, the apple cultivation area in Kazakhstan is about 36 thousand hectares with a gross har-vest of 259.1 thousand tons. The fire blight of fruit crops, in particular apple trees, is one of the most harmful infectious diseases, rapidly spreading and cre-ating a constant threat to the apple plantations of Kazakhstan. In order to avoid the further spread of fire blight in the territory of Kazakhstan, it is very important to grow varieties of fruit trees resistant to fire blight. The article pre-sents the results on the spread of fire blight on zoned, introduced, and promis-ing apple varieties in plantations of the main industrial zone of horticulture (Turkestan, Zhambyl, Almaty regions). As a result of the bacteriological analy-sis of the selected samples, 8 bacterial isolates were extracted from the varieties such as Aport, Voskhod, Sinap Almaty, Maksat, Golden Delicious, Kon-fetnoye, Pinova, Pink Lady, which, and were like the causative agent of fire blight by morphological and cultural characteristics. Bacterial pathogenicity testing on immature apple fruit showed positive test results confirming the presence of the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight.

Resistance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties to fungal diseases and their productivity in the South-East of Kazakhstan

In Kazakhstan, fungal diseases root rot and Ascochyta strongly affect the growth and yield of peas. Traditional breeding practices have resulted in improved resistance to these diseases in adapted varieties and lines, which is the main way to minimize yield losses. The global problem for breeders is to identify genes for disease resistance and use them in breeding programs. At the moment, promising, highly resistant to fungal diseases have been identified. In this work, modern methods of experiment, observation and accounting, selection and preparation of land plots, laying and experimenting with physiological and biological parameters of pea samples were used. Monitoring was carried out to determine the phytopathological and immunological evaluation of 59 varieties and lines of peas to fungal diseases was carried out. As a result of the analysis, 16 genotypes were highly resistant (I), 32 resistant (R) and 11 moderately resistant (MR) to Ascochyta in the natural background of the disease. At the same time, 21 genotypes were highly resistant (I), 26 resistant (R), 5 moderately resistant (MR), 6 moderately susceptible (MS) and 1 susceptible (S) to root rot on a natural background. On an artificial infectious background, the result showed that 9 genotypes were highly resistant (I), 43 resistant (R), and 7 moderately resistant to Ascochyta. And 19 genotypes were highly resistant (I), 33 resistant (R), 3 moderately resistant (MR), 2 moderately susceptible (MS) and 2 susceptible (S) to root rot. As a result of phenological analysis, in most pea samples, ascochitosis disease and root rot were pronounced, but with the least damage. The vegetation period was 112 days in 2021, and up to 93 days in 2022. According to the analysis indicators, all pea samples are very useful for identifying donors and can be included in breeding programs for hybridization to create new productive and resistant varieties.

Biological features of the formation of Festuca rubra L. (Poaceae) seed productivity on the southeast of Kazakhstan

Biological features of the formation of Festuca rubra L. (Poaceae) seed productivity on the southeast of Kazakhstan

Notes on Yllenus uiguricus Logunov & Marusik, 2003 (Araneae, Salticidae): colour morphs, digging behaviour, and revised distribution

This paper presents new faunistic records, morphological data, and occasional natural history observations on Yllenus uiguricus Logunov & Marusik, 2003 (Salticidae) from south-east Kazakhstan. Three male colour forms and digging behaviour of Y. uiguricus are reported and described for the first time. Brief synopses of digging behaviour and colour polymorphism in Salticidae are also presented.

NITROGEN NUTRITION OF CROP PLANTS IN THE PRECISION FARMING SYSTEM IN THE SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST KAZAKHSTAN

South and Southeast Kazakhstan underwent soil nitrogen forecasting and diagnosing for nutrition to establish the requirement of nitrogen fertilizers for field crops. The study established the possible use of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen as an indicator to provide field crops with available soil nitrogen. Managing the soil organic matter more accurately as the main source of nitrogen helps determine the spatial and temporal variability of its content in each specific field and to use a narrower (oriented to the prevailing soil types) scale of humus availability. The recent studies began in several stages, during 2014–2016, 2015–2017, and 2020–2021, on the irrigated light chestnut calcareous medium loamy non-saline and non-alkaline soil formed at the foothill loess plain of the Zailiyskiy Alatau, Kazakhstan. The nitrogen content of nitrates varied significantly over the years of research. In the control variants (without fertilizers), the recording of the minimum content of N-NO3 took place in 2016 compared with 2014 and 2015. In two consecutive years (2020–2021), 2,816 ha of arable land underwent testing in Almaty, Zhambyl, and Zhetysu regions, Kazakhstan. A total collection of 1,015 soil samples went through analysis, revealing a close correlation between the content of humus and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen in the upper soil layer of 0-30 cm. The hydrothermal conditions from a long multi-factorial field experiment data largely affected the intensity of mineralization and immobilization processes of the available nitrogen compounds. The rational use of nitrogen fertilizers makes it possible to increase the field crop yield with good quality and enhance the payback of applied fertilizers, maintaining and improving soil fertility.