South Marmara Region Research Articles

Detection of Lettuce mosaic virus infection in South Marmara Region of Turkey and coat protein gene characterization

Detection of Lettuce mosaic virus infection in South Marmara Region of Turkey and coat protein gene characterization

Emergence of the Anti-Kemalist Movement in the South Marmara: Governor of Izmit Çule Ibrahim Hakkı Bey and the Circassian Congress

ABSTRACTThe civil war between the Ankara and Ottoman governments between 1920 and 1921 deepened the split among bureaucrats and the military, the two parties supporting the rival governments. After attaining military power, Ankara expanded its control almost to Istanbul, arresting or coercing those statesman who had previously sided with the Ottoman government. The Governor of İzmit, Çule İbrahim Hakkı Bey, was one of these. His activities over a few short years completely altered Ankara’s policy towards the Circassians of the South Marmara region. His aim was to establish a society based on the self-determination rights espoused under Wilsonian Principles, to enable the Circassians to elevate their national aspirations. This article firstly examines the motivations of the anti-nationalist Circassians, particularly discussing the activities of Çule İbrahim Hakkı Bey. Secondly it demonstrates how the anti-nationalists established an association, sought foreign support and declared their independence from both the nationalist government of Ankara and the Ottoman government of Istanbul.

Evaluation of Slaughter Weights and Carcass Traits of Bulls Marketed in South Marmara Region of Turkey

In this study, the slaughter weights and carcass traits of bulls which slaughtered in three abattoirs located in the South Marmara Region of Turkey were evaluated. For this aim, data from a total of 1002 bulls including 812 purebred Holstein-Friesian, 135 purebred Simmental, 29 Holstein crossbred and 26 Turkish Grey Steppe bulls were used. Additionaly, slaughter weights and carcass traits were compared between 693 Turkey-born Holstein bulls and 119 Holstein bulls imported from Hungary. Bulls were slaughtered according to standard commercial procedures. Hot and chilled carcass weights, dressing percentage and chilling loss were determined. The data were analysed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student’s t-test. The effect of breed was statistically significant on all the traits analysed (P<0.001). The greater slaughter weights, hot and chilled carcass weights, dressing percentage and chilling loss were observed in Simmental bulls. Moreover, imported Holstein bulls had higher dressing percentage compared to Turkey-born Holstein bulls (P<0.001). The present results may be useful for meat industry and for evaluation of carcass traits in market of Turkey.

Seroepidemiology and molecular investigation of pestiviruses among sheep and goats in Northwest Anatolia

Pestiviruses, which are distributed worldwide, may cause losses in sheep and goat populations. The current seroprevalence and circulation of pestiviruses in small ruminants of the South Marmara Region of Turkey were investigated. A total of 607 blood samples were collected from 22 different flocks in 4 different provinces, and 24 necropsy materials were investigated. Pestivirus seroprevalence in sheep and goats was determined by virus neutralization test against the NADL strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus. The mean antibody titer was 3.5, while the overall seropositivity rate was 32.78% (199/607). Seronegativity was markedly more prevalent in goats. The mean detected antibody titer was 6.8 in sheep and 1.1 in goats. All blood samples were negative as assessed by Ag-ELISA and RT-PCR. Fourteen out of 24 fetal samples were detected as antigen-positive by Ag-ELISA. The amplification was observed using pan-pesti primers in four tissue samples. All four samples were identified as border disease virus by discriminative RT-PCR. In conclusion, the moderate seroprevalence but low antibody titers detected in this study indicate that small ruminants in the South Marmara Region may be at risk of extensive new circulations of pestivirus infections.

Türkiye’nin Güney Marmara Bölgesinde Piyasaya Sunulan Holstein Irkı Erkek Sığır Karkaslarında Perakende Parça Ağırlık ve Oranlarının Belirlenmesi

The objective of this study was to determine further-processing characteristics and share of valuable cuts in Holstein carcasses marketed in South Marmara Region of Turkey. The data-set collected from a commercial slaughterhouse included observations of 311 purebred Holstein bulls. The mean values were determined 510.27±5.11 kg for pre-slaughter weight, 273.07±2.75 kg for hot carcass weight and 53.57±0.15 % for hot carcass dressing. Mean cold-carcass weight was 266.34±2.67 kg and mean carcass bone content was 19.05±0.09 %. In addition, the means for valuable cuts including rib, roast, sirloin, cutlet and strip loin were 17.17±0.19 kg, 3.35±0.05, 2.74±0.04 kg, 8.74±0.11 kg and 4.65±0.06 kg, respectively. Total yield of valuable retail cuts were 36.66±0.42 kg with the percentage of 13.74±0.06 % and the processing loss was 8.19±0.11 kg with the percentage of 3.11±0.04 %. Statistical analysis revealed that highly significant differences were observed between slaughter age groups. Moreover, significant correlations were found between pre-slaughter / carcass weights and all carcass traits analyzed. The present results may be useful for an effective evaluation of carcass characteristics in beef market of Turkey.

Evaluation of Food Security in Dairy Products in Terms of Manufacturers in Turkey

The aim of this study is to evaluate the thought of food security provided in dairy products and the determinants in terms of manufacturers in South Marmara Region in Turkey. The primary data obtained from 70 dairy manufacturers were analysed by Factor Analysis and Logistic Regression Analysis. According to this, price fluctuation and increase in the distance from the place where the milk is provided, reasons such as corporatization are factors that cause the lack of food security in dairy products. On the contrary, the likelihood of providing food security in dairy products increases with the increase in financial sustainability, food safety, quantity of milk and dairy products, the ability to produce and store, the number of employees, the degree of milk use.

Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the FABP4 Gene with Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality in Holstein Bulls

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the bovine fatty acid binding protein (FABP4) gene 3691G>A and 2834C>G polymorphisms and to evaluate interaction effects on the live weight, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Holstein bulls in the South Marmara region of Turkey. A total of 400 Holstein bulls grown on a private farm and slaughtered at 14-21 months of age, were randomly selected for use in this study. Initially, genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP method and statistical analysis was carried out using least square methods of the GLM procedure. A SNP located in intron 1 (2834C>G) was associated with desirable increases in live weight, hot carcass weight and chilled carcass weight, and a SNP located in exon 3 (3691G>A) was associated with significant increases in marbling scores and first compressive stress point of the longissimus dorsi muscle (P<0.05). The interaction analysis of the 3691G>A and the 2834C>G polymorphisms revealed significant effects for hot carcass weight, chilled carcass weight and backfat thickness (P<0.05). There were no significant associations between the SNPs and carcass measurements. Results indicated that the FABP4 3691G>A and 2834C>G polymorphisms and the 3691G>A and 2834C>G interactions can be used as selection parameters in breeding programmes to improve meat yield and carcass characteristics.

Kinematic analysis and palaeoseismology of the Edremit Fault Zone: evidence for past earthquakes in the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey

The Edremit Fault Zone (EFZ) forms one of the southern segments of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) at the northern margin of the Edremit Gulf (Biga Peninsula, South Marmara Region, Turkey). Stratigraphic, structural and kinematic results indicate that basinward younging of the fault zone, in terms of a rolling-hinge mechanism, has resulted in at least three discrete Miocene to Holocene deformational phases: the oldest one (Phase 1) directly related to the inactive Kazdağ Detachment Fault, which was formed under N–S trending pure extension; Phase 2 is characterised by a strike-slip stress condition, probably related to the progression of the NAFZ towards the Edremit area in the Plio–Quaternary; and Phase 3 is represented by the high-angle normal faulting, which is directly interrelated with the last movement of the EFZ. Our palaeoseismic studies on the EFZ revealed the occurrence of three past surface rupture events; the first one occurred before 13178 BC, a penultimate event that may correspond to either the 160 AD or 253 AD historical earthquakes, and the youngest one can be associated with the 6 October 1944 earthquake (Mw = 6.8). These palaeoseismic data indicate that there is no systematic earthquake recurrence period on the EFZ.

Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Salmonella Isolates from South Marmara Region, Turkey

Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Salmonella Isolates from South Marmara Region, Turkey

The Investigation by PCR and Culture Methods of Foulbrood Diseases in Honey Bees in South Marmara Region

American Foulbrood and European Foulbrood diseases of honeybees were examined in 725 beehives from 23 apiaries located in the South Marmara Region of Turkey. We determined that 19 apiaries were infected and the suspected clinical signs of foulbrood diseases were investigated in 102 beehives by PCR and cultural method. Broods and combs from colonies with suspected clinical symptoms of foulbrood diseases were collected and cultured for bacteriological examination. All of the specimens contaminated with bacteriae and 37 species of bacteriae were isolated such as Stapylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium jeikum, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Bacillus spp. All of these bacteria are related to human, animal and environmental origins. In this study, Paenibacillus larvae by PCR amplifying the 973-bp region PL1 and PL2 with 1f, Melissococcus plutonius amplifying the 973bp region EFB-F and EFB-R gene were amplified. American Foulbrood causative agent Paenibacillus larvae and European Foulbrood causative agent Melissococcus plutonius were not detected in any sample examined by PCR and cultural methods. On the other hand, Paenibacillus alvei that is a seconder agent to European Foulbrood was found in two samples by cultural methods. In conclusion, the results showed that P. larvae and M. plutonius are not present in South Marmara Region. In this study, human, animal and environment originated agents were isolated.

Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in the South Marmara Region

Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in the South Marmara Region

Analyzing the Role of University Industry-Collaboration to Regional Development: The Case Study of Bursa Region in Turkey

This study examines the contributions of university-industry collaboration to regional development. Regional development that becomes possible through allocation of the regional resources to technology development efforts provides competitiveness. in addition, university-industry collaboration is a vital centre of competence to help tackle social challenges and drive regional development. When companies and universities work in tandem to push the frontiers of knowledge, they become a powerful engine for innovation and economic growth. Due to having limited R-D capability and human capital university-industry collaboration is the main source of the innovative skills trigger the regional development and provides competitive power in the developing countries. This study aims to address the challenge of bridging the industry-university in regional development process and analyzing university-industry connection problems from local firms' perspectives in Bursa region, Turkey. University-industry collaboration is the main important driving force for Bursa economy, a bridge between Istanbul and South Marmara region and an old city that has strong industrial infrastructure in Turkey. It has a great potential to become a competitive region because of the fact that it has many innovative firms clustered under different sectors. Some technological spillovers, provided by breakthroughs in Bursa economy, will enable to the creation of an innovative region from South Marmara. To reach the success in this process, an interfaced institution which construct and coordinate university-industry collaboration have to be developed. in this study, university-industry collaboration is evaluated from the viewpoint of firms. A structured questionnaire was formed through a literature survey. The main population of this research consists of manufacturing industry in Bursa region, Turkey. The data was collected from selected manufacturing firms in order to evaluate the challenges and the expectations of these firms. Based on the obtained results, policy alternatives that aim to develop university-industry collaboration more effectively in the region were also discussed.

Hydrogeochemical evaluation of thermal, mineral and cold waters between Bursa city and Mount Uludağ in the South Marmara region of Turkey

The province of Bursa is located at the juxtaposition of the West Anatolian extensional zone and the middle and southern branches of the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. Mount Uludağ, which has the highest elevation in Western Anatolia, is also located in the region. The Uludağ Massif, whose age is Oligocene, is a leucogranite pluton where numerous thermal, mineral and cold spring water discharges have been observed. These waters are extensively investigated for the first time in this study. Thermal waters discharge in the center of the city of Bursa, north of the Uludağ Pluton, and are utilized for balneology and spa purposes in hotels, while mineral waters discharge along a narrow tectonic valley southwest of the Pluton. Mineral waters are bottled and marketed by a few companies in the region. Cold spring waters discharge at different altitudes from Uludağ to the Bursa Plain. Temperatures of thermal waters vary between 37 and 80°C in the area of study. Thermal spring waters have been observed of two different compositions due to varying aquifer types: the Çekirge region thermal waters are characterized by Ca–HCO3 type water, while the Kükürtlü region thermal waters, are represented by Na–HCO3 type water, and have the highest temperatures due to deeper zone interaction in the reservoir. Both mineral and cold spring waters are characterized by Ca–HCO3 type water. In the study area, electrical conductivity values vary from 556 to 1352μS/cm in thermal waters, while cold water values change between 37 and 472μS/cm, and mineral and brackish waters values vary from 1402 to 4500μS/cm. Investigation of water–rock interaction effects shows different values for thermal and mineral waters. The δ18O values of thermal waters in the region are between −10.09 and −10.87‰, whereas the δ18O values of mineral waters are between −7.14 and −8.81‰. Isotopic signatures of all springs suggest a local meteoric origin of the feed waters from higher levels of the Uludağ Pluton. In the study area, the most effective water–rock interaction can be observed in mineral waters. An additional important process is cold water mixing; creating low thermal water temperatures in the study area. Thermal waters in the region show a close relationship with surface water and this effect can be clearly monitored by physical, chemical and isotope analyses during rainy seasons.

Tick survey and detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in tick species from a non-endemic area, South Marmara region, Turkey

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an increasing health concern in Turkey since 2002. There were also some recent human cases from the South Marmara region of Turkey; thus, a tick survey was performed, and possible vector tick species for the CCHF virus were determined in the region. A total of 740 adult ticks were collected from infested livestock from five locations: Çanakkale-Biga, Bursa-Orhaneli, Bursa-Keles, Balıkesir and Bilecik. Total of 11 tick species from the genera Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Ixodes and Haemaphysalis were identified. Rhipicephalus ticks were dominant in the region; the most frequently observed tick species was R. turanicus, (53.1 %), and only 15.4 % of the identified ticks were H. marginatum. The occurrence of H. rufipes infestation in the region fort he first time. A total of 73 pools of adult ticks were tested with both an antigen-detecting ELISA and RT real-time PCR (RT rt PCR). The presence of the CCHF virus was demonstrated in 9 (12.3 %) of the tested tick pools. Although seven of the tick pools were positive for the CCHF virus with both of the methods, one pool was positive only with RT rt PCR and the other pool was only positive with the ELISA. Positive results were obtained from ticks collected from cattle, sheep and goats from two locations, Bursa-Orhaneli and Bilecik. The CCHF virus was detected in R. turanicus (n = 3), R. bursa (n = 2), H. marginatum (n = 2) and D. marginatus (n = 2) ticks. The results of this study confirm the presence of the CCHF virus and present preliminary data on the vector tick species in the southern Marmara region of Turkey.

Pediatric Gaucher experience in South Marmara region of Turkey

The aim was to represent the clinical characteristics of six children with Gaucher disease and to describe the results of three years' enzyme replacement therapy. The data of six Gaucher patients treated with imiglucerase for more than three years were collected. Age, gender, anthropometric measurements, physical examination findings, ophthalmological evaluations, blood counts, liver function tests, liver and spleen sizes, and bone mineral density of the patients were recorded. Clinical presentations, progressions and therapeutic achievements were evaluated. At the time of diagnosis, all patients were clinically type 1 Gaucher disease. Bone lesions, thrombocytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly were found in all patients at diagnosis. After three years of therapy, normalization of blood cell counts, liver and spleen sizes, bone mineral density, and growth was achieved in all patients. Two patients developed neurological symptoms on enzyme replacement therapy, and the diagnosis in these patients was changed to Gaucher type 3. We observed progression of vertebral bone lesions in three patients despite treatment. The results of enzyme replacement therapy are satisfying, but the possibility of deterioration in clinical findings despite therapy should be kept in mind.

Heavy metal deposition in moss samples from East and South Marmara Region, Turkey

A survey of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in the east and south Marmara region, Turkey was carried out in September 2004. For this purpose, moss samples (Hypnum cupressiforme) were collected in a systematic network of 125 sites. Concentrations of the elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Fe, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, Mg, Ti, and Zn) in the moss were used as an indication of the level of air pollution in the region. Significant differences in heavy metal concentrations, especially for Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, were recorded in the moss samples collected around industrialized and heavily populated cities (Istanbul, Bursa, Bandırma, Kocaeli, Biga-Çan) and in an abandoned lead-mining area (Balıkesir-Balya). A map of the spatial distribution of each element in the region was plotted, and enrichment factors were calculated. VARIMAX principal component analysis was applied to the data obtained, and five different components were obtained. The results showed that Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn derived from anthropogenic and industrial sources while other elements came mostly from natural sources.

Effect of different dietary energy levels on the reproductive performance of Kivircik sheep under a semi-intensive system in the South-Marmara region of Turkey

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of four dietary energy levels (L 1 - 10.3, L 2 - 11.0, L 3 - 11.6 and L 4 - 12.2 MJ ME per kg DM) on oestrus synchronization and fertility in Kivircik ewes. Eighty Kivircik ewes were randomly allocated in equal numbers to the four dietary energy treatments. The groups were treated with intra vaginal sponges containing 40 mg FGA (fluorogestone acetate) for a period of 14 days and 500 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin was injected intramuscularly after sponge withdrawal. The proportion of ewes exhibiting overt oestrus within 96 h after the injection was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the L 1 and L 2 eves (86 and 89 %) than in those on the L 3 (100%) and L 4 (100%) treatments, respectively. Mean litter size and fecundity were higher (P<0.05) in the L 3 (1.95) and L 4 (2.05) compared with the L 1 (1.45 and 1.25) and L 2 (1.63 and 1.55) ewes. It is concluded that shortterm (21 days) in the level of dietary energy supplementation pre-mating can have a beneficial effect on reproductive performance in ewes.

Yield and economic return of drip‐irrigated vegetable production in Turkey

Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2004 and 2005) on sandy loam soil in south Marmara region of Turkey to study the effect of five levels of pan evaporation replenishment (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) on marketable yield, irrigation water productivity (IWP), and economic return of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), pepper (Capsicum annuum), green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and eggplant (Solanum melongena) under a drip irrigation method. The highest mean marketable yield (2 years) of tomato (87.5 t ha−1), pepper (59.2 t ha−1), green bean (7.6 t ha−1), and eggplant (46.5 t ha−1) was recorded at 100%, 100%, 80%, 100%, and 80% of pan evaporation replenishment, respectively. The IWP of tomato (23.6 kg m−3), pepper (16.5 kg m−3), green bean (2.6 kg m−3), and eggplant (13.6 kg m−3) was the maximum at 80%, 80%, 40%, and 80% of pan evaporation replenishment, respectively. The results revealed that a further increase in irrigation amount resulting from 100% of pan evaporation replenishment did not increase the marketable yield of crops but reduced the IWP significantly. The net return increased with the increase in pan evaporation replenishment. The results revealed that the pepper is the most profitable crop, followed by tomato, eggplant, and green bean.

Trichostrongylosis in Cattle from South Marmara Region of Turkey: Assessment of Various Factors Related to Faecal Egg Counts

Summary A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine faecal egg density in trichostrongyle infections in relation to animal age, animal breed, management system and farm type in cattle in South Marmara region of Turkey. Rectal faecal samples were collected from 513 cattle and coprological examination were conducted by a modified McMaster technique to determine faecal egg counts (FEC) per gram of faeces. Overall egg density was 81.4±6.8 EPG and it remained generally low. The mean faecal egg counts for adults was higher than those for the youngs. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the age groups for faecal egg counts. Although mean FEC were higher in Turkish Grey than in Holstein and Karacabey Bown, no statistically significant difference could be determined among the animal breeds. Management system was the factor that influenced number of trichostrongyle eggs and animals under semi-extensive system had more egg counts than those kept under intensive management system. Animals in the governmental farm have been found less affected with significant difference than their counterparts at small scale private farms.

Investigation of wind characteristics and assessment of wind-generation potentiality in Uludağ-Bursa, Turkey

In this study, wind characteristic and wind energy potential of the Uludağ skinning which is located in the south Marmara region of Turkey were analyzed using the wind speed data collected during the period 2000–2006. The wind speed distribution curves of Uludağ-Bursa were obtained by using the Weibull and Rayleigh probability density functions. The average Weibull shape parameter k and scale parameter c were found as 1.78 and 7.97 m/s for the period 2000–2006. The yearly mean wind speed in Uludağ-Bursa was obtained as 7.08 m/s for period of 7 years. A technical and economic assessment has been made of electricity generation from four wind turbines having capacity of (600, 1000, 1500 and 2000 kW). The yearly energy output, capacity factor and the electrical energy cost of kW h produced by the three different turbines were calculated. The cost of each kW h produced using the chosen wind turbines in Uludağ-Bursa were found to between 0.255 and 0.306 $/kW h.