Southwest Coast Of India Research Articles

Population dynamics of Bentfin devil ray, Mobula thurstoni (Lloyd, 1908), from Lakshadweep Sea, south-west coast of India

Population dynamics of Bentfin devil ray, Mobula thurstoni (Lloyd, 1908), from Lakshadweep Sea, south-west coast of India

Length-weight relationship and reproductive biology of Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from the Southwest coast of India

Length-weight relationship and reproductive biology of Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from the Southwest coast of India

Seasonal variability in the water quality, sediment characteristics and macrobenthic community structure in the vicinity of finfish cage culture sites in a tropical estuary along the south-west coast of India

Seasonal variability in the water quality, sediment characteristics and macrobenthic community structure in the vicinity of finfish cage culture sites in a tropical estuary along the south-west coast of India

A new species of Cardiodectes Wilson C.B., 1917 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Pennellidae) from Spinyjaw greeneye, Chlorophthalmus corniger Alcock, 1894 off the Indian Ocean.

A new species of flesh penetrating parasitic copepod of the genus CardiodectesWilson C.B., 1917 (Siphonostomatoida: Pennellidae) parasitizing the fish Spinyjaw greeneye, Chlorophthalmus cornigerAlcock, 1894 (Chlorophthalmidae), inhabiting at depths of 265 to 458 meters from the south-west coast of India is described and illustrated. The new species, Cardiodectes vampire sp. nov., can be distinguished from its other 16 congeners by the following features: (i) trunk 3.15 times as long as wide; (ii) extremely long (3.5 times as long as total body length) and uncoiled egg sacs; (iii) difference in the armature of legs 13; (iv) comparatively longer trunk (0.7 times as long as total body length). A checklist of valid global species of Cardiodecteswith its host and distribution is also provided.

Spatiotemporal variation of microbial communities in surficial sediments of Cochin estuary, southwest coast of India.

Microorganisms play a major role in the degradation of organic matter in sediments. However, the spatiotemporal variation and factors affecting these communities are not clearly understood. At the same time, conventional hydrographic and geochemical parameters do not offer an accurate assessment of transitional ecosystems. PLFA biomarkers which are specific to different taxonomic groups of microorganisms are able to provide a detailed assessment of the community composition in an environment and reflect a more direct assessment of the biological health of transitional ecosystems. We, therefore, conducted a comparison of PLFA biomarkers at four stations (Barmouth, B; Vaduthala, V; Munambam, M; and Arookutty, A) during three seasons (pre-monsoon, PRE; monsoon, MON; and post-monsoon, POST) in the Cochin estuary (CE). Each of the stations represented either a reference point (B), high pollution (V), high salinity (M), or low pollution (A). The communities determined using PLFA profiles could be categorized into six major groups with each group capable of reflecting the state of the ecosystem which correlated with the conventional parameters. The six groups were: G + ve Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and G-ve anaerobes (G-I), G-ve aerobic prokaryotes (G-II), ectomycorrhizal fungi (G-III), arbuscular mycorrhizae (G-IV), type-I methanotrophs (G-V), and microeukaryotes (G-VI). The prokaryotes were predominant in sediments amounting to over 78% of the total PLFAs detected, followed by the microeukaryotes. The freshwater-influenced stations were partially anaerobic in nature during PRE and MON and were mainly affected by both marine and terrestrial organic matter inputs, at times prominent in sewage matter. During POST season, CE behaves uniformly, especially in station M. Salinity and DO of BW and texture and organic matter of the sediment were the driving forces for microbial community structure. The reduced presence of cyclopropane fatty acids suggested that the CE was not under any stress during the study period. Our results using PLFA-based community profiling not only provide the fundamental information required to quickly access the impact of stress and other environmental inputs on the CE but also offer a more robust and realistic assessment of the nature of microbial communities in the ecosystem. A periodic and systemic assessment of PLFA profiles at these stations in CE throughout the year will enable the generation of enough metadata enabling a better understanding of this ecosystem and its efficient management in the long term.

Long-term anthropogenic stressors cause declines in kingfisher assemblages in wetlands in southwestern India

Fragile wetland habitats are susceptible to multiple threats from anthropogenic activities. Direct waste deposition, habitat modification and overexploitation of fish have caused alternations in food webs in wetlands. Kingfishers are ecological indicators with the potential ability to respond to the minute changes in their microenvironment. Their abundance and distribution at wetland habitats are affected by multiple environmental factors. We studied the kingfisher assemblages in India to determine proximate and ultimate causes of their decline. We recorded the abundance of five species of kingfishers across five wetland habitats from 2011 to 2020 in Kerala, southwest coast of India. Kingfishers were counted twice in a month between 6.00 and 12.00 hrs. Air temperature, water temperature, humidity and turbidity were recorded. We measured fish diversity and abundance and organic waste as an additional explanatory variable. One-way ANOVA, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model and structural equation modelling were used to determine which explanatory variables affected kingfisher populations. Air temperature, water temperature and turbidity increased significantly during the study and had negative effects on the abundance of kingfishers. Humidity decreased significantly but had no effect on the kingfisher abundance. Fish abundance declined and had a strong positive effect on the abundance of kingfishers. The analysis of incidence of wastes across the study areas revealed that, all the sites were severely polluted. We also observed drastic decline in the abundance of all the species of kingfishers studied across the sites with a rapid decline in Pied Kingfisher and slower decline in White-throated Kingfisher. Black-capped Kingfisher is a local migrant to the study areas and is already red listed and categorized as Vulnerable (VU). This study suggests that kingfisher assemblages are declining along with the health status of the habitat. Urgent action is needed to help in designing and implementing effective management strategies for the sustainability of wetlands in the region.

An insight into the fishery, biology and population dynamics of Auxis rochei (Risso, 1810) along the south-west coast of India

Auxis rochei is one of the coastal tunnies contributing substantially to the tuna landings inIndia, with an average (2014-2019) annual catch of 7210 t. Kerala stood first, with an annualaverage landing of 3176 t. The fishery comprised 14.5 - 39.6 cm fork length (FL) size groupswith a mean length of 27.64 cm and a major mode of 26 cm FL. The Length-weight (L-W)relationship of pooled fishes was expressed as W= 0.000003 L3.22 (r2= 0.91). The size at firstmaturity was estimated at 25.8 cm FL when the fish was 1.5 years old. The number of eggsper spawning ranged from 84,562 to 1,33,698 and the ova diameter ranged between 0.1and 0.6 mm, indicating asynchronous oocyte development with multiple spawning. Highergonadosomatic index (GSI) was recorded during April, May and June and coincided withthe minimum gastrosomatic index (GaSI). The recruitment pattern was bimodal, with variedintensity ranging from 0.79-17.89%. Growth was allometric and the von Bertalanffy growthequation derived was Lt=43.5(1-e-0.8(t+0.0212)). The growth performance index (ɸ) was 3.18 andthe longevity of the fish was estimated at 3.7 years. One-year-old plus fishes sustained thefishery (22 - 32 cm FL). Total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F)were estimated at 3.70, 1.40 and 2.30, respectively, with an exploitation rate (E) of 0.62and the exploitation ratio (U) of 0.60. Beverton and Holt yield per recruit (Y/R) and Biomassper recruit analysis indicated that the Emax was at 0.87, much higher than the present levelof exploitation, reflecting the sustainable fishery along the coast. Standing stock biomass(SSB) was estimated at 7215.7 t, and the spawning stock biomass formed 55.5% of the SSB.Thompson and Bell analysis indicated the MSY as 8125 t, at F-factor, 2.6. The biologicalreference points FCURR/FMSY (0.4) and BCURR/BMSY (1.5) were at safe levels, signifying the scopefor fishery enhancement. Keywords:Biological reference point, Fecundity, Growth, GSI,L-W relationship, Mean length, Mortality, SSB

Community structure and ecology of soft bottom polychaetes in Vembanad estuary, a Ramsar site on the south west coast of India: A time scale evaluation

Coastal estuarine habitats are currently facing significant anthropogenic impacts, which have significantly influenced the biodiversity and ecosystem characteristics of benthic organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the community structure and composition of polychaetes in the Vembanad estuarine system, which is the largest Ramsar site on the southwest coast of India. An artificial salinity barrier, the Thaneermukkom Barrage (TMB), was constructed in the estuarine ecosystem in 1975, resulting in a division of the system into a northern estuarine sector and a southern freshwater sector. By comparing the main ecological parameters of the Vembanad estuary before and after the construction of the barrage, it was evident that salinity experienced a drastic change. Spatially, the southern stations exhibited an oligohaline condition, while the northern stations displayed a mesohaline condition. Over three decades, there was a threefold increase in the amount of organic carbon in the sediment. A total of 19 polychaete species from 13 families and 19 genera were detected in the surface sediment samples from the ten selected stations. The time-scale study unveiled a significant shift in the distribution of polychaete species in the estuary. In the southern low salinity zone, only seven species of polychaetes were observed, most of which are considered classic indicators of disturbances and are responsive to organic enrichment. The decreasing salinity and increasing organic matter, particularly in the southern zone, may have contributed to a reduction in polychaete species diversity over the last 30 years. Based on the findings, the study suggests the need for effective policy formulation to manage the operation of TMB and control the discharge of waste from agriculture fields, houseboat tourism, and other developmental activities in the Vembanad estuarine system. Such measures are essential to safeguard the ecological integrity and biodiversity of this vital coastal ecosystem.

A new species of Ellipsomyxa Køie, 2003 (Bivalvulida) infecting the gall bladder of Pangasius macronema Bleeker (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae) from the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam.

During a parasitological survey of freshwater fishes in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, disporic plasmodia containing myxospores morphologically consistent with Ellipsomyxa Køie, 2003 (Bivalvulida) were observed infecting the gall bladder of Pangasius macronema Bleeker (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae). Herein, we use morphology and small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA, 18S) sequence data to describe Ellipsomyxa intravesica Ksepka & Bullard n. sp. and relate it to other myxozoans. The new species resembles Ellipsomyxa adlardi Whipps & Font, 2013, which infects the naked goby, Gobiosoma bosc (Lacepede) (Gobiiformes: Gobiidae) in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, but differs from it by having a longer myxospore (mean = 13.3; range = 12.0-15.0 vs. 12.4; 11.3-14.4) and shorter polar capsules (3.7; 3.0-4.0 vs. 4.3; 3.9-4.9). The 18S phylogenetic analysis recovered the sequence of the new species sister to those ascribed to Ellipsomyxa ariusi Chandran, Zacharia, Sathianandan & Sanil, 2020 and Ellipsomyxa sp. (MK561979); both of which infect the gall bladder of the threadfin sea catfish, Arius arius (Hamilton) (Siluriformes: Ariidiae) from the southwest coast of India. Consistent with previous phylogenetic analyses of Ellipsomyxa spp., Ellipsomyxa was recovered as monophyletic. The new species is the first species of Ellipsomyxa reported from a freshwater fish in Asia and the first myxozoan reported from P. macronema.

Antimicrobial resistance and antagonistic features of bivalve-associated Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the south-west coast of India.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a potent human and aquatic pathogen, is usually found in estuaries and oceans. Human illness is associated with consuming uncooked/partially cooked contaminated seafood. The study on bivalve-associated V. parahaemolyticus revealed that the post-monsoon season had the highest bacterial abundance (9 ± 1.5 log cfu) compared to the monsoon season (8.03 ± 0.56 log cfu). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling was performed on 114 V. parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from bivalves. The highest AMR was observed against ampicillin (78%). Chloramphenicol was found to be effective against all the isolates. Multiple antibiotic resistance index values of 0.2 or higher were detected in 18% of the isolates. Molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) revealed the high prevalence (100%) of the TEM-1 gene in the aquatic environment. After plasmid profiling and curing, 41.6% and 100% of the resistant isolates were found to be sensitive to ampicillin and cephalosporins, respectively, indicating the prevalence of plasmid-associated ARGs in the aquatic environment. A study to evaluate the antagonistic properties of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against V. parahaemolyticus isolates identified the potential of these bacteria to resist the growth of V. parahaemolyticus.

Delineating the fish-based ecosystem services of a small tropical Indian estuary: Identification, evaluation and management

In this study, we evaluate the fish-based ecosystem services (ES) of Chettuva, a small tropical estuary (CE) on the south-west coast of India. Besides the direct benefits (provisioning and cultural), the primary regulatory and supporting services provided by fish in estuaries were also documented using secondary data and focused group discussions (FGD). The major obstacles impeding the fisheries-based ES were also identified, and priority-based management options were proposed. The annual economic value of the major fish-based ES of the estuary was estimated to be ₹814.55 million (₹36.96 million for provisioning, ₹569.52 million for supporting, ₹177.6 million for regulating and ₹30.47 million for cultural and information services including recreation, tourism, scientific and information services, respectively). The estuarine fishery in CE is still traditional, employing non-motorized boats and supporting the livelihood of about 300 active fishers. Our findings revealed that stakeholders rated higher values on provisioning, supporting, and cultural services while providing little significance on the regulating services. The current findings indicated that, as the primary means of livelihood, fisheries not only provide a pragmatic overview of the economic value of estuarine systems but also signifies the use of fisheries-based ES as a valuable tool in developing an ecosystem-based management plan. Based on the findings, it would be reasonable to highlight the need for ES-based approach for resource conservation in fisheries management of the small tropical estuaries.

Proposal of a new family for Hirodai ohtsukai gen. n. et sp. n. (Crustacea: Copepoda) infesting Uranoscopus guttatus Cuvier, 1829 (Perciformes: Uranoscopidae) from the south-west coast of India

ABSTRACT Both male and female of Hirodai ohtsukai gen. n. et sp. n. (Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida) are described based on specimens recovered from the Dollfus’ stargazer Uranoscopus guttatus Cuvier, 1829 (Actinopteri: Perciformes: Uranoscopidae) collected from Colachel, Tamil Nadu, south-west coast of India. Based on the unique morphology of the copepod, which is not similar in characteristics to any of the known cyclopoid families, a new family, Uranoscopicolaidae fam. n., has been proposed to accommodate its only known species, Hirodai ohtsukai gen. n. et sp. n. The genus Hirodai gen. n. has the following combination of characters: (1) general cyclopoid body, possessing four pairs of ventrolateral processes corresponding to the first four pedigerous somites; (2) antennule 6-segmented; (3) antenna 2-segmented, the basal segment with one accessory process, armed with two papillae, one basally and the other terminally and having three setae; distal segment modified into a terminally bent hook; (4) genital double somite is 0.7 times as wide as 5th somite, and 2.1 times as wide as long; genital opening ventral; (5) egg sac multiseriate; (6) maxilliped vestigial in adult female; (7) 2-segmented maxilla, the terminal segment with a ventral robust seta at the middle, the rounded apex armed with a bunch of spinules on both surface, except in the inner middle portion; (8) caudal ramus with two long and two small terminal papillae; and (9) legs 1 to 4 biramous with 3-segmented rami possessing setae, leg 5 uniramous and unsegmented, and leg 6 absent. Ecological remarks on Hirodai ohtsukai gen. n. et sp. n. are also provided. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6911391D-CD0B-4B32-AC55-F89872CEC129

Quantitative composition, distribution and abundance of zooplankton communities in relation to physico-chemical parameters from selected beaches of Alappuzha in Arabian Sea, southwest coast of India

Quantitative composition, distribution and abundance of zooplankton communities in relation to physico-chemical parameters from selected beaches of Alappuzha in Arabian Sea, southwest coast of India

Thunderstorm detection from GPM IMERG rainfall: Climatology of dynamical and thermodynamical processes over India

AbstractThis study aims to (i) prepare a premonsoon thunderstorms database, (ii) understand the thunderstorm frequency, duration and intensity and (iii) composite analysis of dynamic and thermodynamic processes related to thunderstorms over India. The thunderstorm associated rainfall varies across India. Hence, a percentile‐based approach is implemented with the integrated multi‐satellite retrievals for global precipitation measurement (IMERG) dataset at 0.1° resolution to identify thunderstorms for 2001–2021. The 93rd percentile appears to be better for thunderstorm detection, with a success ratio of 82% (642 events are confirmed out of 786 detected) in eastern India. Further analysis indicated that 84% of the detected thunderstorms in eastern and northeastern India are associated with lightning activity. Based on this long‐term (2001–2021) thunderstorm data, the highest frequency of thunderstorms (40–45 events·year−1) is observed over the western foothills of the Himalayas, the northeast region, and the west coast of Kerala. The thunderstorm duration in the eastern and northeastern regions and the southwest coast of India is mostly 0.5–2.5 h, producing heavy rainfall (>7 mm·h−1) due to more moisture content and stronger updrafts. The composite structure of thermodynamic indices exhibits significant spatial variations over India and can be used to differentiate the regions of high thunderstorm activity. The minimum (maximum) convective available potential energy (convective inhibition) value required for thunderstorm development is not uniform throughout the country. However, the composites of K index and total totals index during thunderstorms are mostly uniform. This study highlights the benefits of IMERG rainfall in thunderstorm detection over India and helps to understand the local forcings and the effect of thunderstorm activity on different sectors like aviation, agriculture and so forth.

Patterns and variability in the microplastic contamination along the southwest coast of India with emphasis on submarine groundwater discharge sites

Beach sediments of the southwest coast of India were analysed to estimate the microplastic contamination with emphasis on the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) zones. Both SGD and non-SGD sites were assessed for abundance, morphotype and polymer type of microplastics. Microplastic load was 230.429 ± 62.87 particles per 100 g. Fibre, mainly blue, was the abundant morphotype, followed by fragment, foam and film. The polymer types were POLYETHYLENE (PE) (30.77 %), POLYPROPYLENE (PP) (26.92 %), POLYAMIDE (PA) (19.23 %), POLYSTYRENE (PS) (11.54 %), ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE (EVA) (7.692 %) and POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) (3.846 %). The SGD zones exhibited higher microplastic contamination with statistically significant variations from non SGD sites. The study accounts the levels of microplastic contamination along the southwest coast of India, a major fishery zone. The higher abundance of microplastic in the SGD zones indicates the significance of subterranean groundwater through flow as a pathway of anthropogenic contaminants towards marine ecosystems.

Trophic ecology and diet of the deep-sea penaeid shrimp Metapenaeopsis andamanensis (Wood-Mason in Wood-Mason and Alcock, 1891) by fatty acid signatures and stomach content analysis.

Metapenaeopsis andamanensis, a deep-water penaeid shrimp, plays a significant ecological role in the deep-sea food web. However, studies on its feeding ecology and trophic relationships in the tropical region remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the diet composition of M. andamanensis from the southwest coast of India, focusing on intrinsic factors (size, sex, maturity) and extrinsic factors (seasons), as well as the fatty acid profile. Our findings revealed that M. andamanensis is an active feeder, with females exhibiting higher feeding intensity than males, while immature individuals of both sexes showed minimal feeding activity. Additionally, females displayed a more pronounced carnivorous feeding behavior compared to males. Gut somatic index ranged between 1.1 and 1.42. Feeding conditions varied significantly with seasons, maturity stages, and ontogenetic classes. The primary diet components comprised detritus, foraminifera, and crustaceans, followed by gastropods and fish. Statistical analysis using PERMANOVA indicated significant differences in diet components between sexes and seasons (p < 0.05), sexes and size (p < 0.1), and sexes and maturity stages (p < 0.05). Notably, the percentage composition of diet components exhibited substantial variation with seasons, sex, ontogenetic classes, and maturity stages. Fatty acid analysis revealed an omnivorous-carnivorous feeding strategy of M. andamanensis, characterized by high proportions of essential fatty acids such as 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3, and 18:1n-9, indicating bentho-pelagic feeding activity. The shrimp exhibited notable levels of palmitic acid, oleic acid, EPA, and DHA, which are nutritionally valuable. Seasonal variations in fatty acid profiles were associated with the availability of different food sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) performed on the fatty acid profiles explained 72.4% of the total cumulative variance using the first two dimensions, highlighting the distinct dietary patterns of M. andamanensis based on its stomach contents.

Bioaccumulation of pesticide residue in earthworms collected from the agricultural soils of Kuttanad-a unique agroecosystem in India.

Earthworms encompass significant soil faunal biomass and have tremendous potential to provide vital ecosystem services. Earthworms are considered bioindicators of chemical contaminants and can provide early warnings of ecosystem deterioration. Studies pertaining to the accumulation of pesticide residues in earthworm in biomass in agrarian ecosystems are scarce. The Kuttanad agroecosystem (KAE), situated on the southwest coast of India, is one of the few regions globally supporting farming on land below the mean sea level. This investigation was conducted to assess the bioaccumulation of pesticide residues in earthworms from the KAE. The earthworms species Glyphidrilus annandalei collected from agricultural soils of the study area were analyzed for the presence of pesticides residues such as α-BHC, γ-BHC, atrazine, heptachlor, α-chlordane, γ-chlordane, 4,4-DDE, 4,4-DDD, 4,4-DDT, β-endosulfan, and endrin ketone in their biomass. Analysis of the earthworm samples using a gas chromatograph revealed the presence of ten pesticide residues with notable concentrations (α-BHC, 0.36ng/g; γ-BHC, 0.41ng/g; heptachlor, 0.10ng/g; atrazine, 0.89ng/g; α-chlordane, 0.07ng/g; γ-chlordane, 0.10ng/g; 4,4-DDE, 0.05ng/g; 4,4-DDD, 0.11ng/g; 4,4-DDT, 0.31ng/g; β-endosulfan, 0.19ng/g; and endrin ketone, 0.13ng/g). Six groups of pesticide residues are ΣBHC, ΣDDT, atrazine, Σchlordane, endrin ketone, and β-endosulfan were observed during bioaccumulation factor analysis, and the results show the following trend: atrazine > ΣBHC > ΣDDT > Σchlordane > Σendosulfan > Σendrin. As earthworms are a crucial component of this region's food chains, bioaccumulation of pesticide residues in earthworms can pause adverse consequences. Increasing trends in pesticide application in the KAE and bioaccumulation of pesticide residues in earthworm biomass can affect the entire food web.

Length-Weight Relationship of Four Species of Deep-Sea Congrid Eel (Congridae) from the Southwest Coast of India, Arabian Sea

Length-weight relationship was estimated for the deep-sea congrid eel species collected from the trawler landings at Kalamukku, of Kochi, Kerala and Colachel, of Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, Arabian Sea, southern India, between February 2021 and August 2022. The samples were obtained from the deep-sea trawlers, operated along the Exclusive Economic Zone of India, Arabian Sea with a cod end mesh size of 35 mm at 200–250 m depth. The estimated b values range from 2.80 to 3.19. Novelty of the study is providing length-weight relationship for two newly described eel species viz. Ariosoma indicum and A. maurostigma will help in the conservation and management of these species in the future.

Investigations on depredation by the deepsea swimming crab Charybdis smithii, during experimental gillnetting along the south-west coast of India

Depredation by crabs can have a negative impact on marine gillnet fishery. Despite this fact, limited studies are attempted to evaluate depredation. The present study is the first attempt to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative effects of crab depredation on marine gillnet fishery. Experimental gillnetting was conducted onboard F V Sagar Harita from February 2017 to January 2018 along the south-west Indian coast. Depredation by the deepsea swimming crab Charybdis smithii caused intentional discard of Indian mackerel (17.59%), kawakawa (14.77%), shrimp scad (10.74%) and horse mackerel (10.02%). Financial loss due to depredation was high for Indian mackerel (19.99%), followed by shrimp scad (19.17%), kawakawa (14.77%) and horse mackerel (14.16%). A total of ₹2554.30 per operation was lost due to crab depredation. C. smithii showed a preference towards scombrids (Indian mackerel and kawakawa) over carangids (shrimp scad and horse mackerel) due to the inherent flavour and texture of scombrids. Incidence of depredation were found exclusively during June to September (monsoon season). Keywords: Crab, Depredation, Economic loss, Fishery, Marine gillnet

Length-Weight Relationship of Four Species of Deep-Sea Congrid Eel (Congridae) from the Southwest Coast of India, Arabian Sea

Length-Weight Relationship of Four Species of Deep-Sea Congrid Eel (Congridae) from the Southwest Coast of India, Arabian Sea