Southeast Asian Immigrants Research Articles

Healthcare Professionals' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Providing Care to Southeast Asian Immigrants with Cardiometabolic Syndrome: A Scoping Review.

There is a growing emphasis on healthcare professionals' (HCPs) role in managing cardiometabolic risk factors to reduce health disparity for immigrants in developed countries. This scoping review aimed to analyse evidence about HCPs' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of managing cardiometabolic risk factors among Southeast Asian (SEA) immigrants in developed countries. Primary studies from inception to July 17, 2023, from four databases: PubMed/Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were included. This review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review methodology and reported in line with PRISMA-ScR. Of 619 identified studies, seven met the inclusion criteria. All studies discussed HCPs' knowledge, six explored attitudes, and three described practices specific to SEA immigrants. The extracted data were analysed using descriptive qualitative content analysis and classified into barriers and facilitators. Barriers included cultural discordance and acculturation challenges (patient level); gaps in cultural understanding, communication and clinical skills (healthcare team level); limited immigrant-specific resources (organisation level); and funding constraints (environment level). Facilitators included community and provider support (patient level), awareness and desires to provide immigrant-specific care (healthcare team level), availability of culturally appropriate services (organisation level), and multicultural agendas and policies (environment level). The barriers and facilitators faced by HCPs caring for SEA immigrants with cardiometabolic syndromes share similarities with other immigrant groups. Future research focused on co-production involving immigrant patients, their communities, and HCPs in healthcare service design is required to support HCPs in providing culturally appropriate care and promoting health equity regardless of ethnic, cultural, or linguistic backgrounds.

The Innovative Entrepreneurial Marketing Journey and Sustainable Development of Southeast Asian Immigrants

The southeast Asian new immigrants face significant barriers in employment due to language and cultural differences, making it challenging for them to find jobs. Consequently, many southeast Asian immigrants have turned to entrepreneurship as a means to achieve economic independence and contribute to their family’s income. This study adopts entrepreneurial marketing (EM) as a theoretical lens and utilizes a process research methodology, based on sequentially ordered events, to explore the entrepreneurial journey of immigrant micro and small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Employing purposive sampling, twenty-two southeast Asian immigrant entrepreneurs were selected for in-depth interviews to ensure data quality through multiple data collection methods. The research developed a dynamic adjustment model and management mechanisms for the entrepreneurial marketing of immigrant micro and SMEs. These findings not only bridge theoretical gaps in immigrant entrepreneurship strategy but also deepen the academic understanding of the dynamism in entrepreneurial marketing. Practically, the outcomes assist immigrant micro and small business entrepreneurs in developing operational strategies and serve as a reference for governmental units in crafting immigrant policies.

Imigranci z Azji Południowo-Wschodniej w polityce zagranicznej Tajwanu

SOUTHEAST ASIAN IMMIGRANTS IN TAIWANESE FOREIGN POLICYThis article, through the analysis of the situation of permanent and labor immigrants in Taiwan, will try to show the different facets of Taiwanese foreign policy aimed at the Southeast Asian region. Announced by President Tsai Ingwen, the so-called New Southward Policy focuses on talent cultivation and industrial, commercial, cultural, educational and tourism exchanges. Its direct consequence is the exponentially increasing number of ASEAN nationals on the island, who come to Taiwan lured by the high standard of living and opportunities for high wages. From the perspective of the Taiwanese government, a special role is played by the second generation of immigrants from Southeast Asia, who are presented in popular discourse as the future of an island plagued by typical problems of developed countries such as low birth rates and gentrification.

South Asian and East Asian Immigrant Pregnant women in Canada, United Kingdom, United States of America, Australia, and New Zealand: Prevalence of common mental health conditions and women’s lived experience with them

The goal of this review is to investigate the prevalence rates of common mental health conditions among pregnant East and South Asian immigrant women, as well as to understand their lived experiences with these conditions in 5 English-speaking countries: Canada, United Kingdom, United States of America, Australia, New Zealand. Pregnancy is a critical time in a woman's life marked by intricate physical, emotional, and psychological transitions. The mental health of pregnant women emerges as a paramount concern given its associations with poor pregnancy outcomes. This is crucial within the context of South Asian and East Asian immigrant women, who navigate unique cultural, social, and economic challenges in their host countries that may influence their emotional wellbeing. This review will investigate the prevalence rates of common mental health conditions. This review will also explore their encounters with mental health care services and interactions with perinatal mental health care providers and services. Quantitative and Qualitative studies in English language that examine East and/or South Asian immigrant women in the perinatal period will be considered for this review. Published abstracts and mixed methods studies will also be included. All languages and publication dates will be included. However, only studies with an English language translation will be considered. This review will exclude books/book chapters, editorials, commentaries, and reviews. CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE ALL will be searched. Furthermore, a grey literature search will be included in the search using CINAHL and PsycINFO as well as websites such as Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada (SOGC), Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System (CPSS), Canadian Perinatal Mental Health Collaborative (CPMHC), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and the Canadian Pediatric Society. Screening, conflict resolution data extraction and aggregation will be done by two independent reviewers.

Exploring Southeast Asian immigrants' attitudes toward the police in Taiwan

PurposeWhile a substantial amount of research has been conducted in western societies exploring public attitudes toward police (ATP) among immigrants in recent decades, the question of how recently arrived immigrants view the police in Asian societies has been largely overlooked. This study aims to explore Southeast Asian immigrants' ATP in Taiwan and how assimilation, discrimination, affirmation, procedural justice, bifocal lenses and contact experiences – viewed simultaneously – impact their perceptions.Design/methodology/approachUsing a combination of convenience and snowball sampling methods, a total of 579 completed survey responses were collected in Taiwan with a response rate of 89%. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to examine key factors that impact immigrants' attitudes toward the Taiwanese police.FindingsThe findings suggest that procedural justice and assimilation are two robust and direct predictors of immigrants' attitudes toward Taiwanese police. Immigrants from Southeast Asian countries who perceive that they have been treated fairly by Taiwan police tended to report more positive ATP. Likewise, higher levels of assimilation boosted confidence in the police. In addition, both nationality and marital status had a significant impact on perceptions of the police.Originality/valueThis pioneering study examines immigrants' ATP among four groups of Southeast Asians in Taiwan —namely, immigrants from Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines. The use of SEM strengthens the robustness of the findings derived from this study.

“It’s like an adult arcade” – a qualitative examination of Laotian immigrants’ experiences of casino visitation and role of culture

ABSTRACT Studies have shown that gambling, especially casino gambling, is prevalent among Southeast Asian immigrants in the U.S. And yet, empirical research as to why casino gambling is popular among Laotian immigrants is limited. The purpose of this study was to use a case study to examine reasons why Laotian immigrants participate in casino gambling, and if their culture and immigration history play a role in their casino gambling behavior. Data were collected through individual interviews with 19 participants whose origins were from Laos. The audiotaped interviews were transcribed verbatim, and a phronetic iterative approach was applied to conduct the data analyses. The findings demonstrated several factors may have contributed to the prevalence and popularity of casino gambling among Laotian immigrants – namely, the unique geographic location of Fresno, favorable characters of the casino environment, historical/societal factors and Laotian’s gambling-friendly culture.

Neurocysticercosis in Non-Endemic Areas: The Experience in Qatar (P3-10.007)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To characterize Neurocysticercosis (NCC) in Qatar with a large database of a multiethnic population. <h3>Background:</h3> Qatar is a nation in the Gulf region of the Middle East with a predominantly immigrant population, making it a unique area of study for the epidemiology of NCC. Historically, NCC is not endemic in the region. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> We retrospectively studied instances of NCC (n=420) recorded in Qatar from 2013–2018 through the national healthcare system. We analyzed the data and stratified it based on several variables such as symptoms, treatment, and outcome, as well as radiological features. <h3>Results:</h3> Out of the 420 patients, 93.6% were men, and 98.3% were immigrants from NCC endemic countries such as Nepal (63.8%) and India (29.5%). Eighty percent of patients presented with seizures, with the majority (69%) experiencing generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Five percent presented with status epilepticus. Headaches, the second most common complaint, were reported in 18% of subjects. On imaging, 50% had a single lesion while 63% were at the calcified stage. The lesions were parenchymal in 99.5% of cases, predominantly in the frontal lobe (59%). Thirteen percent were diagnosed incidentally on imaging, mainly in the form of isolated calcified non-enhancing lesions. Phenytoin was the most prescribed anti-seizure drug (57%), and albendazole was received by 55% of patients. When follow up information was available, clinical improvement was noted in 81% of patients. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> NCC is prevalent in Qatar and remains confined to the large proportion of Southeast Asian immigrants within the population. Given this, dissemination most likely occurred in their countries of origin where NCC is endemic. NCC is a significant contributor to the epilepsy burden in Qatar, often with a good outcome regarding seizure control. NCC with an intraparenchymal single lesion seems to be over represented in our cohort. <b>Disclosure:</b> Miss Nauman has nothing to disclose. Ms. Wahbeh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shaheen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abunaib has nothing to disclose. Dr. Melikyan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mesraoua has nothing to disclose. Dr. Deleu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Al Hail has nothing to disclose. Ahmed El Sotouhy has nothing to disclose. Ziyad Mahfoud, 5273 has nothing to disclose. Dr. Haddad has nothing to disclose.

Exploring the Socioeconomic Status of Adult Children of New Immigrants in Taiwan

Since the 1990s, Taiwan has witnessed a continuous influx of marriage migrants from Southeast Asian and mainland China and hence a growing number of their children. Given that a significant number of these children have already come of age recently, it might be important to understand how they fare socioeconomically. Accordingly, this study looks into the socioeconomic status of children of new immigrants in early adulthood in Taiwan. Drawing on the Taiwan Social Change Survey data from 2002 to 2020, multiple linear regression results unveil that children of new immigrants are disadvantaged compared to individuals with a non-immigrant background in terms of educational attainment, occupational status, and monthly income. After controlling for parental educational attainment, the only adequate variable available in the data that can be utilized to examine to what extent family socioeconomic status contributes to the disadvantaged socioeconomic situation of children of new immigrants, it appears that parental educational attainment may play a role in the social mobility process of children of new immigrants. Another noteworthy finding is that despite their advantage in educational attainment and occupational status, children of mainland Chinese immigrants earn less per month than children of Southeast Asian immigrants on average, which may require future research to explore plausible factors contributing to this phenomenon

Immigrant and Refugee COVID-19 Vaccination Attitudes in South Philadelphia

Immigrants and refugees have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic; therefore, it is important to determine the specific factors that are promoting vaccination in the immigrant and refugee populations to develop equitable health services. This study surveys the attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination and vaccine mandates in the Southeast Asian and Hispanic immigrant and refugee populations in South Philadelphia. A questionnaire was administered to all patients receiving the COVID-19 vaccine during six clinic days from November 15th-31st 2021. Investigators asked participants about their intention behind vaccination, barriers to access, work requirements regarding COVID-19 vaccination, and attitudes toward vaccine mandates. For people receiving their booster vaccine, the most cited reasons for getting vaccinated were protecting their health (75.4%) and travel (11.0%), whereas most people receiving their first or second vaccine were most motivated by vaccine mandates at work (34.6%) and health (30.8%). Staying healthy or “health” was the most common reason for getting vaccinated among people receiving their booster vaccine (74.8%) which was significantly higher than the proportion of people getting their first or second vaccine (30.7%) (p&lt;0.05). As people continue to get vaccinated, determining motivating factors can help promote appropriate messaging. The results of the study suggest that, in a clinical setting geared towards Southeast Asian and Hispanic immigrants and refugees, those getting their first and second dose were motivated by work mandates more than health at the time of the study, whereas those adults receiving their booster are most motivated by health and safely traveling. As we continue to aim for mass vaccination, vaccine mandates appear to be an effective method of motivating people to get their first and second dose.

All Are Not Equal: Taiwanese Public Opinion on Southeast Asian Immigration

Abstract What influences Taiwanese public opinion on immigration? Taiwan faces the same immigration challenges as many other developed nations, where the demand for immigrant workers produces a domestic backlash. Our study addresses to what extent public opinions on immigration are influenced by two factors: the skills of immigrants and their place of origin. Our results show, besides the preference for skilled labour, that public opinion on the three Southeast Asian immigrant groups varies considerably, with the strongest negative reaction to Indonesian migrants. As Taiwan prides its progress on human rights among East Asian democracies, the results suggest the need for targeted policy efforts to overcome public biases towards Southeast Asian immigrants.

Access to Health-Related Information, Health Services, and Welfare Services among South and Southeast Asian Immigrants in Japan: A Qualitative Study.

Migrants face several challenges in their daily lives in the host country due to limited knowledge about the language, culture, and social system of the host country. Their vulnerability increases in a time of crisis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, migrant communities were severely affected. Evidence on migrants’ access to COVID-19-related information and services is limited. We conducted a qualitative, descriptive study among migrants from Vietnam, Myanmar, and Nepal living in Japan to explore the barriers and promoting factors for their access to health-related information, health services, and welfare services during the first wave of COVID-19. We used a thematic analysis to identify key themes according to the study’s objectives. Further, these themes were assessed using an adapted version of the ecological model. The migrants mainly relied on the information available on social networking sites and were not aware of formal sources of information. Language was a major barrier, followed by cognitive bottlenecks and time constraints for migrants accessing health-related information and services. Social media, short-form information provided using their native language or plain Japanese and illustrations, and supportive people around could help them to access health-related information and services. The findings from this study demonstrate how migrants can represent a vulnerable group in a host country, even more so in a time of crisis.

Navigating COVID-19 Impacts on Southeast Asian Immigrants: Chinese Texans’ Perspectives

Navigating COVID-19 Impacts on Southeast Asian Immigrants: Chinese Texans’ Perspectives

Brain gain from Asia: educational and occupational selection of Asian migrants into the United States

PurposeThis study investigates how working-age Asian immigrants' educational attainment and professional abilities when arriving in the United States have evolved over the past 4 decades and draws inferences on the impact of the US employment based visa policies.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from the 1980, 1990 and 2000 census and American Community Survey for 2001 to 2019, the study adopts multivariate regression and regression discontinuity design to investigate the trends in educational and occupation selection among Asian immigrants and the association with policy changes in the H1B visa program.FindingsThe findings suggest that new Asian immigrants were more positively selected for education than non-Asian immigrants and US natives and this pattern of positive selection increased over time. Newly arrived South Asian and East Asian immigrants had the highest share of highly educated professionals than Southeast Asians and US-born persons. I infer that the enactment and changes in the H1-B program might have contributed to the changing patterns of the educational and occupational selection among East and South Asian Immigrants. The results also shed light on how Asian immigrants' skill selection might be related to the size of Asian diasporas in the US and sending countries' income, inequality and education level.Originality/valueThe story of changing the skill profile (educational and occupational profile) of newly arrived Asian immigrants during 1980–2019 can provide valuable policy implications. US immigration policies are routinely criticized for being inefficient and outdated. The economic prosperity of Asian countries over time also provides an excellent opportunity to test the theories pertaining to how sending countries' income, inequality and education level of the population are associated with Asian migrants' education and occupation when arriving in the US. This study can provide insightful perspectives for policymakers and business decision-makers to adapt to the changing demographics of Asian migrant workers. The most recent reports on Asian immigrants in the US highlighted the aggregated trends of migration flow and education. Still, none have provided a longitudinal and nuanced review of Asian immigrants' educational and occupational selection into the US.

Southeast and East Asian immigrant women's transnational postpartum experiences: A meta-ethnography.

The increase in births to Southeast and East Asian (SEEA) immigrants in their adopted countries is of international importance. SEEA women experience the postpartum period differently than that of the general population. Despite the documented difference, there is limited representation of SEEA women in the literature. The purpose of this meta-ethnography is to synthesise the qualitative findings from different research studies examining the experiences of SEEA immigrant women during the first 4-6weeks of the postpartum period and has been written in adherence with enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research (PRISMA). Noblit and Hare's meta-ethnographic approach was used. Seven articles (four qualitative and three mixed-methods studies) were reviewed, analysed and synthesised. Four themes emerged: two were facilitators of birth culture (availability and quality of social support and maternity care provider cultural knowledge and response) and two were barriers to birth culture (lack of structural and social support and cultural alienation after childbirth). Due to lack of structural and social support in SEEA immigrant women's adopted countries, they also experienced social and economic hardships after childbirth and made conscious decisions to modify their postpartum cultural practices out of convenience and practicality. SEEA immigrant women also experienced discrimination from maternity care providers, which prevented them from fully engaging in postpartum cultural practices. Maternity care providers can advocate and intervene for SEEA immigrant women by eliciting any postpartum cultural beliefs, assess their social and economic needs early on in prenatal care and make culturally congruent referrals based on those assessments.

Understanding risk factors and preventive measures of cardiovascular disease in refugee communities

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are more than 80 million forcibly displaced persons worldwide as of 2020. This number creates numerous challenges, including the...

Genetic reconstruction and phylogenetic analysis by 193 Y-SNPs and 27 Y-STRs in a Chinese Yi ethnic group.

Yi is the seventh-largest ethnic group in China and features mountainous regional characteristics. The Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is the largest Yi agglomeration with isolated geographical conditions, profoundly impeding genetic communication. Here, we investigated 427 unrelated males of Liangshan from 193 Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) and 27 Y-chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) to reveal the genetic structure and paternal phylogeny of the group. The haplogroup diversity reached 0.9169 with 46 different subhaplogroups by 193 Y-SNPs, and the haplotype diversity reached 0.9999 by 27 Y-STR loci. Multidimensional scaling (MDS), N-J tree, and Network were constructed to decipher and visualize the genetic relations between Yi and worldwide groups. Our results revealed: (1) the Network by Y-STRs and Y-SNPs showed the haplogroup D1a1a-M15 in the Liangshan Yi population was a ramification of Tibetan groups' expansion from west to east on the plateau; (2) the haplogroup distribution and the mismatch mutation analysis indicated the haplogroup O2a2b1a1a1a4a2-Z25929 of Liangshan Yi derived from manifold Southeast Asian immigrants; (3) a high-resolution Y-SNPs panel is vital to depict accurate paternal derivations and build an integrated and refining genetic structure of ethnic groups.

Roles of Culture on Casino Gambling among Laotian Immigrants in the U.S.

The popularity of gambling among the Asian American population, including Southeast Asian immigrants, is well documented. Compared to other forms of gambling, Asians appear to primarily prefer casino gambling. Research suggests cultural factors might contribute to Asians’ casino gambling behavior. The leisure field, however, has yet to investigate Asians’ casino gambling from a cultural perspective. The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of acculturation and enculturation processes on casino gambling among Laotians. Data were collected through individual interviews with 13 participants whose origins were from Laos. The audiotaped interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded, and thematically analyzed. The findings indicated that enculturation played a critical role on participants’ casino gambling behavior whereas the impact of acculturation was not as clear. Also, casinos afforded participants space to play games, socialize, and enjoy some leisure time.

A166 INCIDENCE OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IN SOUTH ASIAN AND CHINESE PEOPLE: A POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY FROM ONTARIO, CANADA

Abstract Background Studies using population-based data from Ontario previously found South Asian (SA) and East Asian immigrants develop IBD at lower rates than non-immigrants. However, incidence among the Canadian-born children of SA immigrants was comparable to those of non-immigrants, and younger age at arrival to Canada was associated with an increased risk. Aims The primary aim of the study was to determine the incidence of IBD in South Asian and Chinese people compared with the general Ontario population. Methods All incident cases of IBD in children (1994–2015) and adults (1999–2015) were identified from population-based health administrative data in Ontario, Canada using validated algorithms. Ethnicity was assigned by linkage of a validated surname-based database to health administrative data, immigration records, and hospital birth data. We determined standardized incidence of IBD and the adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) in SAs and Chinese comparable to the general population. Based on existing evidence, we adjusted for confounders selected a priori: immigration status, sex, income and rurality. Results Amongst 14,483,769 people in the general population, standardised incidence of IBD per 100,000 person-years (PY) was 24.7 (95%CI 24.4–25.0), compared with 14.6 (95%CI 13.7–15.5) in 982,472 SAs and with 5.4 (95%CI 4.8–5.9) in 764,397 Chinese. The risk of IBD in SAs was lower to the general population prior to adjusting for immigration, IRR 0.82 (95%CI 0.78–0.86), but comparable after adjusting for confounders (aIRR 1.10, 95%CI 1.05–1.16). Only SA adults (18-64y) had a higher risk of IBD (aRR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02–1.18), not children or seniors. Compared to the general population, SAs had a lower risk of Crohn disease (CD), irrespective of age (aIRR 0.66, 95%CI 0.60–0.77), but a higher risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) (aIRR 1.47 (95% CI 1.34–1.61).). SAs were more likely to develop UC than CD (aIRR 1.51, 95%CI 1.38–1.66). The risk of IBD was much lower in Chinese people, irrespective of age (aIRR 0.24, 95%CI 0.20–0.28). This lower risk was similar in CD (aIRR 0.21, 95%CI 0.17–0.26) and UC (aIRR 0.28, 95%CI 0.23–0.25). The SA population had a considerably higher risk of developing IBD compared to the Chinese population (aIRR 4.29, 95%CI 3.62–5.08), and were more likely to develop UC (aIRR 1.36, 95% CI 1.08–1.73). Conclusions Canadian SAs had a similarly high risk of developing IBD compared with the general population after adjusting for immigration status, a finding distinct from the Chinese population. There was an age-response relationship in SAs only. Furthermore, SAs were more likely to develop UC than people of Chinese origin, potentially owing to differences in genetic susceptibility and/or environmental factors. Funding Agencies None

The Southeast Asian languages policy in Taiwan: the linguistic and nonlinguistic goals

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the linguistic and non-linguistic goals of the Southeast Asian languages (SEAL) policy in Taiwan. It was proposed by former President Ma Ying-jeou’s administration to develop grades 1–12 students’ multilingual awareness, for there has been an increasingly significant presence of second-generation Southeast Asian immigrants at school. Since current President Tsai In-Wen’s first-term in 2016, the SEAL policy has been fuelled with an economic and sociopolitical agenda – the New Southbound Policy, the measure which is designed to advance the nation’s prospects in Southeast Asia. This study applies Cooper’s [1989. Language Planning and Social Change. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press] language policy as marketing and analyses the instrumentalist value of the SEAL. The Tsai government is conceptualised as a marketer; the SEAL are defined as the product; the Ministry of Education is assigned to the place as a hub which distributes the SEAL product to nationwide consumers; promotion piques the consumers’ interest in SEAL learning; price is set by making one’s profit gains larger than the sum of investment. The study concludes that the value of the SEAL product increases when its communication network is expanded from local immigrant communities and national school systems to an international business area.

The Socioeconomic Attainments of Second-Generation Southeast Asian Americans in the 21st Century: Evidence from the American Community Survey, 2012–2016

Although decades have passed since the initial immigration of Southeast Asians to the U.S. after the Vietnam War, the socioeconomic outcomes of the native-born offspring of Southeast Asian immigrants have not been adequately considered in recent research. We therefore investigate current data on the education, wages, poverty, affluence, and household income of Southeast Asian Americans. The results indicate that the socioeconomic outcomes of native-born Southeast Asian Americans are substantially higher than their immigrant generation. Second-generation Thai and Vietnamese tend to have higher socioeconomic outcomes than whites, while second-generation Cambodians, Hmong and Laotians have lower outcomes than whites. However, none of the five native-born Southeast Asian groups are penalized in terms of wages net of their demographic characteristics. Furthermore, all five of the native-born Southeast Asian groups generally have higher socioeconomic outcomes than African Americans and Hispanics. Whereas prior discussions of Southeast Asian Americans imply that their lower socioeconomic characteristics derive from the intergenerational persistence of minority discrimination in an inherently racialized society, we instead view them as being broadly consistent with assimilation theory which has traditionally been based on a three-generational model.