South Of Vietnam Research Articles

Study on haplotype diversity of Y-STR loci of the Kinh population in Vietnam

The study was carried out to determine allele frequencies of Y-STRloci in order to apply in the statistical validation of forensic case and paternal lineages. 17 Y-STR loci were co-amplified (including: DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, and GATAH4) using DNA genome extracted from blood, hair root and finger nail samples of 205 unrelated men of Kinh population in the North and South of Vietnam.
 The studied population shows that a relatively close relationship between the Jiangxi (Han) and Jiangsu (Han) populations in China and the Han population in Taiwan. Compared to other population with geographic locations far removed from Vietnam and historically and culturally diverse, there are significant differences as with Americans (Rst = 0.3836, P <0.0001); The Germans (Rst = 0.3562, p = -1.0000); The Romans (Rst = 0.2918, p = -1.0000) or Ethiopian (Rst = 0.3139, p = -1.0000) and particularly significant differences with Nigerians (Rst = 0.5084, p = -1.0000).
 The genetic diversity indexes at each locus and the haplotypes were examined; Genetic distances between the King population in this study and neighboring populations and geographically remote populations are consistent with the migration history.

Effects of ENSO on the intraseasonal oscillations of sea surface temperature and wind speed along Vietnam’s coastal areas

Our study applied the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method to analyze intraseasonal variability (ISV) of sea surface temperature (SST) and wind speed using a 22-year monitoring data set from 10 coastal stations. Results show that the El Niño and Southern Oscillation(ENSO) significantly affected the ISO Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBWO) 10-20 day periods and Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) 30-60 day periods of SST and wind speed at the coastal stations. As seen with MJO, the effects of ENSO on SST tend to increase from the north to south, whereas its impact on wind speed decreases from the north to south of Vietnam’s coastal areas. In contrast, with QBWO, the effect of ENSO on SST reduces moving from the north to south, whereas its impact on wind speed increases from the north to south of Vietnam’s coastal areas.

Another try at Vietnam’s first cracker

Vietnam may finally get its first ethylene cracker. Siam Cement, a big Thai chemical maker, says it will proceed with the construction of Long Son Petrochemicals, a $5.4 billion chemical complex in the south of Vietnam, about 100 km from Ho Chi Minh City. The venture plans to award building contracts before the end of the year. Scheduled to come on-line in 2022, Long Son will feature an ethylene cracker with an annual production capacity of 1 million metric tons. Using feedstocks including locally sourced ethane and imported naphtha and propane, the complex will produce basic plastics such as polypropylene and polyethylene. About 30% of the investment will go to build infrastructure, including a deep-sea port. The project will be owned 71% by Siam Cement and 29% by state-owned PetroVietnam. Over the past two decades, Vietnam has repeatedly invited international firms to build oil refineries integrated with petrochemical complexes. Starting

Comparison of a new multiplex real-time PCR with the Kato Katz thick smear and copro-antigen ELISA for the detection and differentiation of Taenia spp. in human stools

BackgroundTaenia solium, the cause of neurocysticercosis (NCC), has significant socioeconomic impacts on communities in developing countries. This disease, along with taeniasis is estimated to infect 2.5 to 5 million people globally. Control of T. solium NCC necessitates accurate diagnosis and treatment of T. solium taeniasis carriers. In areas where all three species of Taenia tapeworms (T. solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica) occur sympatrically, conventional microscope- and copro-antigen based diagnostic methods are unable to distinguish between these three Taenia species. Molecular diagnostic tools have been developed to overcome this limitation; however, conventional PCR-based techniques remain unsuitable for large-scale deployment in community-based surveys. Moreover, a real-time PCR (qPCR) for the discrimination of all three species of Taenia in human stool does not exist. This study describes the development and validation of a new triplex Taq-Man probe-based qPCR for the detection and discrimination of all three Taenia human tapeworms in human stools collected from communities in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. The diagnostic characteristics of the test are compared with conventional Kato Katz (KK) thick smear and copro-antigen ELISA (cAgELISA) method utilizing fecal samples from a community based cross-sectional study. Using this new multiplex real-time PCR we provide an estimate of the true prevalence of taeniasis in the source population for the community based cross-sectional study.Methodology/Principal findingsPrimers and TaqMan probes for the specific amplification of T. solium, T. saginata and T. asiatica were designed and successfully optimized to target the internal transcribed spacer I (ITS-1) gene of T. solium and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX-1) gene of T. saginata and T. asiatica. The newly designed triplex qPCR (T3qPCR) was compared to KK and cAgELISA for the detection of Taenia eggs in stool samples collected from 342 individuals in Dak Lak province, Central Highlands of Vietnam. The overall apparent prevalence of taeniasis in Dak Lak province was 6.72% (95% confidence interval (CI) [3.94–9.50]) in which T. solium accounted for 1.17% (95% CI [0.37–3.17]), according to the T3qPCR. There was sympatric presence of T. solium, T. saginata and T. asiatica. The T3qPCR proved superior to KK and cAgELISA for the detection and differentiation of Taenia species in human feces. Diagnostic sensitivities of 0.94 (95% credible interval (CrI) [0.88–0.98]), 0.82 (95% CrI [0.58–0.95]) and 0.52 (95% CrI [0.07–0.94]), and diagnostic specificities of 0.98 (95% CrI [0.94–1.00]), 0.91 (95% CrI [0.85–0.96]) and 0.99 (95% CrI [0.96–1.00]) were estimated for the diagnosis of taeniasis for the T3qPCR, cAgELISA and KK thick smear in this study, respectively.ConclusionsT3qPCR is not only superior to the KK thick smear and cAgELISA in terms of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, but it also has the advantage of discriminating between species of Taenia eggs in stools. Application of this newly developed T3qPCR has identified the existence of all three human Taenia tapeworms in Dak Lak province and proves for the first time, the existence of T. asiatica in the Central Highlands and the south of Vietnam.

A new species of the genus Indotrichius Krikken, 2009 from Southern Vietnam (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae)

Four species of Trichiina from the Himalayas and adjacent regions were up till now associated with the genus <em>Indotrichius</em> Krikken, 2009. Surprisingly, a new species, here described, was collected in the province of Lam Dong, in the south of Vietnam, considerably expanding the distribution range of <em>Indotrichius</em>. The genus is shortly re-diagnosed and a list of species is given.

Measurement of on-farm diversification in Vietnam

This study aims to assess levels of on-farm diversification in Vietnam. The results reflect regional differences in terms of on-farm diversification and its determinants. Households in northern regions have adapted to the fragmented and small-sized parcels of land by diversifying their on-farm activities. In contrast, the Mekong Delta region in the south of Vietnam is characterized by larger agricultural parcels and a specialization in rice production. Land use fragmentation, as reflected by a large number of plots in a given area, is one of the most important reasons for the high levels of on-farm diversification, while the higher share of non-farm income in total income is the reason of lower levels of on-farm diversification. Households have reacted to natural and economic shocks by diversifying their on-farm activities. The non-stationary Markov chain model used here shows various diversification scenarios and trends. In most cases, the on-farm diversification is expected to reduce in coming years.

Rapid decline in the susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine in the south of Vietnam

BackgroundArtemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum has emerged in the countries of the Greater Mekong sub-region posing a serious threat to global malaria elimination efforts. The relationship of artemisinin resistance to treatment failure has been unclear.MethodsIn annual studies conducted in three malaria endemic provinces in the south of Vietnam (Binh Phuoc, Ninh Thuan and Gia Lai) between 2011 and 2015, 489 patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were enrolled in detailed clinical, parasitological and molecular therapeutic response assessments with 42 days follow up. Patients received the national recommended first-line treatment dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for three days.ResultsOver the 5 years the proportion of patients with detectable parasitaemia on day 3 rose steadily from 38 to 57% (P < 0.001). In Binh Phuoc province, the parasite clearance half-life increased from 3.75 h in 2011 to 6.60 h in 2015 (P < 0.001), while treatment failures rose from 0% in 2012 and 2013, to 7% in 2014 and 26% in 2015 (P < 0.001). Recrudescence was associated with in vitro evidence of artemisinin and piperaquine resistance. In the treatment failures cases of 2015, all 14 parasite isolates carried the C580Y Pfkelch 13 gene, marker of artemisinin resistance and 93% (13/14) of them carried exoE415G mutations, markers of piperaquine resistance.ConclusionsIn the south of Vietnam recent emergence of piperaquine resistant P. falciparum strains has accelerated the reduced response to artemisinin and has led to treatment failure rates of up to 26% to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, Vietnam’s current first-line ACT. Alternative treatments are urgently needed.

Inconsistencies of Breast Cancer Risk Factors between the Northern and Southern Regions of Vietnam

Background:In recent decades the amount of new breast cancer cases in the southern region has been reported to increase more rapidly than in the northernVietnam. The aim of this study is to compare breast cancer risk factors between the two regions and establish if westernized influences have an impact on any reported differences.Method:Data was collected from the two largest oncology hospitals in the north and the south of Vietnam in 2015. Breast density, demographic, reproductive and lifestyle data of 127 cases and 269 controls were collected in the north and 141 cases and 250 controls were gathered from the south. Baseline differences in factors between cases and age-matched controls in each region were assessed using chi-square tests and independent t-tests. Odds ratios (OR) for independent risk factors for breast cancer were obtained from conditional logistic regression.Results:In northern Vietnam significantly increased risks in developing breast cancer were observed for women with age at first menstrual period less than 14 years old (OR=2.1; P<0.05), post-menopausal status (OR=2.6; P<0.0001), having less than 2 babies (OR=2.1; P<0.05). Southern Vietnamese women having a breast density of more than 75% (OR=2.1; P<0.01), experiencing post-menopause (OR=1.6; P<0.05), having a history of less than 3 pregnancies (OR=2.6; P<0.0001) and drinking more than a cup of coffee per day (OR=1.9; P<0.05) were more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer.Conclusion:We found that women living in the south had some breast cancer associations, such as increased mammographic density and coffee consumption, which are closer to the risks in westernized populations than women in the north.

Ecophysiological responses of young mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata (Blume) to different chromium contaminated environments

Many mangrove forests have suffered from the contaminated environments near industrial areas. This study addresses the question how these environments influence the renewal of mangrove forests. To this end ecophysiological responses of the young mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata (Blume) grown under combinations of the factors heavy metals (here chromium), nutrition and soil/water environment were analyzed. We tested the hypothesis that soil/water conditions and nutrient status of the soil strongly influence the toxic effect of chromium. Seedlings of R. apiculata were grown in three different soil/water environments (natural saline soil with brackish water, salt-leached soil with fresh water and salt-leached-sterilized soil with fresh water) treated with different levels of chromium and NPK fertilizer. The system was inundated twice a day as similar to natural tidal condition in the mangrove wetland in the south of Vietnam. The experiments were carried out for 6months. Growth data of root, leaf and stem, root cell number and stomata number were recorded and analyzed. Results showed that growth of R. apiculata is slower in natural saline soil/water condition. The effect of chromium and of nutrients respectively depends on the soil/water condition. Under high concentrations of chromium, NPK fertilizer amplifies the toxic effect of chromium. Stomata density increases under chromium stress and is largest under the combination of chromium and salty soil/water condition. From the data a nonlinear multivariate regression model was derived capturing the toxicity threshold of R. apiculata under different treatment combinations.

Central Vietnam climate over the past five centuries from cypress tree rings

We present the first crossdated tree ring record from central Vietnam, derived from the growth rings of the rare cypress Fokienia hodginsii from the mountains of Quang Nam Province near the Laos border. The Quang Nam Fokienia hodginsii time series (QNFH), based on the crossdated sequences of 71 increment core samples from 37 mature trees, is the third published dendrochronological record from this species. The record extends 667 years from AD 1347 to 2013 and exhibits a mean series intercorrelation of 0.526, similarly significant with the first two published Fokienia hodginsii records: 0.474 for Mu Cang Chai (MCFH) and 0.578 for Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park (BDFH) in the north and south of Vietnam, respectively. The Expressed Population Signal (EPS) for the QNFH record exceeds the generally accepted threshold of 0.85 back to AD 1567, but remains above 0.8 back to 1550. Similar to the MCFH and BDFH records, QNFH expresses statistically significant linkages to regional hydroclimate metrics and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Here we present a reconstruction of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index for the month of April, averaged over a large region of Southeast Asia. As with prior studies we demonstrate that cool phase (La Nina) and warm phase (El Nino) events are linked to regional wet and dry conditions, respectively, with linkages to modulation of the surface water temperature over the adjacent sea to the east of Vietnam as well as the Indian Ocean. A late eighteenth century megadrought that is expressed widely across South and Southeast Asia, and notably from the MCFH and BDFH records described above, is not as pronounced in Central Vietnam and we explore the reasons why.

The relationship between Le Van Duyet and Minh Mang in the first 30 years of the power concentration process in the Nguyen Dynasty

Upon founding the dynasty, Gia Long upheld a politico-military on a vast territory with two administrative units of power ruling over the two areas now named the North and South of Vietnam respectively. Gia Dinh Citadel – the administrative unit ruling the South of Vietnam with a very important role in economy, national defense, and diplomacy – was headed by Le Van Duyet. In the first 30 years of the Nguyen Dynasty, along with the transfer of power from the Gia Long to the Minh Mang was the position assertion of Le Van Duyet in Gia Dinh Citadel, making him one of the most powerful figures. However, the transfer of the throne also marked the concentration of power into the hands of the central government ruled by the emperor; thus, leading to the elimination of administrative units upholding great power such as Gia Dinh Citadel. This process took place in a quite complex manner due to intrinsic problems revolving around the relationship between Minh Mang and Le Van Duyet – the relationship between a king and a high-ranking mandarin with great power. The paper describes the maneuver of political relations between the two characters in the 30 years of power concentration from a fresher point of view.

Trust under the Prospect Theory and Quasi-Hyperbolic Preferences: A Field Experiment in Vietnam

AbstractWe conduct a field experiment in Vietnamese villages to explore the effect of the prospect theory and of quasi-hyperbolic time preferences parameters on trust and trustworthiness. We find that risk aversion, loss aversion, and present bias do not influence trustors’ decisions, but higher time discounting increases the amount sent to trustees in the south of Vietnam and probability weighting decreases it in the north. If time discounting and loss aversion do not influence trustworthiness, we show that more risk-averse and less present-biased trustees return a higher share of their wealth to the trustors. These results suggest that adopting a perspective other than the expected utility theory and the exponential-discounting approach of time preferences enables one to uncover some channels by which risk and intertemporal time preferences influence trusting behavior in societies.

Sanility intrustion in Sai Gon-Dong Nai river system under the effects of the tides and sea level rising in Vung Tau estuary – East Sea, South of Vietnam

A mathematical model was used by the authors (software developed by Dr. F28 Le Song Giang) to study the change of the salt boundary river systems Saigon - Dong Nai under the effect of sea level rise in the different cases for Ho Chi Minh City, taking into account the change of amplitude and phase shift of the South China Sea tide.&#x0D; Results of the study indicated that:&#x0D; 1. There is a pretty good resemblance between model running results and results of water levels measurement. Salinity, calculated results have a larger amplitude slightly from measured data but this difference and oscillation phase can be acceptable.&#x0D; 2. Salinity 1 g / l - 3 g / l is increasingly encroaching into the infield under the sea level rise scenarios. Salt accounts is greater than 5 g / l and the margin of 10-15 g / l is also approaching deeply, so the future of Ho Chi Minh City will face to some water supply problems.&#x0D; 3. Saline in basin downstream Saigon - Dong Nai river is quite sensitive to the hydrological regime of the river, therefore, domestic regulation of irrigation reservoirs upstream can be used to push salt and improve salinity regime in the downstream part of the river

Inter-Hospital Transfer of Neonates in the South of Vietnam-Relations to Prognosis and Outcome: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background: Neonatal mortality remains an important health issue worldwide. In Southern Vietnam, Pediatric Hospital Number 1 offers the highest level of neonatal care, wherefore interhospital transportation of newborns hereto is frequent. The conditions during this transportation are likely to influence the prognosis of the neonates. The aim of this study was to map the neonatal transfers, and hereby identify areas in which improvement could be made to further enhance neonatal survival in the south of Vietnam. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at Pediatric Hospital No.1 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. During a one-month period, data was collected using standardized questionnaires on neonates transferred from the southern half of Vietnam. Results: A total of 103 neonates representing 96 transfers were included. All neonates were transferred by ambulance and escorted by health personnel. The transfers of intermediate quality (51.5%) had the highest mortality and a significantly longer hospitalization (p=0.007). Only 15.5% of the ambulances were adequately equipped to handle emergencies and few had monitoring equipment for neonates. Conclusion: The neonates with a high risk of needing resuscitation were transferred with a more sufficient equipped and accompanied transport, implying a pre-assessment was made. Though for more than half of the neonates, pre-assessment was insufficient leading to an inadequate transport and a worse outcome. Several areas can be improved to enhance the quality of transportation. Focus on training in neonatal transportation along with a clear definition of the functions and actions required of the accompaniment during transfer could be of great benefit.

Religious Conversion of the Ethnic Minorities in the South of Vietnam

Religious conversion is a phenomenon that has frequently occurred in human history. As part of religious life, religious conversion reflects fluctuations and changes in social existence, especially changes in the economic, cultural, social, religious factors and one‟s own subjective religious convictions. Religious conversions are taking place in the ethnic communities in Southern Vietnam, but in a context that is space and time specific. So the process of evolution, the nature, dynamics and characteristics of the case of religious conversion here is different and unique. Currently, the study of religious conversion in Vietnam in general and the South in particular, is modest. There have not been many studies regarding case specific religious conversion of people and no studies have done a full assessment of the nature and characteristics of religious conversion on social life in Southern Vietnam as well as forecasted the evolution and impact of the same. This article is intended to present and describe three cases of religious conversion in the south of Vietnam. These are the conversion to Protestantism of ethnic communities Khmer (originating from Cambodia)

Tourism Destination Products Management – Case Studies of Phu Quoc Island Kien Giang Province, Vietnam by 2020

Phu Quoc is an island district of Kien Giang province in the south of VietNam. Phu Quoc island district is far from Rach Gia city about 120 km and Ha Tien town about 45km. Phu Quoc district has got 22 large and small islands, with an area of 593.05 km2, and have 99 hills from the North to South of island, 13 beautiful beaches, the forest accounts for 63.74% of the area of Phu Quoc island. It is considered to have the potential to develop unique tourism resources in both the human and natural resources. It is endowed with four sides sea surrounded with hills, rivers, streams, waterfalls and mountains with primeval forests, wetlands, beautiful beaches. The district of Phu Quoc island has got the hundreds of islets bobbing at sea windy. Visitors travel to the tourism homestay in the village of pearl farming, fish sauce village, planting pepper village, Sim's wine producers, …attending the MICE, events, festival; visiting Phu Quoc's prion, Cau Temples; Phu Quoc Natural Park forest, Phu Quoc waterfall, Tranh stream, ecotourism island; buying some souvenirs; eating and driking foods and beverages; and staying in one to five stars resorts and hotels. Destination management is the co-ordinated management of all the elements that make up a destination (attractions, amenities, access, marketing and pricing). Therefore, developing tourism Destination management of Phu Quoc district in a sustainable way means restructuring the economy, create jobs and contribute to poverty reduction and improved livelihoods families. It would have become specific destination's tourist management at present and future.

Editorial

I am pleased to report that the transition of Australian Economic Papers (AEP) manuscript processing to ScholarOne ManuscriptsTM is fully completed with excellent support from Wiley in setting up the system. We are now in a position to easily track every submission through every step of the process. Authors can readily see the status of their submissions and are being provided with decisions in a timely manner. We are particularly grateful to all the reviewers who have generously donated their time. Their thorough and insightful comments have assisted authors to improve their papers before publication, and provided helpful guidance to authors whose papers were not accepted. I hereby acknowledge their support and contributions to AEP. With the increased scope of the journal, I would like to encourage all authors to submit their manuscripts to Australian Economic Papers for consideration. We are accepting high quality articles in the traditional economics disciplines as well as expanding the journal's focus to include the fields of banking and finance that use applied economics. We are pleased to announce the forthcoming International Conference on Asia-Pacific Economic & Financial Development, which will be held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, from July 24–27, 2016. The conference was organised after considering a number of submissions for AEP from the Asian Region. This annual high-level conference aims to provide a forum for academics, policy makers and practitioners to share their knowledge and expertise on economic and financial development in the Asia-Pacific region. With the growth of Asian Capital Markets as its main theme, we hope the inaugural 2016 Conference will attract those with particular interests in the Asia-Pacific capital markets and financial integrations to make it an outstanding event benefiting people not only in regional countries but also other countries all over the world. The Conference will serve as an open and transnational collaborative platform for attendees to present their latest research and exchange ideas and information. In particular, the forum will cover important aspects such as financial cooperation, capital markets, derivative markets, regional economics and finance cooperation, corporate governance, financial planning, business ethics, accounting and reporting standards, and innovations in banking and finance, thereby allowing attendees from almost every field in accounting, banking, economics and finance to explore specific topics in depth and to network with colleagues who are experiencing similar situations or challenges. A special feature of this Conference will be a panel discussion session on promoting Asian research and publications. This session will be presented by a team of Managing Editors of internationally ranked refereed journals. The 2016 Conference will be supported by Australian Economic Papers. Founded in 1965 the journal is celebrating its 50th anniversary in 2015. With a strong reputation for publishing quality papers from leading international economists in an exceptionally wide range of topics, the journal has a high impact factor and has been recognised by the Australian Business Dean's Council. Australian Economic Papers will release two special issues of the best publications presented at the forum under a guest co-editorship of Professor Quan Tran Ha Minh. The International Business School of the Ho Chi Minh University of Economics is proud to be hosting the inaugural Conference. The International Business School is located in the centre of Ho Chi Minh City in the south of Vietnam and is convenient to a number of tourist attractions. We sincerely hope you will have a memorable time and be richly rewarded from the conference and your visit to this important cultural, industrial and educational centre of Vietnam. For more information about the 2016 Asia-Pacific Economic & Financial Development Conference please check the AEP Journal Website: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291467-8454 We look forward to meeting you there.

Possibility of Forming Industrial Clusters in Vietnam: Case Study of FPT City Da Nang in Da Nang

Da Nang, which is located about half way between the north and south of Vietnam, is a port city with a population of 1,000,370 (as of late 2013) and an area of 1,283.42 km2. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Vietnamese midlands and central plateau region, and its municipality is ruled by the central government. In addition, Da Nang port is the third most important international trade port in Vietnam after the ports of Ho Chi Minh City and Haiphong. As a strategic traffic location connecting east and west on the Indo-China peninsula, Da Nang is the eastern starting point of the East-West Economic Corridor that connects the central plateau region, Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos. There are eight industrial complexes (Including the high-tech Danang IT Park) in Da Nang, and here 72 Japanese-affiliated companies have expanded their business. A Japan Business Association was established in Da Nang in October 2008. Currently about 60 companies in Da Nang and its satellite areas have joined this association. Not only does Da Nang actively accept foreign capital through direct investments; it also invests resources in its industrial clusters of domestic industrial complexes and high-tech parks. Here, I discuss the future possibilities for Da Nang’s industrial cluster, focusing on the case of the “smart” FPT City Da Nang.

Investigation of peel and leaf essential oils of Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan. growing in the south of Vietnam

The essential oils from peels and leaves of Citrus clementine Hort. ex Tan. were extracted via two methods: conventional hydrodistillation (CHD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD). Their physicochemical properties were investigated. Their chemical compositions of the oils were determined by GC/FID and GC/MS. A total of forty-one and seventy-seven compounds of the total essential oil composition of the peels and leaves respectively were identified. The peel oils were dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons in which limonene was the main component (95.48% [CHD], and 95.03% [MAHD]). The leaf oils were also dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons with sabinene (26.02% [CHD], and 19.52% [MAHD]), β-elemene (10.50% [CHD], and 18.04% [MAHD]), linalool (9.88% [CHD], and 7.51% [MAHD]), (E)-β-ocimene (5.87% [CHD], and 5.00% [MAHD]), β-caryophyllene (4.04% [CHD], and 7.49% [MAHD]), and δ-selinene (4.76% [CHD], and 8.02% [MAHD]) as major components. The oil contents of peels were obtained with 5.31% and 5.67% by CHD method and MAHD method, respectively. The oil contents of the leaves were obtained with 0.33% and 0.20% by CHD method and MAHD method, respectively. The antimicrobial activity (disc diffusion antibiotic sensitivity assay) of the oils was investigated against six reference test organisms including two Gram (+) bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), three Gram (-) bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri), and one fungus (Candida albicans).

Fluxes of energy, H2O, and CO2 between the atmosphere and the monsoon tropical forest in Southern Vietnam.

The 2.5-year dynamics of heat, water and carbon dioxide fluxes in the tropical monsoon semi-evergreen forest in Southern Vietnam obtained by means of continuous eddy covariance observations using standard procedures of FLUXNET global network are analyzed. The features of wet seasons during the measurement period were close to long-term average ones, but dry seasons had a great heterogeneity. The maximal duration of the period with little precipitation was 4 months. The annual radiation balance in the south of Vietnam exceeded the balance at all stations of FLUXNET in tropical forests, except one. Annual evapotranspiration in monsoon forest of south of Vietnam is approximately equal to the evaporation of the rain forests of Central Amazonia. During the wet season evapotranspiration spent 80% of the radiation balance, and in the driest months this value decreased to 50%. In the dry season reduction of evapotranspiration and gross primary production was relatively small due to photosynthesizing trees of 2-4 canopy sub-layers. For the first time a large net sink of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the monsoon forest ecosystem was identified.