Southwestern Turkey Research Articles

Anatomical, palynological and karyological remarks of Silene brevicalyx and Silene ozyurtii (Caryophyllaceae)

Anatomical, palynological, karyological and morphological seed characters of Silene brevicalyx and S. ozyurtii (Caryophyllaceae) were investigated for the first time. S. brevicalyx grows on serpentine rocky slopes and open forest in Muğla province (southwestern Turkey), while S. ozyurtii is an East Mediterranean element growing on serpentine stony slopes and again open forest. Anatomically, cross-section of root of both species have a periderm as the protective tissue at the outermost layer and locally druse crystals are encountered in cortex layer. Stems have a thick well-developed sclerenchyma layer. The walls of outward sclerenchyma cells are wider than the walls of inward cells. Leaves are equifacial. Pollen are prolate-spheroidal, symmetry radially, polarity apolar, with aperture periporate, ornamentation microechinate-perforate. Seeds of both species are reniform, with surface concave and granulation coarse-medium, hylar zone recessed, dark-brown or fuscous coloured. Somatic chromosome numbers of 2n = 24 were found for both taxa. The karyotypes are analyzed for the first time for S. brevicalyx and S. ozyurtii. Ideograms of these taxa were drawn by use of an Image Analysis System.

Quaternary fluvial tufas of Sarıkavak area, southwestern Turkey: Facies and depositional systems

Abstract In the Quaternary Sarikavak fluvial tufa deposits, situated in south-western Turkey, different facies have been identified and their mutual relationships have been unravelled. This tufa formation is located at the northern part of Acigol Graben. The development of the Sarikavak tufas represents typical fluvial and fluvio-palustrine environments. In total eight tufa lithofacies have been differentiated, namely: moss tufa facies, oncolitic tufa facies, stromatolitic tufa facies, phytoclastic tufa facies, intraclastic tufa facies, extra-formational clastic tufa facies, sapropelitic tufa facies, and palaeosol. Preliminary U/Th datings indicate that these deposits formed prior to 219 ka and continued until 80 ka (MIS 7 till 5). δ13C signatures (0.78‰ to −1.63‰ V-PDB) best can be explained by limestone dissolution processes or respiration from C4 plant vegetation into the soil or both. For that reason, the Sarikavak tufa deposits can be classified as ‘travitufa’ which precipitated in a distal facies system of travertine occurrences. δ18O values (−7.49‰ to −10.83‰ V-PDB) of the whole data set reflect some significant changes, which is interpreted in terms of temperature variations reflecting warm and cold periods among MIS 7 (interglacial), MIS 6 (glacial) and MIS 5 (interglacial). The development of the Sarikavak tufa deposits are related to the Maymundagi fault that borders the Acigol Graben in the north. This fault and its synthetic fault segments play a pivotal role with regard to the palaeo-flow direction of water and control the basin topography. These structural structures are likely responsible for all active and ancient springs in the study area, as well as their respective carbonate precipitates.

AN INVESTIGATION ABOUT DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION OF SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHERS AND TEACHER CANDIDATES

The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not social studies teachers and teacher candidates use democratic participation mechanisms sufficiently. This research is a descriptive study which employs survey method which is one of the quantitative research methods. Participants of the study are 70 4th grade social studies teacher candidates in a state university in Southwestern Turkey and 28 in-service social studies teachers teaching schools of the same province. The data have been collected through a questionnaire developed by the researcher after an examination of the related literature. The results indicate that both social studies teacher and teacher candidates should participate more. However since participation levels of teacher candidates are especially poor, some corrective precautions are advised.

Survey of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi and evaluation of their pathogenicity against the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.), and the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B.

The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, and the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, are serious pests of both field- and greenhouse-grown crops in south-western Turkey. Control of these pests has been heavily dependent upon chemical pesticides. The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) in field populations of T. cinnabarinus and B. tabaci, and to evaluate their pathogenicity against these pests. For this purpose, a survey of EPF isolated from field-collected samples of both pests was carried out in Antalya in 2010 and 2011 using the dilution plating method. Four indigenous Beauveria bassiana isolates (TUR1-B, TUR2-B, FIN1-B, FIN2-B) were recovered. In pathogenicity bioassays with T. cinnabarinus and B. tabaci biotype B, all the isolates tested were pathogenic to some of the biological stages of both pests to varying degrees. FIN1-B and TUR1-B caused mortalities of up to 50 and 45%, respectively, in adults of T. cinnabarinus, and of over 79 and 37%, respectively, in pupae of B. tabaci with 107 conidia mL-1 suspensions under laboratory conditions 10 days after inoculation. FIN2-B and TUR2-B had mortalities of 19.45 and 12.28%, respectively, in adults of T. cinnabarinus, and of 6.78 and 8.18%, respectively, in pupae of B. tabaci. None of the isolates had an effect on eggs of either species and larvae of the mite. Overall results suggest that isolates FIN1-B and TUR1-B have potential for management of T. cinnabarinus and B. tabaci. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

FISH DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE AKSU RIVER ESTUARY (ANTALYA-TURKEY), IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES

Seasonal changes in abundance, species composition, and life-style categories of the fish assemblage in a shallow Mediterranean estuary of southwestern Turkey are described. Fishes were sampled monthly by different nets in Aksu River Estuary from October 2006 and March 2008. In total, 3347 individuals from 26 species were captured. Mugil cephalus, Vimba vimba and Liza aurata were the dominant species and comprised over 50% of the total number. The fish comprised 10 marine, 14 freshwater and 2 migrant. The index of species richness, Shannon-wiener diversity, and evenness each showed a consistent seasonal pattern. Canonical correspondance analysis indicated that salinity correlated with the seasonal pattern in the fish assemblage.

Coexistence of compositionally heterogeneous chromitites in the Antalya–Isparta ophiolitic suite, SW Turkey: A record of sequential magmatic processes in the sub-arc lithospheric mantle

The Antalya–Isparta region in southwestern Turkey is well known for its large ophiolitic peridotite exposures, which host various chromite orebodies. These are small-sized, massive to disseminated in texture chromitites occurring in the form of lenses or veinlets, and commonly surrounded by dunite envelopes of variable thickness. Chromitite seams from the Antalya mantle suite are both high- and intermediate-Cr varieties (Cr#=0.56–0.83), whereas chromitites in the Isparta mantle sequence are exclusively Cr-rich (Cr#=0.75–0.85). In situ minor and trace element abundances obtained by LA-ICP-MS analyses of unaltered Cr-spinel from the Cr-rich chromitites are comparable to those reported in Cr-spinel of chromitites from typical fore-arc peridotite complexes. However, minor and trace element concentrations in Cr-spinel from intermediate chromitites are dissimilar to those acquired from Cr-spinels of chromitites from well-known back-arc basin-derived ultramafic massifs. Calculation of parental magma compositions indicates that both types of chromitites share a common parentage with progressively fractionating arc-related melts. The studied chromitites are characterized by a systematic enrichment in IPGE [Os, Ir, and Ru (41–317ppb)] with respect to PPGE [Rh, Pt, and Pd (3–49ppb)], resulting in negatively-sloping chondrite-normalized PGE patterns that are less fractionated in intermediate chromitites. Their noble mineral assemblage is vastly dominated by tiny (≥10μm) euhedral laurite crystals, followed by subsidiary irarsite and trivial amounts of Os–Ir alloy grains. PGM grains are not encountered in the intermediate chromitites, potentially due to crystallization resulting from PGE-poor melt. Laurite is Os-poor and exhibits a narrow range of Os-for-Ru substitution [Ru/(Ru+Os)=0.75–0.99]. However, the concomitance of laurite and millerite in the Cr-rich chromitites of the mutual Antalya–Isparta mantle suite is in favour of their precipitation from an Os-depleted melt, characterized by local and rapid variations of fS2 prior to or coevally with Cr-spinel crystallization. Moreover, the presence of amphibole inclusions in Cr-spinel indicates that the melt-triggered chromitite genesis potentially involved a hydrous component. Overall, data suggest that investigated orebodies were produced by a successively fractionating arc-derived melt that generated compositionally distinct chromitites at two different pseudo-stratigraphic levels within the Antalya–Isparta arc-type mantle suite.

Tracing ancient events in the lithospheric mantle: A case study from ophiolitic chromitites of SW Turkey

New major-, minor- and trace-element data on high-Cr chromites from several ophiolitic podiform chromitites from Lycian and Antalya peridotites in southwestern Turkey reveal a polygenetic origin from a range of arc-type melts within forearc and back-arc settings. These forearc and the back-arc related high-Cr chromitites are interpreted to reflect the tectonic juxtaposition of different lithospheric mantle segments during the obduction. The diversity of the γOs(t=0) values (−8.28 to +13.92) in the Antalya and Lycian chromitite PGMs and their good correlations with the sub- to supra-chondritic 187Os/188Os ratios (0.1175–0.1459) suggests a heterogeneous mantle source that incorporated up to 40% recycled crust, probably due to subduction processes of the orogenic events. The few model ages calculated define two significant peaks in TRD model ages at 1.5 and 0.25Ga, suggesting that the chromitites are younger than 0.25Ga and include relics of an at least Mesoproterozoic or older (>1.0Ga) mantle protolith. Eight of the nine zircon grains separated from the chromitites, are interpreted as detrital and/or resorbed xenocrystic relics, whilst a significantly less reworked/resorbed one is considered to be of metasomatic origin. In-situ U–Pb dating of the xenocrystic zircon grains yielded a spread of ages within ca 0.6–2.1Ga, suggesting recycling of crustal rocks younger than 0.6Ga (Late Neoproterozoic). The notable coincidence between the lower age limit of the older zircons (ca 1.6Ga) and the oldest Os model age peak (ca 1.5Ga) from the PGM may suggest a Mesoproterozoic rifting stage. These findings imply a Paleoproterozoic sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) protolith for the SW Anatolian mantle which was later converted into an oceanic lithospheric mantle domain possibly following a rifting and continental break-up initiated during Mesoproterozoic (ca 1.5–1.0Ga). The single metasomatic zircon of ca 0.09Ga age coinciding with the initiation of the contraction of the Neotethys may be interpreted to date the timing of a metasomatic event beneath the intra-oceanic subduction zone.

Diet of a nesting pair of Long-eared Owls, Asio otus, in an urban environment in southwestern Turkey (Aves: Strigidae)

Pellets were collected under an active Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) nest in the city centre of Denizli, Turkey. The nest was located in a conifer tree in a 5.7 ha urban park, centrally-located in the city of Denizli, with a human population of 577,000 people. During April-June 2014, a total of 64 pellets containing remains of 86 individual prey items was found. All prey were Passeriformes and consisted of two species belonging to Passeridae and Hirundinidae. 78 of the 86 prey items (90.7%) were House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and the other eight (9.3%) were House Martin (Delichon urbicum). This is one of the first studies to indicate that the Long-eared Owl's nesting season diet consists entirely of birds. The main factor affecting this result is probably the fact that the owls live in an urbanised setting.

A new species of Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 from Mount Honaz in southwestern Turkey (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae)

A new species of Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 from Mount Honaz in southwestern Turkey (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae)

Two new species of Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 from southern Turkey (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae)

Two new species of scorpion of the genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 are described from southern Turkey based on morphological ratio and trichobothrial data. E. hakani sp. n. from Mt. Eşeler, in Denizli Province in southwestern Turkey and E. aladaglarensis sp. n. from the Aladağlar Mts., in Niğde, Kayseri, and Adana Provinces. With the description of two new taxa, 17 species of Euscorpius are currently recognized in Turkey.

The drowning of ancient Limyra (southwestern Turkey) by rising groundwater during Late Antiquity to Byzantine times

From the 6 th century BC to Byzantine times, the ancient city of Limyra was an important urban center of the Lycian territory at the southwestern coastal region of Asia Minor. Archaeological, geological, hydrochemical and surface elevation data, as well as 14 C age dating constrain a paleo-hydrogeological model, explaining the submergence of the city foundation walls below the groundwater table. In this model, tectonically induced subsidence of the acropolis (Tocak Dagi) initiated a debris flow into the area of the lower city. Both, natural and anthropogenic gravel accumulation resulted in the formation of a new aquifer pathway redirecting formerly bypassing karst water into the city center. Consequently, the inhabitants of Limyra had to fight against the rising ground water table at least since the 6 th to 10 th centuries AD. Die antike Stadt Limyra war vom 6. Jh. v.Chr. bis zu byzantinischer Zeit ein bedeutendes urbanes Zentrum in Lykien an der sud- westlichen Kuste von Kleinasien. Archaologische, geologische und hydrochemische Daten sowie ein Gelandemodell und ein 14 C Alter unterstutzen ein palao-hydrogeologisches Modell, welches das Absinken der Grundmauern der Stadt unter den Grundwasser- spiegel erklart. Das Modell beschreibt tektonisch induzierte Massenbewegungen vom Burgberg (Tocak Dagi) in die Unterstadt. Die naturliche und eine zusatzliche anthropogene Schuttanreicherung fuhrten zu einer Umleitung des ursprunglich vorbeifliesenden Grundwassers in das Stadtzentrum. Dies hatten die Bewohner von Limyra spatestens seit dem sechsten bis zehnten Jh. n. Chr. zu bewaltigen.

La piattaforma 'Marmora Phrygiae'. Open data per la conoscenza delle cave di marmo della Frigia meridionale e per lo studio dei cantieri antichi di Hierapolis

The ‘Marmora Phrygiae’ project deals with some of the main issues related to the study of ancient quarries and building sites with a systematic approach, integrating the skills of experts from different disciplines: archaeology, ancient topography, art history, architecture, geology, geophysics, chemistry, geochemistry, biology, remote sensing, computer science, and Roman law. This paper summarizes the main scientific results of the project and the computer techniques used for implementing the Marmora Phrygiae online geodatabase, a system aimed at data presentation on the web, sharing knowledge through Open Data. The Marmora Phrygiae database dynamically stores the results of archaeological research and archaeometric analyses in order to publish them online at the end of the project: after a registration process, free access to available data will be allowed. The same database is also interfaced to Geoserver, a web-oriented cartographic engine, in which the coordinates of each feature (monuments, quarries, artefacts, stone samples), acquired by a high-precision topographic GPS, are stored. This solution allowed acquiring important new data on the marble extractive district of Hierapolis, the organization of the urban building sites during the Roman Imperial age and the Early-Byzantine period, and their dynamics of supplying stone materials within the overall ancient marble extractive district of south-western Turkey.

Miocene and early Pleistocene rodents (Mammalia) from Denizli Basin (southwestern Turkey) and a new species of fossil Mus

ABSTRACTThe terrestrial Neogene Basin of Denizli, located in southwestern Turkey, yields rodent faunas from nine localities dated between MN6 and MNQ18–19. Arabosminthus gansus, which is known in China and Mongolia, is recorded for the first time in Turkey at the Yenicekent localities (MN8–9), an older stratigraphical level than it is usually known from. Another species from the same localities, Microdyromys complicatus, is described for the first time in Anatolia in a younger locality than usual known in Western Europe. Myomimus dehmi, Myocricetodon eskihisarensis, Dryomys tosyaensis, and Dryomys sp. are the other species described in the present study. A new species of fossil Mus (Mammalia, Rodentia), Mus denizliensis, sp. nov. (MNQ18–19), has been found at the Gökpınar locality. This is the oldest fossil species of this genus known from Turkey or continental Europe.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E56AF1D9-7383-499A-AD3D-5ABCFA4D7928Citation for this article: Erten, H., S. Sen, and E. K. Sagular. 2015. Miocene and early Pleistocene rodents (Mammalia) from Denizli Basin (southwestern Turkey) and a new species of fossil Mus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2015.1054036.

Subsistence economy and land use strategies in the Burdur province (SW Anatolia) from prehistory to the Byzantine period

A reconstruction of the ancient subsistence economy and land use strategies is presented here for the province of Burdur, more specifically the area south and southeast of Lake Burdur, in southwestern Turkey. This review is based on the results from archaeozoological (including bone collagen carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses) and archaeobotanical analyses available from seven sites, dated to distinct time periods ranging from the Neolithic to the Middle Byzantine period. The data (both published and unpublished) are compiled with information available on settlement development and dynamics, in the study area. Results show changing agrarian and animal husbandry practices for a period of more than 8000 years, ranging between self-sustaining economies to specialised husbandry practices and an intensive agricultural exploitation of the landscape, in relation to human settlement activities.

Rilievo e ricostruzione virtuale del Ponte Sud di Hierapolis di Frigia (Turchia)

<p>The paper concerns the topographical survey and the 3D reconstruction of a Roman bridge-aqueduct located immediately to the south of Hierapolis in Phrygia (south-western Turkey), along the ancient route directed to Colosse and the internal Anatolia; only its southern abutment and scarce remains of the northern one are preserved. It is in a very difficult location, inside the narrow and deep valley, and it was never studied before. During the 2011 field work campaign of the Italian Archaeological Mission, it was surveyed using a high precision differential GPS system (for the plan documentation and its positioning in the digital archaeological map of Hierapolis) and through a Motorized Robotic Total Station (for the documentation of the elevation and the creation of a 3D model of the southern side) with the aim of its virtual reconstruction.</p>

A review of the genus Gnaptor Brullé, 1832 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) with description of a new species from Turkey

The new species Gnaptor medvedevi sp. n. is described from southwestern Turkey. The new species is closely related to G. spinimanus but differs from it in narrower parameres, in the structure of the spiculum gastrale, and in the sculpture of the prothoracic hypomera. The new monotypical subgenus Plesiognaptor subgen. n. is described for G. prolixus; the distribution of each species is described. New data on the range of G. prolixus are added. This species is known from Turkey (Izmir, Aydin, Afyon, Konya, and Isparta provinces) and Iran (Elburs, the first record for the country). A key to and illustrations for all the species of the genus Gnaptor are given.

Redescription of Temnothorax antigoni (Forel, 1911) and description of its new social parasite Temnothorax curtisetosus sp. n. from Turkey (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).

Temnothorax antigoni (Forel, 1911) is redescribed basing on a new material from southwestern Turkey (Antalya province), Lesbos and Rhodes (Greece, Aegean and Dodecanese islands). The gyne of this species is described for the first time. Temnothorax curtisetosus, a new species of social parasite collected in a nest of Temnothorax antigoni, is described. Colour photos of both taxa are given. A key to the worker caste of the eastern Mediterranean species belonging to both Temnothorax recedens and Temnothorax muellerianus groups are provided.

Market Orientation, Strategy and Revenue Growth in the Turkish Hotel Industry

ABSTRACTThis empirical analysis of hotel properties in south-western Turkey draws on the market orientation, strategy, and capabilities literature to highlight the benefits of a differentiation strategy and customer-value focus for competitors in this industry. Relationship management and organizational resource management are key drivers of sales growth in this industry, and hotel operators facing high competitive intensity are particularly encouraged to develop these capabilities and to adopt a differentiation strategy instead of resorting to price cutting and other pricing and promotional tactics to grow revenues. Notable opportunities for future research include examining relationships between market orientation, customer satisfaction, and employee satisfaction in the Turkish hotel industry.

Southwest as the New Internal Migration Destination in Turkey

Antalya and Mugla provinces located in southwestern Turkey have emerged as new magnets for internal migration in the country. Socio-economic, demographic and labor market characteristics of immigrants coming to these two provinces from various regions are studied to uncover the reasons fueling their moves. This is accomplished through an analysis of descriptive statistics, and an analysis of a gravity model estimated. Differences and similarities between immigrants coming to these two provinces and those going to other migrant magnets, between immigrants and natives in Antalya and Mugla, and among immigrants coming to the two provinces from various origins are noted. What distinguishes Antalya and Mugla from other migrant-drawing provinces is that they attract some retirees and university students as well and their immigrants participating in the labor force are attracted mainly by jobs created in the sectors related to tourism, either directly or indirectly, rather than industry. Immigrants from different origins exhibit different characteristics and tend to specialize in different types of jobs. However, as other migrant flows, those directed at Antalya and Mugla are affected by distance adversely and by unemployment differential, past migration and population size at origin, favorably.

Paleoenvironmental evolution of the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene fluvio-deltaic sequence of the Denizli Basin (SW Turkey)

Abstract The late Pliocene–early Pleistocene Tosunlar succession (Denizli Basin, southwestern Turkey) represents fluvial-dominated delta environments at the margins of a brackish long-lived lake. Two main facies associations are documented: (i) a delta front facies association, with a distal (DF1) and proximal (DF2) deposits; and (ii) a delta plain facies association that contains distributary channel (DP1) and interdistributary swamp (DP2) deposits. The stable isotopic analysis of the mollusc faunas exhibit a narrow range of values (–4.68