South Indian Tamil Research Articles

Association of a NLRP3 rs10754558 Polymorphism with the Development of Chronic Helicobacter pylori Infection in South Indian Tamils

The increased prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and inadequate genetic research on the same, demands a genetic study among Tamil population of South India to unravel the association of NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) variants with persistent H. pylori infection. This research was aimed to study the correlation between persistent H. pylori infection and influence of such genetic variants in the development of disease progression. In this study, 200 healthy volunteers and 120 H. pylori-positive cases were screened for two NLRP3 variants, rs74163773 and rs10754558, using allele-specific PCR and TaqManTM SNP genotyping assay, respectively. Based on our genotype and allelic distribution, rs74163773 variant did not associate with the risk of developing the persistent infection. However, a significant association of heterozygous CG variant of rs10754558 with patient showing clinical symptoms of gastritis, PUD and persistent infection in the over-dominant, co-dominant and recessive models was found. Our findings suggest that persistent H. pylori infection susceptibility was influenced by genetic variant rs10754558 and its heterozygous CG variant can serve as an independent risk factor in the manifestation of chronic gastritis and PUD in the South Indian Tamils.

Case series of cutaneous myiasis in neglected cases of autoimmune bullous disorders.

Myiasis is an infestation of the tissues and organs of living vertebrates and humans by fly larvae, usually those belonging to the Calliphoridae family. The larvae feed on the host's necrotic or living tissue. Preexisting dermatological conditions and poor hygiene have been described as predisposing factors for myiasis, and it is especially common among neglected, dependent patients. Based on our literature search, we could find only a few case reports reported on cutaneous myiasis in autoimmune bullous disorders. It is especially more common in the South Indian Tamil Nadu population due to the false belief that autoimmune blistering disorders like pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid are considered chicken pox and treated with neem and turmeric preparation with poor hygiene. Herein we report a series of eight autoimmune blistering disorders with cutaneous myiasis.

Proteomics Approach to Identify Serum Biomarkers Associated with Gastric Cancer in South Indian Tamils.

Identifying cancer-specific biomarkers is a crucial step in the disease screening process at a very early stage of tumor development. In recent years, Quantitative proteomic approaches have gained importance in identifying novel candidate markers in cancer. Gastric cancer has always been known as a life-threatening medical condition with high mortality rates. The objective of our research is to adapt serum samples from Indian gastric cancer patients to identify and understand the differentially regulated proteins in comparison with healthy individuals. A total of 30 serum isolates from gastric cancer patients and healthy individuals were obtained and subjected to 2-D Gel electrophoresis, and Tandem LC-MS analysis revealed 12 differentially expressed protein spots. The functional properties of identified proteins were further analyzed using PANTHER and STRING databases. The differentially expressed protein spots were identified as three candidate proteins: Haptoglobin, Prohibitin, and Apolipoprotein. The protein interaction studies reveal that the haptoglobin fragments were upregulated, and the remaining two prohibitin and Apolipoprotein were down-regulated in gastric cancer patients. All the proteins identified as biomarkers were found to be involved in regulating cell proliferation and stabilization of oxidative metabolism in the liver; therefore, differential regulation plays a crucial role in gastric cancer progression.

Low C4A copy numbers and higher HERV gene insertion contributes to increased risk of SLE, with absence of association with disease phenotype and disease activity.

Low copy numbers (CNs) of C4 genes are associated with systemic autoimmune disorders and affects autoantibody diversity and disease subgroups. The primary objective of this study was to characterize diversity of complement (C4) and C4-Human Endogenous Retrovirus (HERV) gene copy numbers in SLE. We also sought to assess the association of C4 and C4-HERV CNs with serum complement levels, autoantibodies, disease phenotypes and activity. Finally, we checked the association of C4 and HERV CNs with specific HLA alleles. Genomic DNA from 70 SLE and 90 healthy controls of south Indian Tamil origin were included. Demographic, clinical and serological data was collected in a predetermined proforma. CNs of C4A and C4B genes and the frequency of insertion of 6.4kb HERV within C4 gene (C4AL, C4BL) was determined using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). A four digit high resolution HLA genotyping was done using next generation sequencing. In our cohort, the total C4 gene copies ranged from 2 to 6. Compared to controls, presence of two or less copies of C4A gene was associated with SLE risk (p = 0.005; OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.29-6.22). Higher frequency of HERV insertion in C4A than in C4B increases such risk (p = 0.000; OR = 12.67; 95% CI = 2.80-115.3). AL-AL-AL-BS genotype was significantly higher in controls than SLE (9%vs1%, p = 0.04; OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.00-0.16). Distribution of HLA alleles was not different in SLE compared to controls as well as in SLE subjects with ≤ 2 copies and > 2 copies of C4A, but HLA allele distribution was diverse in subjects with C4B ≤ 2 copies and > 2 copies. Finally, there was no correlation between the C4 and the C4-HERV diversity and complement levels, autoantibodies, disease phenotypes and activity. In conclusion, our data show that, low C4A copy number and higher insertion of HERV-K in C4A increases the risk for SLE. C4 and C4-HERV CNs did not correlate with serum complements, autoantibodies, disease phenotypes and activity in SLE. Further validation in a larger homogenous SLE cohort is needed.

“Deep Learning Based Classification of Single-Hand South Indian Sign Language Gestures”

Gesture recognition is a branch of computer science and language technology dedicated to utilizing mathematical algorithms for the analysis of human gestures. Within the realm of non-verbal communication, the pivotal role of human arm movements and gestures remains a focal point. This research introduces advanced multi-stream deep transfer learning models tailored for identifying signs from South Indian languages, specifically Kannada, Tamil, and Telugu. The primary aim is to offer support to individuals encountering speech disorders or disabilities. The key deep transfer learning models utilized include Inception-V3, VGG-16, and ResNet-50, which have been modified and improved to attain heightened classification efficacy. The dataset comprises 35,000 images capturing single-hand gestures. In the realm of models, Inception-V3 exhibits the utmost test accuracy, standing at 91.45%, alongside a validation accuracy of 93.45% when tasked with the classification of single-hand gesture images across thirty-five distinct categories. The importance of this study lies in its prospective utility for creating an automated system that can support and improve the functional capabilities of individuals facing speech disorders or disabilities.

Deep Learning Approaches for Age-based Gesture Classification in South Indian Sign Language

This study focuses on recognizing and categorizing South Indian Sign Language gestures based on different age groups through transfer learning models. Sign language serves as a natural and expressive communication method for individuals with hearing impairments. This study intends to develop deep transfer learning models, namely Inception-V3, VGG-16, and ResNet-50, to accurately identify and classify double-handed gestures in South Indian languages, like Kannada, Tamil, and Telugu. A dataset comprising 30,000 images of double-handed gestures, with 10,000 images for each considered age group (1-7, 8-25, and 25 and above), is utilized to enhance and modify the models for improved classification performance. Amongst the tested models, Inception-V3 achieves the best performance with a test precision of 95.20% and validation accuracy of 92.45%, demonstrating its effectiveness in accurately categorizing images of double-handed gestures into ten different classes.

“Deep Learning Based Classification of Single-Hand South Indian Sign Language Gestures”

Gesture recognition is a branch of computer science and language technology dedicated to utilizing mathematical algorithms for the analysis of human gestures. Within the realm of non-verbal communication, the pivotal role of human arm movements and gestures remains a focal point. This research introduces advanced multi-stream deep transfer learning models tailored for identifying signs from South Indian languages, specifically Kannada, Tamil, and Telugu. The primary aim is to offer support to individuals encountering speech disorders or disabilities. The key deep transfer learning models utilized include Inception-V3, VGG-16, and ResNet-50, which have been modified and improved to attain heightened classification efficacy. The dataset comprises 35,000 images capturing single-hand gestures. In the realm of models, Inception-V3 exhibits the utmost test accuracy, standing at 91.45%, alongside a validation accuracy of 93.45% when tasked with the classification of single-hand gesture images across thirty-five distinct categories. The importance of this study lies in its prospective utility for creating an automated system that can support and improve the functional capabilities of individuals facing speech disorders or disabilities.

Matrix Gla Protein and Nitric Oxide Synthase-3 Genetic Variants in Chronic Kidney Disease and Their Relation with Cardiovascular Risk.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by gradual deterioration of renal parenchyma and decline of functioning nephrons. The risk of cardiovascular events is drastically increased in patients with CKD. This complicated link of CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not well understood till date. We aim to study the influence of genetic variants of matrix Gla protein (MGP) gene rs1800801, rs1800802, and rs4236 and nitric oxide synthase-3 (NOS3) gene rs1799983 and rs2070744 on the risk of CKD and its associated cardiovascular comorbidity in South Indian Tamils. One hundred and eighty-five CKD patients and 185 controls were recruited in this research. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of brachial artery was measured ultrasonically. Circulating levels of MGP and nitric oxide (NO) were measured by ELISA. Genotyping was done by real-time PCR. We observed a significant difference in the distribution of TT and CT genotypes of NOS3 (rs2070744), indicating an increase in the risk of CKD. NO level was significantly decreased in CKD cases than controls. We also found a significant difference in the distribution of TTA and CCG haplotypes of MGP polymorphisms (1-rs4236; 2-rs1800801; 3-rs1800802) between the groups, indicating an increase in the risk of CKD. CT genotype of MGP (rs4236) and CT genotype of NOS3 (rs2070744) variants were found to be associated with decreased FMD, indicating endothelial dysfunction, the harbinger of CVD. We conclude that genetic variants of MGP and NOS3 enhance the risk of CKD and its associated cardiovascular comorbidity in South Indian Tamils.

Altered Placental Insulin Signaling in the Absence of Systemic Insulin Resistance in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy among South Indian Tamil Population

A cross sectional study was conducted to explore the possible derangements in placental insulin signaling and also to investigate the presence or absence of maternal systemic insulin resistance in different types of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). Study Design: Healthy pregnant women (n=32) and pregnant women with gestational hypertension (GH) (n=18), late onset Pre-eclampsia (LP) (n=18) and early onset Pre-eclampsia (EP) (n=19) were recruited for the study. Maternal venous blood and placental samples were collected from the study subjects at 35±7 weeks of gestation. Insulin resistance parameters such as fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, beta cell function and insulin sensitivity and glycated hemoglobin were estimated in the maternal venous blood samples. Placental protein expressions of insulin signaling molecules were analyzed by western blotting method. Results: Maternal venous blood insulin resistance parameters were not significantly different between the study groups. However, placental content of phospho insulin receptor beta was significantly decreased in GH, LP and EP groups in comparison to controls. We also found a significant decrease in placental protein expression of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase p85 alpha in LP group when compared to other groups.

Status and Scope of Automated Coconut Harvester in India: A Review

Coconut plays a substantial role in the Indian economy. South Indian states, namely Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh are the leading producers accounting for more than 90% of the total coconut produced in the country. The traditional/conventional process of coconut harvesting includes climbing on the tree and cutting the coconut bunches with a cutter, which involves high risk. Climbing on a coconut tree is the main risk factor and it is life-threatening. The present review paper presents the status and future research need for automated coconut harvesting machines in India. The maximum speed or climbing with remote controlled coconut harvester was reported 0.055 ms-1. This paper also focuses on the basic components of the automated coconut harvesting machine, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each component are critically analyzed based on its findings, future research needs are proposed in order to meet all the fundamental aspects of autonomous coconut harvesting machines.

Lack of Association between a Functional Polymorphism in Dopamine and Opioid Receptor Genes with Alcoholism in South Indian Tamilian Population.

Background: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of dopamine receptor (DRD2) and μ opioid receptor (OPRM1) genes are associated with susceptibility towards alcoholism. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the association of rs1799732 (DRD2) and rs1799971(OPRM1) with the risk of alcohol dependence in the south Indian Tamilian population and to compare the frequencies of these SNPs with major global populations. Methods: A total of 150 alcohol-dependent cases aged between 18 and 65 years who satisfied DSM-V were recruited from a de-addiction center (TTK hospital, Chennai). For the control group, 150 unrelated male blood donors with an AUDIT score of less than 8 were included. Genomic DNA was extracted and the alleles were genotyped using Taqman SNP genotyping assays by quantitative PCR. Results: Minor allele frequency (MAF) of rs1799732 and rs1799971 among controls were 16.7% and 50.3% respectively. Fisher’s exact test showed a highly significant difference in MAF of DRD2 and OPRM1 between south Indian controls and European as well as African populations. All the five genetic models of SNPs were evaluated using the Chi-square test revealed no statistically significant association between the SNPs and alcohol dependence. Conclusions: The present study did not find any association between DRD2 −141C Ins/Del and A118G OPRM1 polymorphism with alcoholism in the Tamilian population of south India.

Dynamics of cooperative networks associated with gender among South Indian Tamils.

Helping behaviour is thought to play a major role in the evolution of group-living animals. Yet, it is unclear to what extent human males and human females use the same strategies to secure support. Accordingly, we investigate help-seeking over a 5-year period in relation to gender using data from virtually all adults in two Tamil villages (N = 782). Simulations of network dynamics (i.e. stochastic actor-oriented models) calibrated to these data broadly indicate that women are more inclined than men to create and maintain supportive bonds via multiple mechanisms of cooperation (e.g. reciprocity, kin bias, friend bias, generalized exchange). However, gender-related differences in the simulated dynamics of help-seeking are modest, vary based on structural position (e.g. out-degree), and do not appear to translate to divergence in the observed structure of respondents' egocentric networks. Findings ultimately suggest that men and women in the two villages are similarly social but channel their sociality differently. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives'.

Spatial Distribution Patterns for Identifying Risk Areas Associated with False Smut Disease of Rice in Southern India

False smut disease (FSD) of rice incited by Ustilaginoidea virens is an emerging threat to paddy cultivation worldwide. We investigated the spatial distribution of FSD in different paddy ecosystems of South Indian states, viz., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, by considering the exploratory data from 111 sampling sites. Point pattern and surface interpolation analyses were carried out to identify the spatial patterns of FSD across the studied areas. The spatial clusters of FSD were confirmed by employing spatial autocorrelation and Ripley’s K function. Further, ordinary kriging (OK), indicator kriging (IK), and inverse distance weighting (IDW) were used to create spatial maps by predicting the values at unvisited locations. The agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis using the average linkage method identified four main clusters of FSD. From the Local Moran’s I statistic, most of the areas of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu were clustered together (at I > 0), except the coastal and interior districts of Karnataka (at I < 0). Spatial patterns of FSD severity were determined by semi-variogram experimental models, and the spherical model was the best fit. Results from the interpolation technique, the potential FSD hot spots/risk areas were majorly identified in Tamil Nadu and a few traditional rice-growing ecosystems of Northern Karnataka. This is the first intensive study that attempted to understand the spatial patterns of FSD using geostatistical approaches in India. The findings from this study would help in setting up ecosystem-specific management strategies to reduce the spread of FSD in India.

Life Problems of Tamils of Highlands in the Fictions of Maatthalai Somu

Immigrant Tamil literature has an important place in Highland literature. Highland Tamil literature can be considered a part of immigrant literature. It is a rich literary field with many literary genres like folk literature, poetry, short stories, novels, dramas, and essays. Highland writers have contributed to and enriched the field of literature. Their field of literature is expanding beyond the Sri Lankan highlands to include Tamil Nadu, European countries, and other countries in the world. In this way, Maatthalai Somu is an international Tamil writer who records Sri Lanka (Highland), India (Tamil Nadu), Australia and the lives of Tamils living in them. Highland literature is two hundred years old. European countries that conquered large parts of the world to accumulate capital, exploited the resources of their colonies and the labour of indigenous peoples. In this way, the British, who took control of Sri Lanka in 1815, ended the Kandy monarchy. In 1820, coffee plantations were started. After that, they also cultivated cash crops like sugarcane, tea, and rubber. The South Indian Tamils migrated and settled in the highlands for the manpower to work on these large plantations. These Tamils are called Highland Tamils. Famine and oppression in India in the nineteenth century also caused Tamils to immigrate to Sri Lanka. The hard labour of Tamils was used in creating and cultivating these plantations. The history and life problems of such highland Tamils have been recorded by the highland Tamil writer Maatthalai Somu in his fiction.

LDLR gene polymorphisms in CAD patients among South-Indian Tamil population

Introduction and aim: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial condition caused by the interplay of hereditary and environmental factors. The major objective of this research is to evaluate the Low-density of lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs688 and rs5925 and the lipid profile in coronary artery disease (CAD) and their connection with CAD. Materials and methods: The research included 50 patients with coronary artery disease and 30 healthy controls. To examine the lipid profile parameters, fasting venous blood was taken. Genomic DNA was isolated, amplified, and identified using an allele-specific polymerized chain reaction for the genetic study of LDLR SNPs. Results: Lipid profile parameters were shown to be substantially (p0.000) linked with coronary artery disease. There was, however, no significant change in the allele and genotype frequencies of the LDLR SNPs rs688 and rs5925 between the case and control groups investigated. Conclusion: The current investigation was unable to detect a significant connection between the LDLR gene SNPs rs688 and rs5925 with CAD.

Impact of etiological factors on citrullination markers and susceptibility of PADI4 allele for CHIKV induced rheumatoid arthritis among South Indian Tamil RA cases

<abstract> <p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial disease which can be triggered by gene-environment interactions. Numerous risk factors have been acknowledged in varied ethnicities, but their generalizability is vague. Hence, proposed to identify impact of etiology on citrullination and how both interact with peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) polymorphism in RA onset among South Indian Tamil RA cases. Studied 207 RA cases and 186 healthy controls for C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP), anti-Sa (citrullinated vimentin), anti-citrullinated α-enolase peptide-1 (CEP-1) and diseases activity score-28 (DAS-28). Past exposure to studied etiological risk factors obtained through questionnaire. Family history of RA (FHRA), surgery/injury and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection significantly contributed to RA (p < 0.05) particularly CHIKV (OR = 6.66, 95% CI 3.92–11.32, p = 0.001). Strikingly, 67.1% of surgery/injury and 80% of CHIKV exposed patients had RA onset within a year. RA cases with tooth decay had impact on RF, anti-CCP, anti-Sa freequeny and anti-CEP-1 level (p < 0.05).Since CHIKV infected cases showed significant anti-Sa (p = 0.04) level and frequency (p = 0.01), they were genotyped for polymorphism in PADI4_92 (rs874881), 104 (rs1748033) and 94 (rs2240340) by Sanger's sequencing which demonstrated that PADI4 confers risk (p < 0.05) for the onset of CHIKV induced RA. This is the initial report that CHIKV may contribute to RA development via vimentin citrullination. FHRA, surgery/injury, CHIKV and smoking posed a key RA risk.</p> </abstract>

Association of HLA-B*51:01, HLA-B*55:01, CYP2C9*3, and Phenytoin-Induced Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions in the South Indian Tamil Population.

Phenytoin (PHT) is one of the most commonly reported aromatic anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) to cause cutaneous adverse reactions (CADRs), particularly severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). Although human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*15:02 is associated with PHT-induced Steven Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrosis (SJS/TEN) in East Asians, the association is much weaker than it is reported for carbamazepine (CBZ). In this study, we investigated the association of pharmacogenetic variants of the HLA B gene and CYP2C9*3 with PHT-CADRs in South Indian epileptic patients. This prospective case-controlled study included 25 PHT-induced CADRs, 30 phenytoin-tolerant patients, and 463 (HLA-B) and 82 (CYP2C9*3) normal-controls from previous studies included for the case and normal-control comparison. Six SCARs cases and 19 mild-moderate reactions were observed among the 25 cases. Pooled data analysis was performed for the HLA B*51:01 and PHT-CADRs associations. The Fisher exact test and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were used to identify the susceptible alleles associated with PHT-CADRs. Multivariate analysis showed that CYP2C9*3 was significantly associated with overall PHT-CADRs (OR = 12.00, 95% CI 2.759–84.87, p = 003). In subgroup analysis, CYP2C9*3 and HLA B*55:01 were found to be associated with PHT-SCARs (OR = 12.45, 95% CI 1.138–136.2, p = 0.003) and PHT-maculopapular exanthema (MPE) (OR = 4.041, 95% CI 1.125–15.67, p = 0.035), respectively. Pooled data analysis has confirmed the association between HLA B*51:01/PHT-SCARs (OR = 6.273, 95% CI 2.24–16.69, p = <0.001) and HLA B*51:01/PHT-overall CADRs (OR = 2.323, 95% CI 1.22–5.899, p = 0.037). In this study, neither the case nor the control groups had any patients with HLA B*15:02. The risk variables for PHT-SCARs, PHT-overall CADRs, and PHT-MPE were found to be HLA B*51:01, CYP2C9*3, and HLA B*55:01, respectively. These alleles were identified as the risk factors for the first time in the South Indian Tamil population for PHT-CADRs. Further investigation is warranted to establish the clinical relevance of these alleles in this population with larger sample size.

PIRIṬṬIṢ KĀLAṈIYA ĀṬCIYIṈPŌTU MALĀYĀVĀḺ TAMIḺC CAMUTĀYAM AṬAINTA MĒLĀTIKKANILAI [THE HEGEMONISM ON TAMIL COMMUNITY DURING THE BRITISH COLONIAL RULE

Malaya was under colonial rule by the British at the beginning of the industrial revolution in the world. Rubber was considered an essential commodity for the car industry. The UK government approached East India Company entrepreneurs and advised them to set up rubber plantations in Malaya. Those suggestions were accepted and arrangements were made for deforestation in order to plant rubber trees throughout Malaya. The locals retreated to do the work. On the advice of the British rulers, South Indian Tamils ​​were brought to Malaya by the kangani system and by contract system and settled in rubber plantations. The Tamil people destroyed the jungles surrounding Malaya and planted rubber trees. Later, they were hired as rubber tapper in rubber plantations. The Tamil people who worked in this way suffered from the British investors, the Sri Lankan Tamils ​​who worked as plantation managers and the non-Tamil Indians who worked as clerks. C.Vadivelu, a senior Malaysian Tamil writer, has made clear through his short stories the cruelty of the hegemonism of British investors. His three collections of short stories are considered as the primary sources of this study and the historical references of Malaysia as supporting sources of the study. Data collected from short stories have been analyzed based on postcolonial theory. This study reveals the fact that the Malay Tamil people were sociologically and economically dominated by the British colonial rulers.

Association of osteoprotegerin gene T950C polymorphism with cardiometabolic risk factors in gestational diabetes mellitus in South Indian Tamilian women

Background & aimsThis study was designed to explore the relevance of Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and its polymorphism in the cardiometabolic risk in gestational diabetes mellitus patients before diet-therapy (GDMA1). MethodsSouth Indian Tamilian pregnant women were screened and 145 were grouped as GDMA1 (n = 73) and normal pregnancy (n = 72). Serum OPG, TNF α, lipid profile, insulin and blood pressure was compared. Genomic DNA was analysed for rs2073617 T950C polymorphism. Chi square test was done to analyze the frequency distribution of alleles. Multiple regression analysis was done to assess the association among cardiometabolic parameters. ResultsTNF α (p < 0.01), Osteoprotegerin (p < 0.01), lipid profile (p < 0.01), atherogenic indices (p < 0.01), systolic and diastolic and blood pressure (<0.001) levels were higher in GDMA1 patients. TNF α (p < 0.01) and osteoprotegerin (p < 0.01) were higher in women with CT allele. Osteoprotegerin was independently contributed by BMI in all GDMA1 cases and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in CT allele cases. There was significantly higher odd (OR = 3.63) in the distribution of CT genotype among the multiparous women. ConclusionsOsteoprotegerin, atherogenic lipid risk factor and inflammation are higher in GDMA1 women. Rise in OPG is contributed by high BMI in GDMA1 women. Higher odds of CT allele distribution in multiparous women suggests that TT allele women are at higher risk of developing GDM in their first pregnancy. Further analysis of T950C polymorphism in a larger cohort is warranted to confirm its role.

Long-term motor, cognitive, behavioural and quality of life outcome of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A longitudinal study on 225 South Indian Tamil patients (1467)

Long-term motor, cognitive, behavioural and quality of life outcome of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A longitudinal study on 225 South Indian Tamil patients (1467)