South Research Articles

Raced Body and Raced Space in Richard Wright’s Native Son

Scholarship on Richard Wright’s Native Son has accepted the work differently. Some critics such as Irving Howe have read the novel as the reflection of Wright’s personal feelings. However, others have interpreted the novel as the warning of the devastating effects of racism. Focusing on the latter position, I point out one important aspect of the novel. That is, Wright shows whiteness through presenting the interconnection of space and race construction during the 1930s. Although racialized space set by Jim Crow laws was very pivotal in sustaining the racial hierarchy in the South at that time, it was formed in the North as well through different ways. That is, unlike the South, the North constructed racialized space customarily via racially restrictive covenants. What is remarkable is that Wright uncovers that whiteness created racialized space de facto in the North, which ultimately demonstrates that racialized space for white power and privilege was practiced during the Jim Crow era both in the North and in the South. In addition, through Bigger Wright portrays black subjectivity realistically facing the racial oppression in the raced space. Finally, I demonstrate that the novel shows that space is not just a physical place; a human body can be read as space. In sum, I demonstrate that Wright shows that racialized space was not confined to the South; it was a nation-wide phenomenon during the Jim Crow period; for whites, racialized space is not only for economic profits but also for the protection of white identity.

La finance méditerranéenne existe-elle ?

Cet article, plus politique qu'académique, repose sur trois convictions : d'abord que la finance méditerranéenne n'est pas homogène pas plus que la Méditerranée de l'est ; ensuite que l'essentiel des efforts en matière de finance méditerranéenne doit être consacré aux PME et aux TPE ; enfin que les institutions publiques internationales, de même que les banques locales, n'ont pas pris conscience (dans les faits au moins) du point précédent. Faut-il pour autant désespérer ? Bien sûr que non, mais à quatre conditions au moins : (1) reconnaître, affirmer et surtout promouvoir la complémentarité démographique et technologique entre le Sud et le Nord de la Méditerranée ; (2) cibler davantage les investissements publics et privés vers des secteurs et des zones géographiques jugés par tous les spécialistes comme prioritaires ; (3) multiplier les « passerelles financières » publiques et privées étant en mesure de financer les PME, notamment en fonds propres ; (4) dans toutes les politiques avoir toujours en tête de faire des pays du Sud de la Méditerranée une « tête de pont » pour financer les économies d'Afrique subsaharienne (et notamment les PME de ces pays) qui constituent, pour les années à venir, un fantastique relais de croissance pour la Méditerranée, mais aussi pour l'Europe tout entière. Classification JEL : O10, O16, O55.

Trends of Infectious Diseases with Google Trends, 2004-2017

Since 2000, South Korea has had seven cases of infectious diseases The study used Google Trends to analyze public interest in infectious diseases The Google Trend data was set up from January 2004 to July 2017 We selected keywords related to 5 infectious diseases(H1N1, Ebola-virus, H7N9, MERS-CoV, ZIKA-virus) and suggested trends and distribution in Korea and around the world We found two results The first, the worldwide pattern of infectious disease search (peak) and Korea's pattern (peak) were the same The second, since the end of the epidemic, the world and Korea have seen a sharp drop in interest in the epidemic We found that in the case of MERS-CoV or 2019-nCoV, we need to value social safety and maker sustainable preparations Building trust with the people is also important in times of crisis and require communication strategies between the media and the government

The Representation of Kitchen Space in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin

This paper focuses on a specific space: the kitchen represented in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852). There are at least three kitchen spaces Stowe presents: Aunt Chloe’s in Shelby’s, Rachel Halliday’s Quaker kitchen, and Old Dinah’s in St. Clare’s but also a kitchenless space in Simon Legree’s. Slightly departing from 1970s and 80s traditional feminist readings on Stowe redeeming her canonical status by proving the author’s attempts to replace masculine and capitalist commercial marketplace with a maternal domesticity, my goal in this paper is to bring in and resurrect not only gendered but also racial space of kitchen which has been overlooked by Stowe critics. Along with the traditional concept of domestic spheres in the nineteenth century America and the role of kitchen in plantation houses, I aim to examine black inhabitants and their racial identities Stowe presents in the novel. Dinah’s kitchen might be a great example which works as a battleground between the North and South, white and black, a lady and an enslaved cook. Her kitchen is the space where she, to a certain limited extent, performs her own autonomous ‘labor’ as a ‘creative’ work. For an enslaved woman, cooking is both a ‘labor’ and ‘creation,’ which produces possible resistance and autonomy although being limited and restricted within a liminal kitchen space. The kitchen becomes a space of borderland, especially for an enslaved woman, between autonomy and enforced labor, where she enacts her own form of subversion on the threshold.

MTWTFFF Participation in Private Tutoring: Are Students in South Korea Happy Enough?

MTWTFFF Participation in Private Tutoring: Are Students in South Korea Happy Enough?

Diagnostic oral biomarkers of immunosuppression in apparently healthy seropositive HIV population, in South Western Uganda

Background: Accurate diagnosis remain key to effective intervention of endemic and pandemic diseases even up to the developed world. Despite availability of many high-quality diagnostic tests for immunosuppression in the developed countries, they are neither available, affordable nor accessible in rural communities of Africa. Clinical diagnostic surrogate biomarkers may be suitable alternative. Objective: To evaluate oral clinical manifestations as biomarkers of immunosuppression in apparently healthy population of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected patients in resource poor Masaka, Mbarara and Rukungiri districts, of South Western Uganda. Methods: Visual oral inspection of 304 apparently health and HIV seropositive patients attending the AIDS Support Organization clinics in study districts of Uganda was done to detect and establish oral biomarkers associated with immunosuppression in HIV disease. Standard methods were used to reconfirm the HIV sero-positivity status and clinical staging of oral manifestations of consenting clients. Result: Figures 1-22 shows representative 304 oral manifestations of research participants. Figures 1-5 depicts 140 (46.1%) pseudomembranous candidiasis. Figures (6-9) depicts representative photographs of 53 (17.4%) erythemathous candidiasis (Figures 7 & 8) and also 63 (20.7%) shows erythemathous candidiasis found co-infecting with pseudomembranouse candidiasis in (Figures 9 & 10). Figure 10 shows linear gingival erythemathouse banding. Figures 11-15 shows Karposi sarcoma developmental stages and Figure 16-18 shows 7 (2.3%) Angular cheilitis. Figure 19 shows 3 (1.0%) aphthous ulceration of anterior portion of the tongue. Figure 20 shows 1 (0.3%) Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) while Figures 21 & 22 shows 10 (3.3%) intra-oral pigmentation. Conclusion: Visual oral inspection of apparently healthy HIV seropositive individuals revealed different oral manifestations that may serve as diagnostic oral biomarkers of immunosuppression in apparently healthy but HIV infected population in Uganda. Poor resources drive the need for available and affordable diagnostic tools for improved and effective intervention.

Children’s ability to consent to medical management in South Africa

Background. The South African Children’s Act No. 38 of 2005 requires paediatric medical consent from 12 years of age. Objective. To determine children’s ability to provide informed consent for medical treatment. Methods. Assessment used hypothetical treatment storyboards and structured interviews for assessment of 100 children (aged 10 - 17 years), and 25 adult controls, using a standardised scoring tool to test understanding, ability to deliberate treatment choices, and provide rational reasons. Statistical analysis involved multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results. The female:male ratios for children and adults were 1:0.92 and 1:0.98, respectively. Children ≥ 12 years were competent with regard to treatment choices ( p <0.001), while 10-year-olds could deliberate reasonable outcomes, similar to adults ( p <0.001). However, only children 12 years and older could provide rational reasons, where abstract concepts were not involved, whereas children who were ≥14 years old were able to provide rational reasons involving abstract concepts. The actual understanding of choices, compared with adults, was only observed in children older than 14 years ( p <0.001). Gender was not a statistically significant denominator. Conclusion. Children of 12 years and older are competent to make medical decisions, but the understanding of medical treatment choices under the age of 14 years is not clear.

Survival and Cause-Specific Mortality of Neonate Elk in a Unique Predator Environment in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming, U.S.A.

We conducted a 2 y study of survival and cause-specific mortality of elk (Cervus elaphus) calves to determine the current status of elk occupying the southwestern region of the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and eastern Wyoming. We captured and fit 71 calves ≤10 d of age with expandable radiocollars during summer 2012 (n = 37) and 2013 (n = 34). We used known-fate analysis in Program MARK to estimate summer (15 May–25 Sep.) and annual (12 mo) survival for elk calves. The top model for summer survival was {S1–2wk,3–20wk} indicating mortality during 1–2 wk of age and 3–20 wk of age best explained survival; overall probability of surviving 20 wk was 0.79 (95% CI = 0.68–0.88). For annual (12 mo) survival, model {Sbirthweight} had the lowest AICc value indicating birth weight of elk calves best explained survival as heavier born calves had a higher probability of survival. The overall probability a calf survived to 12 mo of age was 0.75 (95% CI = 0.61–0.84). Cougar (Puma concolor) predation accounted for 81% of mortalities; remaining mortalities were from starvation (6.3%, n = 1) and unknown causes (6.3%, n = 1). Our results document high survival for calves likely due to productive habitats, an ecosystem-specific predator guild, and high alternative prey.

Isolated Bone Lytic Lesions as a Form of Presentation of Gastric Cancer with Signet Ring Cells

Gastric cancer (GC) is still the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In addition, gastric cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in Korea, Japan, China, South America and Eastern European nations, with the lowest frequency observed in the United States and Canada. Metastatic gastric cancer is a therapeutic challenge for medical oncologists, especially those with bone marrow metastases. Bone marrow metastases occur in many solid tumors such as breast, lung, prostate and gastric cancer [1]. Our case is about a woman diagnosed of gastric adenocarcinoma with signet ring cells presenting with bone marrow infiltration.

EVALUATION OF LEVELS OF POTASSIUM BROMATE AND SOME HEAVY METALS IN BREAD AND WHEAT FLOUR SOLD IN ABA METROPOLIS

Background: Bread is a baked staple food made from wheat flour and is widely consumed in all parts of Nigeria among all socio-economic groups.Method: 32 different brands of bread with 12 different brands of wheat-flour sold in Aba metropolis, South Eastern Nigeria were evaluated for both potassium bromate and some heavy metals. Bromate determination was carried out using spectrophotometric method while heavy metals were done by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The results of the analysis revealed that all the bread samples contained potassium bromate at concentrations above the permissible limit allowed by the US FDA while the concentrations in wheat flour samples were within the acceptable limit with ranges from 0.27 ± 0.04 – 3.78 ± 0.26 mg/kg and 00-1.52 ± 0.28 mg/kg respectively. The values of heavy metals in bread ranged as follows Zn (3.22 ± 0.05 – 7.25 ± 0.24 mg/kg), Pb (0.05 ± 0.01 – 0.45 ± 0.02 mg/kg), Mn (44.28 ± 0.5 – 78.25 ± 1.24 mg/kg), Cu (0.31 ± 0.04 – 0.49 ± 0.12 mg/kg) and Co (0.04 ± 0.01 – 0.24 ± 0.03 mg/kg) while in wheat flour, the ranges were as follows; Zn (3.85 ± 0.04 – 5.03 ± 0.10 mg/kg), Pb (0.06 ± 0.02 – 0.15 ± 0.04 mg/kg), Mn (47.30 ± 0.38 – 70.20 ± 1.02 mg/kg), Cu (0.36 ± 0.02 – 0.46 ± 0.13 mg/kg) and Co (0.07 ± 0.01 – 0.21 ± 0.03 mg/kg). Conclusion: The values of these metals are within the permissible limits except Pb and Mn which were above the normal limits that can be detrimental to human health.

Using the Dietary Inflammatory Index for Assessing Inflammatory Potential of Traditional Cuisine from Four Ethnic Groups in Indonesia

Various studies have shown that chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with increased risk of chronic degenerative diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), coronary heart disease (CHD), and some cancers. Dietary factors have been shown played an essential role in this condition. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)TM is a literature-derived population-based dietary score to assess the inflammatory potential of an individual’s overall diet. Traditional cuisine from four ethnic groups majorities in South Tangerang, Indonesia, have variabilities in preparing and cooking the dishes even though the ingredient were similar. The current study aimed to compare the DII scores across four different simulated 2100 kcal/day traditional menu for Sundanese, Javanese, Betawis, and Minang diets. The Sundanese diets showed less proinflammatory DII scores (DII = +1.81) in comparison to other diets. The higher intake of fresh vegetables and lower consumption of saturated fat in the Sundanese diet influenced the more antiinflammatory DII score than other diets.

Rare and new compounds in the Ni-Cu-Sb-As system: first occurrence in the Gomati ophiolite, Greece

The Gomati ophiolite (Northern Greece) is located in the Serbo-Macedonian Massif, in the Hellenides orogenic belt. It consists of altered peridotites hosting scattered chromitite bodies. The ultramafics are enclosed in Silurian gneisses and schists, and are partially in contact with late Cenozoic granites. The present work focuses on accessory minerals in the Ni-Cu-Sb-As system, found in a chloritized clinopyroxenite in contact with chromitite. The electron microprobe analyses revealed the presence of known minerals such as orcelite (Ni 5 As 2 ) and breithauptite (NiSb) and other new phases that cluster around the following stoichiometries: (Ni,Cu) 7 (Sb,As) 3 , (Ni,Cu) 2 (Sb,As), (Ni,Cu) 11 (Sb,As) 8 , Ni 3 As, Ni 5 (As,Sb) 2 and Ni 7 (As,Sb) 3 . As orcelite is a non-stoichiometric mineral, (Ni,Cu) 7 (Sb,As) 3 , Ni 5 (As,Sb) 2 and Ni 7 (As,Sb) 3 may correspond to Cu and/or Sb-rich terms of this phase. A mineral phase corresponding to (Ni,Cu) 2 (Sb,As) was first described in the Tulameen complex of Canada. A phase with stoichiometry Ni 3 As was found in the Bon Accord oxide body of South Africa. The (Ni,Cu) 11 (Sb,As) 8 probably represents a Cu-rich Sb analogue of the mineral maucherite (Ni 11 As 8 ). Such mineral assemblage in the Gomati ophiolite is puzzling. While ultramafic rocks contain Ni and As of magmatic origin, the presence of Sb, Ag, Au and Cu minerals could be indicative of a metasomatic enrichment, probably linked to the presence of fluids emanating from the granite body in contact with the Gomati ophiolite.

Variation characteristics of NDVI and its response to climatic change in the growing season of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve during 2001 and 2018

To understand the dynamics of temperate forest in Northeast Asia and its response to climate change under the scenario of global change, we examined the temporal and spatial changes of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and their correlation with temperature and precipitation of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in the growing season during 2001 and 2018, based on the remote sensing database of MODIS with a resolution of 250 m, land surface temperature data with a resolution of 1 km and meteorological data in the studied and surrounding area. The results showed that, in the growing season of 2001-2018, the averaged NDVI value of the study area was 0.711. Vegetation coverage was relatively high, increasing with a rate of 0.0025·a-1. The temperature showed an extremely significantly increasing trend (0.032 ℃·a-1), the rate of which was higher than that at global level. Precipitation also showed a significantly increasing trend (5.54 mm·a-1) with increased interannual variation. Spatially, NDVI generally was higher in the northwest and decreased with elevation. During the study period, the area with increased NDVI accounted for 46.2%, mainly concentrated in the north and south central high-altitude areas, while 53.8% of total area remained unchanged or slightly decrease. NDVI of the study area was mainly affected by temperature. At the annual scale, NDVI and land surface temperature were positively correlated, with 90.2% presented positive correlation and 43.6% significantly correlated. At the monthly scale, the impact of temperature on NDVI was more significant at the beginning and the end of growing season.

Gap between patient expectation and perception during pharmacist-patient communication at community pharmacy.

Background Assessing and satisfying patient expectation are essential in successful patient-centered communication. Recognizing the gap between patient expectation and perception during pharmacist-patient communication can help to identify communication problems and suggest ways to improve communication. Objective To evaluate the gap between patient expectation and perception of sharing information and communications skills during pharmacist-patient communication. Setting Community pharmacies in South Korea. Method A questionnaire was developed to collect expectation and perception of sharing information and communication skills. Items for sharing information included drug effect, dosage/route of administration, adverse drug reactions, storage, drug-drug interactions, drug-food interactions, managing a missed dose or overdose, co-medication, and past drug allergies. Communication skills included friendliness, expertise, easy language, emphasis on main content, confirmation of understanding, enough time, calm environment, and private space. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 500 convenience sample using an online or written questionnaire in May 2018. Responses about patient expectation and perception were scored using 4-point Likert scales. Gap between patient expectation and perception was calculated as the differences among 4-point Likert scores. Factors associated with patient expectation and gap scores were evaluated using a multivariable regression method. Main outcome measure Patient expectation and perception of sharing information, as well as perception of communication skills during pharmacist-patient communication (questionnaire consisting 35 items). Results This study analyzed responses of 460 participants who answered all items on the questionnaire. Most respondents agreed or strongly agreed that they want to share information with pharmacists. All items had significant gap between patient expectation and perception (p < 0.01). Gap scores were highest for adverse drug reaction, drug-drug interaction, and past drug allergies (all, median 2). Gap scores were negatively associated with age 50-59years, ≥ 60years, and presence of ≥ 1 chronic illness. Patient perception of communication skills, especially regarding private space, were poor. Conclusions The information shared with pharmacists was significantly less than that expected by participants, and most pharmacist communication skills were evaluated as poor. Understanding the expectation of each patient and communicating accordingly with appropriate communication skills are necessary to improve patient-centered communication in community pharmacies.

The development of a culturally-appropriate marriage enrichment programme for black african married couples: overview of programmes

Development of knowledge on how to support marriages cross-culturally is necessary to inform appropriate solutions, especially for South Africa, where practical marital challenges amongst Black African married couples who are considered to be high risk are noted. The focus of this narrative literature-informed overview is to provide an appraisal of existing and most effective national and international marriage enrichment (ME) programmes, couples theories and social work models as the basis for the possible development of a culturally-appropriate ME programme for Black African married couples. Findings reveal, among other things: 1) there are no culturally-appropriate and empirically evaluated ME programmes beneficial to Black African married couples in SA; 2) appropriate theory is necessary and available for integration; 3) theories recognise marriage as a system, and therefore acknowledgement of various societal structures is fundamental; 4) existing empirically tested and effective programmes supporting couples theories and social work models are suitable to be adapted to the specific context.

Clinacanthus nutans aqueous extract suppresses the release of histamine and β-Hexosaminidase inin-vitro model of IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation

Introduction: Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau, a shrub found in South East Asia, particularly in Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia has many potential medicinal uses. It is used as a traditional herbal medicine for treating many diseases including skin rashes. Skin rash often appear in an allergic reaction. Recently, we have shown that C. nutans aqueous extract has the ability to alleviate ovalbumin-induced active systemic anaphylaxis rats from anaphylaxis – the acute form of allergy. This present study is aimed at comparing the ability of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. nutans to suppress IgE-mast cell degranulation. Materials and Methods: IgE-presensitized rat basophilic leukemic (RBL-2H3) cells pretreated with C. nutans ethanolic (100% ethanolic, 70% and 50% aqueous ethanolic) or 100% aqueous extracts were challenged with dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin to analyze the release of early and late-phase pro-inflammatory mediators. Results: We found that at concentrations of 5 mg/ml and above, C. nutans aqueous extract was able to suppress the levels of β-hexosaminidase and histamine while suppression was not seen in ethanolic extracts pretreated RBL-2H3 cells.Conclusion: Hence, we proposed that C. nutans aqueous extract is more active compared to the ethanolic extracts in suppressing the mediators of IgE-mast cell degranulation.

Evaluation of multi-functional fodder tree and shrub species in mid-altitudes of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

A study was conducted to evaluate the early growth performance and nutrient composition of some selected tree/shrub species in the fodder bank agroforestry system. Moringa stenopetala, Terminalia brownii, Morus alba, Melia azedarach, and Sesbania sesban were used for this study. Square quadrants of 16 m2 plot sizes were established with the RCBD of three replications. Seedlings were planted with 1 m × 1 m spacing between rows and plants respectively. The growth and chemical composition of the studied tree/shrub species were evaluated with one way ANOVA. The growth parameters and nutrient composition of the studied fodder tree/shrub species are significantly (P ≤ 0.05) varied. The nutrient composition of the studied tree/shrub species ranged between percentages of 88.3 - 90.6 of Dry Matter, 5.7 - 13 of Ash, 12.45 - 22.35 of Crude Protein, 11.8 – 23.5 of Acid Detergent Fiber and 18.1 - 33.6 of Neutral Detergent Fiber. S. sesban and M. stenopetala are the consistent and superior tree/shrub species with growth performance and nutrient content parameters respectively. In addition to this, the selected fodder tree/shrub species are well adapted in the fodder bank agroforestry system and have considerable nutrient constituents. Thus the studied tree species seems to be a potential alternative for complementing the basal feed. Key words: Fodder bank, livestock feed, South Omo, nutrient composition, agroforestry.

Editorial ReDeA Nº 14

La pandemia se ha globalizado. Se produjo la chispa viral en China hacia fines de 2019 y se expande por el mundo con una velocidad de propagación, en ocasiones, superior a las propias habilidades para comprender sus causas. No se sabe ni se sabrá con seguridad la etiología del contagio, acaso haya sido consecuencia “natural” de un descuido “natural”. La humanidad, acrecentada en el siglo XXI por la revolución tecnológica, asiste con miedo y esperanza a la propagación del mal. Una peste que tiene un momento probable de nacimiento, pero que se desconoce su momento de caducidad y mejor aún, su control. Las ciencias, por ahora, carecen de vacuna. Se arguye que la enfermedad viral no se encuentra en los libros de Medicina, aunque haya diversas contribuciones científicas con rasgos anticipatorios. Los conjurados para acabar con ella, quizás los gobernantes de cada país, no actúan globalmente. Cada gobierno de cada Estado instrumenta su propia política. Así, hay un modelo de Corea del Sur; un modelo alemán; un modelo chino; un modelo estadounidense; un modelo inglés; y, fatalmente, un modelo italiano y español. “Nuestra Italia amada”, hasta el correr de estas letras, no tiene ni vacunas ni letanías para detener el mayor número de personas fallecidas por el mal.

A Study on the Effect of Medical and Concierge Services on the Satisfaction of Foreign Patients in South Korea: Focusing on Mongolians and Kazakhstani

A Study on the Effect of Medical and Concierge Services on the Satisfaction of Foreign Patients in South Korea: Focusing on Mongolians and Kazakhstani

Aktywność turystyczna argentyńskiej Polonii na przykładzie mieszkańców Buenos Aires – w świetle badań pilotażowych

Głównym celem badań jest określenie aktywności turystycznej argentyńskiej Polonii na przykładzie mieszkańców Buenos Aires. W 2017 i 2018 roku przeprowadzone zostały pilotażowe badania ankietowe, dzięki którym uzyskana została informacja dotycząca długości trwania podróży, częstotliwości podróżowania, wyboru środka transportu, sposobu organizacji podróży, tego, z kim argentyńska Polonia podróżuje, gdzie się zatrzymuje podczas podróży oraz jakie są główne motywy podróżowania. Buenos Aires jest głównym skupiskiem Polonii w Argentynie, jednocześnie jest to jeden z większych ośrodków polonijnych, mieszczących się Ameryce Południowej (Malinowski, 2005: 324). Jak podaje Ambasada Polski w Buenos Aires, szacuje się, że w samej stolicy Argentyny mieszka około 18–20 tys. osób pochodzenia polskiego. Wśród Polonii argentyńskiej dominuje turystyka wypoczynkowa, najważniejszym regionem wypoczynkowym jest wybrzeże La Platy. Na wybrzeżu tym dużą popularnością cieszą się kąpieliska Mar de Plata i Miramar (Kurek, 2011: 540). Jak wykazały przeprowadzone pilotażowe badania ankietowe, Polonia argentyńska jest aktywna turystycznie. Około 40 % ankietowanych podróżuje dwa–trzy razy w ciągu roku. Najwięcej osób podróżuje w celach poznawczych i wypoczynkowych. Większość ankietowanych to osoby, które organizują swoje podróże samodzielnie, a podczas podróży najchętniej zatrzymują się u rodziny i przyjaciół.