Southeast Corner Research Articles

The military uses of Holyrood Park, Edinburgh in the First World War

This paper tells the story of the ephemeral and relatively fleeting use of Holyrood Park, Edinburgh between 1914 and 1919. The domestic life and training regime of the units who camped in the Park, in particular the 10th (Liverpool Scottish) King’s Regiment (Liverpool), is described using contemporary documents and photographs. The practice trenches and anti-invasion defences in the south-east corner of the Park are described, along with the large First World War infantry training camp, rediscovered during the research, in the grounds of Duddingston House. The paper also considers the interaction between the soldiery and the city, within the constraints imposed by paucity of evidence – with individuals and with the city’s civic life and its role in the war. Light is cast on socially conservative and morally judgemental views of the interaction between soldiers and young women – the ‘khaki fever’ of the early months of the war.

Inflation and Asymmetric Collapse at Kīlauea Summit During the 2018 Eruption From Seismic and Infrasound Analyses

AbstractCharacterizing the large M4.7+ seismic events during the 2018 Kīlauea eruption is important to understand the complex subsurface deformation at the Kīlauea summit. The first 12 events (May 17–May 26) are associated with long‐duration seismic signals and the remaining 50 events (May 29–August 2) are accompanied by large‐scale caldera collapses. Resolving the source location and mechanism is challenging because of the shallow source depth, significant nondouble‐couple components, and complex velocity structure. We demonstrate that combining multiple geophysical data from broadband seismometers, accelerometers, and infrasound is essential to resolve different aspects of the seismic source. Seismic moment tensor solutions using near‐field summit stations show the early events are inflationary. Infrasound data and particle motion analysis identify the source of inflation as the Halema'uma'u reservoir. For the later collapse events, two‐independent moment tensor inversions using local and global stations consistently show that asymmetric slips occur on inward‐dipping normal faults along the northwest corner of the caldera. While the source mechanism from May 29 onwards is not fully resolvable seismically using far‐field stations, infrasound records, and simulations suggest there may be inflation during the collapse. The summit events are characterized by both inflation and asymmetric slip, which are consistent with geodetic data. Based on the location of the slip and microseismicity, the caldera may have failed in a “see‐saw” manner: small continuous slips in the form of microseismicity on the southeast corner of the caldera, compensated by large slips on the northwest during the large collapse events.

Inequalities in changing mortality and life expectancy in Jiading District, Shanghai, 2002\u20132018

BackgroundImprovements of population health in China have been unevenly distributed among different sexes and regions. Mortality Registration System provides an opportunity for timely assessments of mortality trend and inequalities.MethodsCauses of death were reclassified following the method of Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). Age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and ring-map of the rate by town were used to describe inequalities in changing mortality. Life expectancy (LE) and cause-deleted LE were calculated on the basis of life table technique.ResultsThe burden of death from 2002 to 2018 was dominated by cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neoplasms, chronic respiratory diseases and injuries in Jiading district, accounting for almost 80% of total deaths. The overall ASMR dropped from 407.6/100000 to 227.1/100000, and LE increased from 77.86 years to 82.31 years. Women lived about 3.0–3.5 years longer than men. Besides, a cluster of lower LE was found for CVD in the southeast corner and one cluster for neoplasms in the southern corner of the district. The largest individual contributor to increment in LE was neoplasms, ranged from 2.41 to 3.63 years for males, and from 1.60 to 2.36 years for females.ConclusionsImprovement in health was mainly attributed to the decline of deaths caused by CVD and neoplasms, but was distributed with sex and town. This study served as a reflection of health inequality, is conducive to formulate localized health policies and measures.

Harkton's Hundred or A Wind in the Minagaroons

33 ROBERT CLINTON Harkton’s Hundred or A Wind in the Minagaroons • I walked by Harkton’s Hundred where the froyn and the quirts are flowering, and I’ve never seen greener dewstein than what flows over Harkton’s pastures. The lazy and poignant froyn deploys in its tissues and twigs a scented air, distantly, faint copy of the flowers, but it says you come here and leads you to the southeast corner where it was pridefully set by Dissenters. Busily it spin-sings its grey and white flowers: froyn’s fragrance comes in a private coach. I felt scent-induced vertigo, standing so close. Quirts, or hackroot, a tough blooming hedge, has got Harkton’s Hundred onto its grid, bounding his fields in sharp straight lines. Quirts comes to spring in a scarlet coat of tiny odorless florets; the coat falls in May and here are the little quirts leaves, simple hearts of bright green, mint-smelling, liking well to be pruned in the fall: politely a fence. And the dewstein is deep and constant on Harkton’s lawns and pastures. It roars and rolls everywhere, burying tree stumps, over your doorsill and into the front hall, half masking the apple tree trunks. A bluegrass in color, but dewstein is bluer and grassier. It holds to the ground so close and floods our fields like thick green paint or billows of sea. 34 I walked by Harkton’s Hundred where the froyn and the quirts are flowering, and I’ve never seen dewstein so lush as what flows over Harkton’s pastures. I waited to see if Harkton was home—would he open the door with Good Morning, or was he down in the Hundred somewhere, recking with last fall’s pommeley briars that lock to your fence rails, at least till the phoebe wasps come and drain the new shoots—or was one of his herd of premiere bowhas not being correctly an animal—pails of songs instead of true syrup? It’s a rich-dirt farm but nobody home, Harkton or Lady Dame Harkton or the sons, still twins after all these years. A wind in the minagaroons, that hang their blue blooms from the rafters, and pink mandaleets sang through the trees. I hatted myself and took the north road. I’d spend a dime at Mrs. Dotspot’s for three of the jelliest ling-dings in town. I’m doing that, walking uphill with my dime. ...

Occurrence of sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) in the Russian Arctic

We report two sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) strandings observed in the south-east corner of the Barents Sea (i.e., Pechora Sea) in 2018, unusually far from the species’ hitherto known distribution. While compiling a comprehensive overview of the occurrence of sperm whale sightings and strandings in the Russian Arctic, we learnt about one further stranding in the Pechora Sea, observed in 2017. All other records were from sites considerably closer to the species’ usual distribution. Reports from the eastern Russian Arctic suggest that sperm whales rarely, if ever, entered the Arctic from the Pacific Ocean. Although observed occurrences in the Russian Barents Sea have been few and sporadic, the occurrence of sperm whales in its south-eastern section appears to be a recent phenomenon, which is possibly related to declining sea-ice cover.

The Weather and Climate of Georgia: Georgia’s “Peachy” Weather and Climate: Something for Everyone

A storm clears over Tybee Island, Georgia. Georgia’s position in the southeast corner of the United States allows it to experience a full range of weather conditions: the fury of a hurricane wrappe...

Spatial variability of aerosols over Greek archaeological sites using Space-Borne Remote Sensing

Twenty-one archaeological sites in Greece were selected to study their exposure to particulate pollution, in terms of aerosol loading and chemical type, to infer on the potential impact on the structural materials (specifically stone) of the monuments, using Space-Borne Remote Sensing instruments, MODIS and CALIPSO. The analysis revealed three geographical distributed clusters, with higher loads in the northern Greece, slightly lower values in the south-east corner of Greece and finally the lower values over an area that transverses Greece from its NW to its SE corners, with differences spanning from 15 to 20%. The most dominant aerosol types in terms of occurrence were polluted dust (38%) followed by dust (28%), together accounting for on average 66% of the time, while the sites located on islands showed increased exposure to clean marine aerosol (in the order of 25%). Polluted continental aerosol increased over continental areas at the north and west parts of Greece, while smoke contribution was as high as 35% in specific sites. Three distinct seasonal patterns were also revealed with respect to aerosol loadings, a summer maximum cycle in the north part of Greece, a spring maximum along an arc-like path from the west coastline towards the southern parts of Greece and a spring and summer plateau in different parts of the Greek territory. During the last decade, an important decrease in aerosol levels was observed (on average 15 ± 6% per decade), attributed to effective controlling and mitigating measures in Europe. In conclusion, the exposure of antiquities to aerosols in Greece, varies in time, seasonal intensification and chemical type, thus continuous monitoring of particulate pollution over cultural heritage (CH) sites is imperative to support the selection and design of appropriate measures in the field of preventive conservation of monuments, in order to mitigate corrosion and avoid further damage.

The present-day geothermal regime of the North Jiangsu Basin, East China

Heat flow and thermal state complement seismic information and provide strong constraints on the thickness, geophysical properties, and tectonic evolution of the lithosphere. The North Jiangsu Basin (NJB) is located in the Lower Yangtze Craton as a wedge block of ancient plate boundary-adjacent to the southeast corner of the North China Craton experienced destruction in the Late Mesozoic, and it is of great interest to learn the geothermal characteristics of the basin. We present 71 new heat flow measurements derived from temperature logs and detailed thermal conductivity measurements of 189 dry core samples and 24 outcrop samples. We analyze these new data in combination with published data to plot the temperature gradient and heat flow distribution maps. The results show that: (1) temperature gradient values in the NJB are in the 21.5–59.2 °C km−1 range, with a mean value of 30.2 ± 6.5 °C km−1; (2) heat flow values are in the 45.7–109.7 mW m−2 range, with a mean value of 67.9 ± 7.7 mW m−2; (3) the highest temperature gradient and heat flow value is located in or around the Jianhu Uplift, and thermal refraction is the leading cause; and (4) the destruction of the North China Craton at the end of the Late Mesozoic was likely to affect the NJB, and the unified deep dynamic mechanism makes the NJB and the Bohai Bay Basin now in a similar thermal state.

Biodiversity and biological activity of the fungal microbiota derived from the medicinal plants Salvia aegyptiaca L. and Balanties aegyptiaca L.

Abstract Gebel Elba is one of the three coastal mountains in the southeast corner of Egypt facing the Red Sea and it is rich in medicinal plants. Twenty fungal species belong to 14 genera were isolated as endophytic fungi from the medical plants Salvia aegyptiaca L. and Balanties aegyptiaca L. collected from Gebel Elba. The highest colonization frequency 21.38, 20.64, 20.00, and 14.71% along with relative percentage occurrence 17.28, 16.69, 16.17 and 11.89 were recorded to Alternaria alternate, Humicola grisea, Colletotrichum sp. and Trichoderma viride in Salvia aegyptiaca but the predominant fungal species in the microbiota of Balanties aegyptiaca were Curvularia papendorfii, Cylindrocephalum sp., Chaetomium globosum, Nigrospora sphaerica and Trichoderma harzianum with colonization frequency of 23.03, 17.30, 15.00, 13.08 and 12.22% with relative percentage occurrence values 17.60, 13.22, 11.47, 9.99 and 9.34, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoid, saponin, tannin, sterol, quinone, terpenoid, coumarin and anthraquinone metabolites in 80.77, 50.00, 88.46, 65.39, 42.31, 76.92, 84.62 and 61.54%, respectively. The highest content of phenolic (97.23 ± 1.0 mg/g) was detected in the ethyl acetate extract of endophytic Aspergillus terreus isolated from Balanties aegyptiaca but the maximum yield of flavonoid (79.86 ± 0.04 mg/g) and tannin (35.07 ± 0.05 mg/g) were detected in endophytic Alternaria alternate and Humicola grisea isolated from Salvia aegyptiaca. Furthermore, Salvia aegyptiaca and Balanties aegyptiaca associated endophytic fungal microbiota showed potent antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities. This work revealed that fungal endophytes inhabited these Egyptian medicinal plants could be effective source for bioactive compounds useful for developing better antioxidant, antibacterial or anticancer drugs with good therapeutic index value.

Macaques in China: Evolutionary dispersion and subsequent development.

Depicting a taxonomic group's evolutionary trajectory as a function of changes in the geographical landscape and its historical distribution is critical for constructing informed conservation strategies. Based on fossil sites from the Pliocene to the Holocene, and historical records since 1175 AD, we established macaques’ dispersal pathways into and through China. These routes include internal pathways starting from the southeast corner of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and Mts. Hengduan in western China, and the routes through the estuaries of the three major rivers (Yangtze, Yellow, and Pearl). Our results indicate that macaques used the three rivers and avoided the higher elevation of the plateaus to promote their radiation. They occupied the whole mainland and islands in the Pleistocene and experienced shrunken distribution in the Holocene due to climate changes and human‐induced activities. A prominent China‐wide reduction occurred between 1817 and 1917; and a remarkable retraction from central China happened between 1918 and 2018 following further eco‐social development and human expansion in central China, particularly since the second half of the last century. Starting in 1175 there was a restriction of range to higher altitudes, so that macaques have contracted their range to the west, and the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and Mts. Hengduan have become an important sanctuary. We predict that if the current climate and human‐induced changes are not reversed by decisive conservation actions, macaques in east and central China will likely be extinct in the near future.

Using multiple environmental proxies and hydrodynamic modeling to investigate Late Holocene climate and coastal change within a large Gulf of Mexico estuarine system (Mobile Bay, Alabama, USA)

A high degree of uncertainty exists for understanding and predicting coastal estuarine response to changing climate, land-use, and sea-level conditions, leaving geologic records as a best-proxy for constraining potential outcomes. With the majority of the world's population focused in coastal regions, understanding how local systems respond to global, regional, and even local pressures is key in developing mitigation, adaptation, and management plans. The geomorphology of Mobile Bay in southeast Alabama (USA) has evolved considerably (e.g., bayhead delta back-stepping) over the late Holocene in response to global and regional sea-level and climate change. Smaller-scale geomorphic changes (e.g., spit and beach ridge development) have also had a significant influence on the evolution of the estuary. Organic matter characteristics, inorganic sediment geochemistry, benthic microfossils, and pollen in a ~ 3500 cal yr BP sediment sequence recovered in a gravity core (20GC) from Bon Secour Bay, a small sub-bay in the southeast corner of Mobile Bay, record time-varying marine influence. Increases in marine influence during ~3500 to 2300 cal yr BP and 1930 to 1160 cal yr BP are defined as zones with high-density and pre-dominantly calcareous foraminiferal species, abundant sand (>10%) and more marine-like geochemical signatures, which contrast the low-density and pre-dominantly agglutinated foraminiferal and more terrestrially influenced estuarine muds observed in other intervals of the sedimentary record (2300–1930 and 1160–400 cal yr BP) and the modern bay. Hydrodynamic models constrained by geomorphic boundary conditions for the time ~ 3500 cal yr BP, consistent with the most prominent marine-influenced sediment, provide insight to potential coastal configuration that might have permitted such marine water intrusion into the bay. Of several scenarios evaluated, a breach in Morgan Peninsula produces tidal circulation within the basin supportive of persistent marine incursions in the bay between ~3500 to 2300 cal yr BP. The findings show that slight variations in coastal configuration can have broad-scale effects on bays and estuaries with consequences that may relate to water quality, vertebrate and invertebrate habitat, and coastal vulnerability to episodic events like (extra)tropical storms.

Biodiversity mapping of Dendrobium Sw. section Spathulata Lindl. in the Ramsar Site of Wasur National Park of Indonesia New Guinea

Wasur National Park is a vast area of tropical lowland forest, swamp forest, savannah and wetland in the far south-east corner of Papua-Indonesia. It is bordered by the sea to the south and PNG to the east. It lies within the Trans-Fly region of New Guinea and both the habitat and birds have much in common with northern Australia only 200 km to the south. The site is very seasonal, with both a pronounced wet and dry season. This park displays a tremendous biodiversity of flora and fauna. One prime example of flowering plants is Orchids species. Most orchids in this park resembles to the Australian plants as it share similar vegetation types of heath forest and savanna woodland. Knowledge of orchid diversity from this park is poorly acknowledged. This preliminary study aims to document species diversity, to map diversity and distribution of orchid species of Dendrobium section Spatulata and the host plants in the national parks. The study is conducted in six sites i.e. Bokem, Sota, Rawa Dongami, Rawa Biru, Wasur village, and Yanggandur. The plants were collected and recorded whenever they are encountered on the host trees. In total 40 orchid plants are collected and identified using bio-molecular techniques combined with morphological characters. 11 species recorded from Dendrobium section Spathulata i.e. Dendrobium canaliculatum, Dendrobium carronii, Dendrobium d’albertisii, Dendrobium devosianum, Dendrobium discolor, Dendrobium ionoglossum, Dendrobium johannis, Dendrobium nindii, Dendrobium semifuscum, Dendrobium sylvanum and Dendrobium trilamellatum. Other species from Dendrobium section Phalaenanthe such as Dendrobium bigibum, Dendrobium section Calyptrochilus i.e. Dendrobium smilliae dan Dendrobium capituliferum, Dendrobium section Dendrocorynae, and one species of Pomatocalpa marsupiale. During the field observation, we noticed hunting activity run by vendors and hunters. This activity brings impact to the sustainability of the plants. Vendors are mainly locals who inhabit and land tenure in this park.

The Church of All-the-Saints (olim St Theophanô) at the Holy Apostles: a Reappraisal of the Dossier of Sources

The article provides a review of the textual evidence for the lost church of All-the-Saints (olim St Theophanô) added by Emperor Leo VI as an annex to the complex of the Holy Apostles. The consideration of a neglected passage in the Vat. gr. 163 version of Symeon Logothetes’ Chronicle, which states that the church was joined (κεκολλημένος) to the mausoleum of Constantine, combined with a reappraisal of De cerimoniis II 6–7, allows situating the church in the southeast corner of the Holy Apostles. The analysis of textual evidence is followed by a discussion of the location of the church in the Fatih area.

The Convent of Santa Teresa de Jesús in Havana: analysis, consolidation and restoration for the New Museum of Sacred Art

Thanks to an inter-university agreement between the University of Florence and the University College San Geronimo in La Habana, on the occasion of the Master’s thesis in Architecture of Florence it was possible to approach the case study of the Convent of Santa Teresa del Jesús in La Havana (Cuba).The Convent, built in the early 1700s for the Order of the Discalced Carmelites, maintained its function until 1827 when, following the transfer of the nuns, it was first converted into Casas de Vecindad and subsequently into Ciutadela (1960) compromising consistently the integrity of the factory. Since 1998 it has become part of the list of risk sites “2000 World Monuments Fund” [WMF (2000)] and since 2005 it has undergone a careful and long process of restoration by the Oficina del Historiador da La Habana (OHCH). [WMF, (2020)]The work focused first on the constriction of a cognitive framework of the building aimed at a correct assessment of the historical evolutionary and metrological characteristics of the local construction system adopted. Then the geometric and cracking survey of a portion of the Convent corresponding to the first cloister, the oldest, was carried out by means of a direct and photogrammetric method, which showed some structural anomalies, highlighting a progressive subsidence in correspondence with the south-east corner of the cloister.According to the information provided by the relevant campaign, some tests were made on the foundations of the portion affected by the settlement. The analyzes carried out on the specimens have evidenced soils with a low cohesive capacity, sensitive to charges in humidity with consequent variation in their volume. In the same way, the analyzes on degradation pathologies have evidenced a sensitivity to the variation in the capillary humidity amount, as well as to the multiple anthropic alterations; furthermore, the analysis of the crack pattern has revealed a widespread and complex structural degradation leading to manifestation of collapse mechanisms of the second and third types in the intrinsically weakest points.Based on the results obtained in the cognitive phase, a conservative restoration hypothesis was formulated limited to some parts not affected by substantial static degradation, instead recommending the reconstruction of the remaining parts in compliance with traditional construction materials and techniques or for anastylosis where necessary. A proposal was also made to consolidate the structure by strengthening the existing foundations through the technique of underpinning. The project proposal was formulated by adopting a participatory approach based on local planning guidelines.In order to enhance this place, a proposal was made to re-functionalize it by proposing different uses but always in line with the protection needs of the cultural heritage itself, so that it could be returned to the city and its inhabitants in the hope that it could become, in the future, a hub for both tourism and the community. To this end, the project involved the combination of public and museum areas, transforming the complex into a multifunctional cultural center including the New Museum of Sacred Art of the City with related service, an urban park and a recreation center for childhood and third age with the aim of promoting and developing cultural service and programs that may involve the resident community, helping to make the historical, architectural and artistic heritage known and enjoyed.

Two Column Bases from Mawan in the Hakkâri Province (Southeast corner of Turkey): A new Achaemenid Center?

Bell-shaped column bases are common finds from the Achaemenid Empire centers. These centers were governed either by Persians or local administrators who were dependent on Persia. Two bell-shaped column bases were found in the village of Mawan, 32 km from Şemdinli district of Hakkâri province in Turkey. These column bases are the first Achaemenid finds from the Hakkâri province. Mawan is situated at an important transit point between north-western Iran, eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq. At this point, it is necessary to draw attention to a widespread garrison network of the Achaemenid Empire in the region. Therefore, it is possible to consider the location of the Mawan column bases as the site of a garrison rather than an administrative center.

Periodic Pólya urns, the density method and asymptotics of Young tableaux

Polya urns are urns where at each unit of time a ball is drawn and replaced with some other balls according to its colour. We introduce a more general model: the replacement rule depends on the colour of the drawn ball and the value of the time ($\operatorname{mod}p$). We extend the work of Flajolet et al. on Polya urns: the generating function encoding the evolution of the urn is studied by methods of analytic combinatorics. We show that the initial partial differential equations lead to ordinary linear differential equations which are related to hypergeometric functions (giving the exact state of the urns at time $n$). When the time goes to infinity, we prove that these periodic Polya urns have asymptotic fluctuations which are described by a product of generalized gamma distributions. With the additional help of what we call the density method (a method which offers access to enumeration and random generation of poset structures), we prove that the law of the southeast corner of a triangular Young tableau follows asymptotically a product of generalized gamma distributions. This allows us to tackle some questions related to the continuous limit of random Young tableaux and links with random surfaces.

Cercetări efectuate la Băile Figa în anii 2016–2019 și considerații privind deslușirea valențelor unui peisaj salin hibrid / Research carried out at Băile Figa during 2016–2019 Revealing the potential of a hybrid saltscape

Cercetări efectuate la Băile Figa în anii 2016–2019 și considerații privind deslușirea valențelor unui peisaj salin hibrid / Research carried out at Băile Figa during 2016–2019 Revealing the potential of a hybrid saltscape

Variation of Suspended Particles in the Bottom Layer of the East China Sea with Data from Seafloor Observatory.

The in situ scattering and transmissometry laser (LISST-100X), equipped with an acoustic wave and current (AWAC) meter and conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) instruments over the seabed in the East China Sea, was used to monitor the variation in suspended particles in the bottom sea layer, including particle size distribution (PSD) and volume concentration. The power law approximation was tested to describe the variability in PSD based on the field data. The results show that the power law was robust in processing continuous data, accompanied with the same optimal reference particle size (~63 μm) and little change in the corresponding exponent (~3.4) in both periods. Suspended particles were divided into three types: macroflocs (>133 μm), microflocs (36–133 μm), and single grains (<36 μm). Particle sizes were coarse during the two seasons, with macroflocs representing more than 60% of all the suspended particles, especially in February, when the particle size spectra were usually open-ended. Results from the harmonic analysis method indicate that tidal-induced resuspension and advection are the major reasons for the diurnal dynamics of sediments. Due to the tidal asymmetry in the region, we only found one mode in volume concentration at the moment of maximum velocity. However, the ratios of macroflocs were bimodal, with maximum floods and ebbs in one tidal cycle in February, when the higher mode at the maximum ebbs may be contributed to by the flocculation of finer particles considering the decreasing ratios of finer particles. Due to the enhanced stratification and the clean barrier built up by the Taiwan Warm Current in the southeast corner, the significant daily variation in suspended particles observed in February weakened in September. The influence of waves was uncertain, although the correlation coefficient between significant wave height and volume concentration was about 64% in February.

A contribution to knowledge on the terrestrial malacofauna of the Kastellorizo (Megisti) island group (SE Greece)

BackgroundThe Kastellorizo island group (in the Dodecanese, Greece) is situated in the southeast corner of the Aegean Archipelago. It consists of twenty islets, of which the three largest (Kastellorizo, Ro and Strongyli) and seven smaller ones belong to Greece. Knowledge of the malacofauna on the islands is relatively poor. Only eight species were known prior to the present study, all from the islet of Kastellorizo.ResultsHere, using the scientific collections at the Natural History Museum of Crete collected mainly by the authors and also by several researchers since 1976, we reappraise the malacofauna of the island group. Thirty-one species were found in total (23 from Kastellorizo, 19 from Ro, 15 from Strongyli, 10 from Agios Georgios, 14 from Agrielia, 6 from Psomi and 10 from Psoradia).ConclusionsThe fact that there are no endemic snail species in the islands can be accounted for by their proximity to the Turkish coast, their common paleogeography with Turkey until the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, and the influence of humans. All but two species, Mastus etuberculatus and Vitrea riedeliana, are known from the adjacent Turkish coasts. Together with the subfossil species found on the smaller islets, the predominance of different species on each islet suggests a continuous substitution from the source areas of Turkey and the Aegean.

An Unfamiliar Early Byzantine Ceramic Object From Olympos: Bird-Feeder

The subject of this study is a ceramic bird-feeder has been discovered in Olympos excavation in the 2017. The bird-feeder has been found in the southeast corner of the stylobate, which runs from the front of the pronaos to the east during the excavation works aimed to reveal the cella and pronaos of the temple in 2017. The findspot of the bird feeder is in the east of the viridarium of the Episcopeion, in an Early Byzantine period dump between the southeast corner of the stylobate and the north wall of the Room 20 (M20). The clay of the ceramic bird-feeder resembles to the Late Roman D Ware of red slip ceramics which are mostly considered to be from Cypriot origin. According to the general chronology of the area and the context data, the bird-feeder from Olympos is belonging to the 6th century AD.