Southeastern Senegal Research Articles

New range record for Campbell’s monkeys (<i>Cercopithecus campbelli</i>) in West Africa

The current distribution of Campbell’s monkeys Cercopithecus campbelli extends from southwestern Gambia to the western Ivory Coast. In Senegal, it has only been confirmed in the western part of the country. Here, we report for the first time its presence in southeastern Senegal. We obtained camera trap footage of a Campbell’s monkey individual in the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve located in Kedougou region, 174 km away from its known distribution range. In the footage, a single Campbell’s monkey appears alongside a group of at least nine green monkeys Chlorocebus sabaeus. We discuss different hypotheses that could explain the presence of the Campbell’s monkey in Dindefelo, and conclude that this individual may be a single migrant.

Genomic characterization of a reemerging Chikungunya outbreak in Kedougou, Southeastern Senegal, 2023

ABSTRACT Chikungunya virus has caused millions of cases worldwide over the past 20 years, with recent outbreaks in Kedougou region in the southeastern Senegal, West Africa. Genomic characterization highlights that an ongoing epidemic in Kedougou in 2023 is not due to an introduction event but caused by the re-emergence of an endemic strain evolving linearly in a sylvatic context.

Savanna chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) crop feeding at Dindefelo, Senegal: challenges and implications for conservation.

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are categorized as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and habitat loss due to conversion of land for agriculture is one of the major threats to wild populations of this species. This challenging scenario can lead to negative human-chimpanzee interactions, includingcrop feeding. Chimpanzees consume crops across their geographical range, although little is known about this behavior in savanna habitats. Here we provide new evidence of crop feeding by savanna chimpanzees. We conducted our observations at Dindefelo, a community nature reserve in southeastern Senegal. The chimpanzees were observed to feed on mango (Mangifera indica) and also on baobab (Adansonia digitata), a wild species considered a crop by local people when found in and around villages. Although local people use the fruits of these species for food and income, they tolerated crop-feeding events until recently. In 2023, a case of harassment of a crop-feeding chimpanzee in a mango orchard was witnessed, and four days later a chimpanzee corpse was found at the same place. We conclude that habitat conversion into agricultural fields, uncontrolled bush fires and extraction of wild fruits are the important factors influencing crop-feeding events at Dindefelo. Our findings highlight the need to better understand human-chimpanzee interactions in the anthropogenic landscape of Dindefelo to help mitigate negative attitudes and behaviors towards chimpanzees.

Drought-tolerant indigenous crops decline in the face of climate change: A political agroecology account from south-eastern Senegal

In south-eastern Senegal, Bassari farmers have historically cultivated and consumed a wide diversity of varieties of sorghum, fonio, and Bambara groundnut, most of which thrive in poor soils, are nutritious, and withstand drought. These crops are now on the verge of disappearance from the fields of the Bassari despite their potential fit in the predicted drier climate in the area. To understand why, we explore the intertwining between the local dynamics of crop diversity and socio-economic changes at local, national, and regional scales. We draw upon the critical reading of secondary sources and field data, analyzed through the lens of political agroecology. The abandonment of traditional Bassari crops can be explained by government and international policies that interact with cultural trends and household-level factors. Colonial and post-colonial agricultural policies and research priorities have promoted the expansion of exotic crops with market value or high yield potential (e.g., peanut, cotton, rice, horticultural crops), failing to value indigenous crop diversity. These policies, together with market forces and historical legacies, have intersected with outmigration, dietary changes, decreases in community social capital, and gender-dynamics, favouring the switch from drought-tolerant traditional crops to more water-demanding exotic crops. We then consider what the interplay between social dynamics and crop diversity means under climate change. Our results suggest that current trends in crop diversity might threaten climate resilience in the long-term. Drawing on political agroecology, we discuss potential avenues to support the capacity of Bassari farmers to practice agriculture in a drier climate. We argue that in order to increase the climate resilience of smallholder farmers it is necessary not only to consider the cross-scale processes and multiple dimensions of power that affect crop diversity but also to reconsider research and policy priorities in favour of drought-tolerant indigenous crops.

Activity Budget and Sociality of the Northern Lesser Galago, Galago senegalensis

AbstractComplex sociality in primates often is argued to have evolved after the appearance of diurnal activity. Studying the behaviour of nocturnal primates is fundamental to understanding the evolutionary origins of primate behaviour and ecology, yet much less is known about the nature of sociality in nocturnal primate species than their diurnal counterparts. We investigated group size, communication, and social interactions in free-ranging, Northern lesser galagos (Galago senegalensis) and present an activity budget and assessment of temporal variation in their behaviour. We collected continuous behavioural data using focal follows at three different stages of the night from individuals at Kwakuchinja, Northern Tanzania. We also collected group size data from Northern lesser galagos at Fongoli, Southeastern Senegal, and Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, Central Kenya. We categorised behaviours and, where sample sizes permitted, used Kruskal–Wallis tests to compare the durations of observed behaviours between the morning (pre-dawn), evening (from dusk), and later in the night. We analysed 140 focal follows (31.4 h of continuous behavioural data) and found that the proportion of time spent foraging, inactive, in locomotion, in self-maintenance, and vigilant, varied across the three stages of the night; galagos spent a great deal of their time inactive in the morning and foraging was more prevalent in the evening. Group size at Kwakuchinja was significantly larger than at Fongoli or LHR. Galagos were in groups of two or more in the majority of encounters at Kwakuchinja (55%; N = 76), rather than alone, but spent most of their nighttime activity alone at Fongoli (79%; N = 185) and LHR (80%; N = 142). Overall vocalisation rates were higher in the morning than other times throughout the night, although contact calls were relatively more frequent in the evening than other times. We recorded both affiliative and agonistic social interactions, but these contributed almost nothing to the overall activity budget. Our preliminary investigation into the social structure of Northern lesser galagos suggests that there are population differences in sociality and that overall, they connect more through vocalisations than through direct social interactions, thereby avoiding some of the potential costs associated with group-living. This variation in social organization suggests that we have more to learn about the drivers of sociality in nocturnal primates and the nature of their social structure.

Molecular Evolution of Dengue Virus 3 in Senegal between 2009 and 2022: Dispersal Patterns and Implications for Prevention and Therapeutic Countermeasures.

Dengue fever is the most prevalent arboviral disease worldwide. Dengue virus (DENV), the etiological agent, is known to have been circulating in Senegal since 1970, though for a long time, virus epidemiology was restricted to the circulation of sylvatic DENV-2 in south-eastern Senegal (the Kedougou region). In 2009 a major shift was noticed with the first urban epidemic, which occurred in the Dakar region and was caused by DENV-3. Following the notification by Senegal, many other West African countries reported DENV-3 epidemics. Despite these notifications, there are scarce studies and data about the genetic diversity and molecular evolution of DENV-3 in West Africa. Using nanopore sequencing, phylogenetic, and phylogeographic approaches on historic strains and 36 newly sequenced strains, we studied the molecular evolution of DENV-3 in Senegal between 2009 and 2022. We then assessed the impact of the observed genetic diversity on the efficacy of preventive countermeasures and vaccination by mapping amino acid changes against vaccine strains. The results showed that the DENV-3 strains circulating in Senegal belong to genotype III, similarly to strains from other West African countries, while belonging to different clades. Phylogeographic analysis based on nearly complete genomes revealed three independent introduction events from Asia and Burkina Faso. Comparison of the amino acids in the CprM-E regions of genomes from the Senegalese strains against the vaccine strains revealed the presence of 22 substitutions (7 within the PrM and 15 within the E gene) when compared to CYD-3, while 23 changes were observed when compared to TV003 (6 within the PrM and 17 within the E gene). Within the E gene, most of the changes compared to the vaccine strains were located in the ED-III domain, which is known to be crucial in neutralizing antibody production. Altogether, these data give up-to-date insight into DENV-3 genomic evolution in Senegal which needs to be taken into account in future vaccination strategies. Additionally, they highlight the importance of the genomic epidemiology of emerging pathogens in Africa and call for the implementation of a pan-African network for genomic surveillance of dengue virus.

Crop biocultural traits shape seed networks: Implications for social-ecological resilience in south eastern Senegal

CONTEXTAgroecosystems' social-ecological resilience largely depends on the crop diversity generated and maintained by farmers, which provides insurance against changing environmental and socio-economic conditions. In turn, crop diversity generation, maintenance, and distribution is influenced by seed circulation networks. Thus, patterns of seed circulation can support or constrain households' access to crop diversity, affecting on-farm crop diversity. OBJECTIVEWe aimed at understanding the mechanisms shaping seed circulation and farmers' access to crop diversity by: 1) assessing how crop biocultural traits influence patterns of seed circulation; 2) exploring the connections between household position in the seed circulation network and on-farm crop diversity for different crops. METHODSWe conducted research in south-eastern Senegal applying crop diversity inventories and a survey to document seed acquisitions for the six local staple crops, which differ in biocultural traits. Household's varietal diversity and household- and community-level network measures calculated for each crop were used to compare seed circulation patterns among crops. Then, we analyzed the association between households' position in the seed circulation networks and households' on-farm crop diversity using generalized linear models. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSOur research advances two main findings about the importance of seed circulation networks for farmers' access to crop diversity.First, several seed circulation networks operate in the same community and at the same time. Each species circulated differently, which can be explained by crop's biocultural traits. Socio-cultural traits, like the cultural relevance of a crop, and biological traits, like crop's functional group (e.g., legumes, cereals), affect the patterns of seed circulation. Seed circulation networks that involved external actors, like agricultural extension projects or NGOs, were more centralized than seed circulation networks in which these actors were absent.Second, household's centrality in the network of seed circulation (indegree and betweenness) was generally associated with higher on-farm varietal diversity. However, the factors that determined household's access to seeds differed among crops and variety types. SIGNIFICANCEFarmer-to-farmer seed circulation networks are instrumental for the maintenance and distribution of agrobiodiversity and catalyze the introduction of new diversity in the agricultural system. However, tensions exist between traditional and new (e.g., interventions) mechanisms of seed sharing, resulting in centralized and unidirectional seed distribution, which might affect the social-ecological resilience of the system.

“So many things have changed”: Situated understandings of climate change impacts among the Bassari, south-eastern Senegal

Mainstream discourses frame anthropogenic climate change as a biophysical apolitical problem, thus privileging Western science and silencing other worldviews. Through a case study among the Bassari, an ethnic group in South-Eastern Senegal, we assess the local, embodied, and situated understandings of climate change and the tensions that arise when the apolitical global climate change discourse interacts with situated understandings. Drawing on data from 47 semi-structured interviews and 176 surveys, we find that while the global climate change discourse has not permeated into the Bassari, they experience climate change through its many impacts on the biophysical and socio-economic systems. Results also highlight that climate is not considered the main or only driver of change, but that changes in elements of the climate system are inextricably linked with political and economic dynamics and environmental degradation. Finally, our results point toward the importance of values and supernatural forces in defining situated ways of conceptualizing, interpreting, and responding to change. By including situated worldviews in theoretical understandings of climate and environmental change, we contribute to the claims about the need to reframe how climate change is conceptualized. Our research emphasizes the importance of a relational view of climate change, which requires moving beyond understanding isolated climate change impacts towards defining climate change as a systemic problem. Building on feminist and decolonial literature, we argue for the need for more plural and democratic ways of thinking about climate change, crossing epistemological and ontological boundaries and including local communities and their knowledge and understandings.

New range record for the African brush‐tailed porcupine, Atherurus africanus, in southeastern Senegal and northern Guinea

AbstractThe African brush‐tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus) is a rodent common from West to East Africa. The last IUCN assessment stated that its presence is uncertain in Senegal. Here, we report the presence of the African brush‐tailed porcupine in the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve (Dindefelo), in southeastern Senegal, and across the border in northern Guinea. From 2017 to 2022, we obtained 58 camera trap videos from seven different locations in Dindefelo and 86 camera trap videos from Sahoro cave, in Guinea, showing Atherurus africanus. It is likely that this species has always been present in both areas, but it may have gone undetected because it is nocturnal and may be less abundant.

Development and Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) for the Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Quality of Groundwater in Gold Mining Areas of Southeastern Senegal

Water is the most essential requirement for life. It provides a variety of purposes such as a source of water supply for drinking, domestic and industrial use, irrigated agriculture, livestock, and mining activities. Evaluating the status of water quality from traditional approaches does not guarantee the whole overview of the water quality situation. Therefore, developing a tool that can convert multiple parameters data into information that is understandable by both technical and non-technical personnel is vital. In this context, the purpose of this paper was to develop, calculate, and apply a water quality index for assessing the suitability (for drinking purposes) of groundwater in the gold mining areas in south-eastern Senegal. The development of this index based on WHO water quality guidelines followed the five standards steps i.e., parameters selection, sub-index formation, parameters weighting and sub-index aggregation and evaluation. Finally, the WQI summarized twelve key water quality parameters into 05 simple terms (excellent, good, medium, poor, and very poor) which is more relevant for reporting to managers and the public in a consistent manner. Thus, it was observed in the study area, that the water quality indexes in artisanal and industrial mining areas are either poor or very poor while in the reference stations (where there are no mining activities) WQI are either good or excellent. This situation was attributed to the effects of mining activities in such zones which contribute to the pollution of groundwater with heavy metals, nitrates, and suspended solids.

First hepatitis E outbreak in Southeastern Senegal

The Rapid proliferation of traditional gold mining sites in the Kedougou region has led to massive migration of people from neighbouring West African countries and the establishment of several small villages where poor hygiene and sanitation conditions exist. In this context, a Hepatitis E virus outbreak was reported in Kedougou in 2014 with several cases among the traditional mining workers. Herein, we described epidemiological and laboratory data collected during the outbreak’s investigation from February 2012 to November 2014. Any suspected, contact or probable case was investigated, clinical and epidemiological data were collected. In our study, sera were collected and tested for viral RNA and anti-Hepatitis E virus (HEV) IgM. Archived serum samples from Kedougou were retrospectively screened by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 65 water samples collected from ponds and wells surrounding gold panners' sites and habitats and 75 tissues samples from rats captured in the environment of traditional gold mining sites were also tested. A total of 1617 sera were collected from 698 suspected cases, 862 contacts and 57 persons with missing information. The median age was 20 (1–88 years-old) and the sex ratio was 1.72. An overall rate of 64.62% (1045/1617) of these patients tested positive for HEV with a high case fatality rate in pregnant women. All water samples and animal tissues tested negative for HEV. Our data help not only determining of the beginning of the HEV outbreak to March 2012, but also identifying risk factors associated to its emergence. However, there is a need to implement routine diagnosis, surveillance and training of health personnel in order to reduce mortality especially among pregnant women. In addition, further studies are needed to identify the virus reservoir and environmental risk factors for HEV in the Kedougou region.

Dynamics of Vegetation in Managed Forests: A Case Study from Missirah Forest, South-Eastern Senegal

Dynamics of Vegetation in Managed Forests: A Case Study from Missirah Forest, South-Eastern Senegal

A story of abandonment: settlements and landscape in the Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal

The authors present a new, interdisciplinary project focusing on the interaction between people and the landscape within abandoned and populated villages following the founding of Niokola-Koba National Park in south-eastern Senegal. In this article, they assess anthropogenic transformations from geoarchaeological, ethnoarchaeological and ethnobotanical perspectives in order to document and preserve the heritage of both displaced and settled agricultural communities.

Chimpanzees as ecosystem service providers: Seed dispersal of an economically important plant resource

AbstractVertebrate‐mediated seed dispersal is vital to the maintenance of diversity in tropical ecosystems, and seed‐dispersing animals are increasingly thought to provide ecosystem services by dispersing the seeds of plant species utilized by people. However, few studies have demonstrated a link between vertebrate frugivores and plants used by people, thus limiting the generalizability of the seed‐disperser‐as‐ecosystem‐service‐provider concept. We examined the effectiveness of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) as seed dispersers (i.e., their influence on seedling recruitment) of an economically important fruit resource, Saba senegalensis, at the site of Fongoli, a savanna‐woodland environment in southeastern Senegal. The fruit from the Saba vine is commonly harvested from the wild by local people and is also an important food item for chimpanzees. We conducted germination experiments on gut‐passed seeds alongside non‐gut‐passed seeds and analyzed the germination success of chimpanzee‐dispersed seeds in situ. We also analyzed the effect of habitat type and canopy cover at each seed dispersal site to determine which sites are most suitable for Saba germination. Germination trials showed that chimpanzee gut passage and manual pulp removal increased the likelihood of germination over seeds left intact. Nearly a quarter of chimpanzee‐dispersed seeds germinated in situ and Saba seeds were distributed nonrandomly throughout Fongoli, with more dispersed seeds found in habitats most suitable for Saba germination. These results suggest that chimpanzees aid in the early stages of Saba recruitment and thus provide an ecosystem service via seed dispersal that may contribute to the well‐being of local people.Abstract in French is available with online material.

<Note>Indirect evidence of tool-assisted hunting in the Bantan chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) community in southeastern Senegal savanna-woodlands

Chimpanzees use tools extensively, but tool-assisted hunting has been reported at only two sites thus far. Systematic tool-assisted hunting has only been recorded at the Fongoli site in Senegal, where hundreds of cases have been recorded of chimpanzees using tools to hunt bushbaby (Galago senegalensis) prey. Here, we report a putative case of tool-assisted hunting at the Bantan study site in southeastern Senegal, based on indirect evidence of tools and tool-making traces in a context similar to that observed at neighboring Fongoli chimpanzee community. If our interpretations are correct, the simplest explanation is that Fongoli females have dispersed to this neighboring community, bringing with them the behavior of tool-assisted hunting. However, the persistence and frequency of tool-assisted hunting at other sites in Senegal is still unknown. Tool-assisted hunting in the Bantan chimpanzee community would present only the third such known site for such behavior among wild chimpanzees thus far.

Commensal small mammal trapping data in Southern Senegal, 2012–2015: where invasive species meet native ones

Describing patterns and testing hypotheses on processes driving biological invasions represent major issues in ecology. Addressing these questions requires building adequate data sets, i.e., covering areas and spanning periods adapted to the invasion processes studied. Rodents include major invasive species, among which the black rat Rattus rattus and the domestic mouse Mus musculus have nearly colonized the entire world, from their native Asian range. To do so, they have benefitted from their ability to cope with human-modified environments and to live in the immediate vicinity of Man, who served as a vector of their dispersal between regions and continents. In Senegal, both R.rattus and M.musculus, initially introduced by early West European colonizers some centuries ago, are currently expanding thanks to road traffic and infrastructure development and rampant urbanization that concerns even remote regions of the country. As part of projects aimed at studying (1) the role of invasive black rat populations in the emergence of zoonotic diseases in southeastern Senegal, and (2) the evolutionary consequences of parasites in R.rattus and M.musculus invasions in Senegal, we conducted a series of field campaigns throughout the southern half of the country, between May 2012 and September 2015. The objectives were to catch commensal small mammals using standard trapping procedures, identify them using morphological or molecular tools, and take samples from them upon autopsy, to look for zoonotic parasites and pathogens. Along with data on individual specimens, information on microhabitats was gathered at each trap position. This resulted in the constitution of a data set of more than 13,000 trapnights, which allowed the capture of more than 3,100 small mammals, all characterized by a series of associated biological, geographical, and environmental data. The small mammals concerned are mainly rodents (10 species), shrews, and hedgehogs. The two invasive rodent species were the most numerous, exceeding in numbers all the other species pooled. This data set makes it possible to study coarse to fine-scaled distribution of species of this commensal community in southern Senegal, as well as the possible determinants of this distribution in terms of habitat preferences and/or interspecific interactions. This data set can be freely used for non-commercial purposes and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Talk on the move: articulating mobility in West Africa

ABSTRACT This article explores meaning making in mobilities research by deconstructing the duality of experience and representation. In so doing, it situates language as a form of social action and not a mere representation of preexisting acts of mobility. Drawing on case studies from ethnographic field work in southeastern Senegal, this article examines routines of verbal creativity among West African migrants as well as the life of a migrant who must balance his social investment between linked sites. Viewing representations of mobility instead as articulations helps capture language as a form of social action and reveals an emergent process of site-making in which migrants constitute the sites they act across. This approach to meaning making and representation in studies of (im)mobilities helps resolve several theoretical tensions and offers insights on how to study mobility with an attention to linguistic practice.

High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection in Bandafassi, South-East Senegal

BackgroundMalaria control and elimination strategies are based on levels of transmission that are usually determined by data collected from health facilities. In endemic areas, asymptomatic Plasmodium infection is thought to represent the majority of infections, though they are not diagnosed nor treated. Therefore, there might be an underestimation of the malaria reservoir, resulting in inadequate control strategies. In addition, these untreated asymptomatic Plasmodium infections maintain transmission, making it difficult or impossible to reach malaria elimination goals. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in southeastern Senegal.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted among asymptomatic individuals (N = 122) living in the village of Andiel located in Bandafassi, Kédougou, which consisted of about 200 inhabitants during the malaria transmission season in late October 2019. For each individual without malaria-related symptoms and who consented to participate, a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was performed in the field. Results were confirmed in the laboratory with photo-induced electron transfer (PET-PCR).ResultsMalaria prevalence was 70.3% by PET-PCR and 41.8% by RDT. During the same period, the health post of the area reported 49. 1% test positivity rate by RDT. The majority of the infected study population, 92.9%, was infected with a single species and 7.1% had two or three species of Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum was predominant and represented 90.2% of the infections, while 6.5% were due to Plasmodium ovale and 3.3% to Plasmodium malariae. 59.4% of children targeted for SMC (zero to ten years old) were infected.ConclusionIn southeastern Senegal, where the transmission is the highest, malaria control strategies should address asymptomatic Plasmodium infections at the community level. The results suggest that this area could be eligible for mass drug administration. Moreover, non-falciparum species could be more common and its prevalence should be determined countrywide.

Plants Used in Gynecology by the Malinke of South-eastern Senegal (Kédougou region)

Background: The collection and promotion of traditional knowledge is an international issue today. Thus, in this study we were interested in the local knowledge held by the Malinke of south-eastern Senegal on the plants used in gynecology. Methodology: The open semi-structured interviews technique, immersion, direct observations were used to collect local knowledge. The data are processed by descriptive statistical techniques for calculating ethnobotanical indices.
 Results: The Malinke use 30 plants, belonging to 24 genera, distributed in 15 families, the most representative of which are the Fabaceae with 5 species, the Rubiaceae comprising 4 species, the Apocynaceae, the Combretaceae and the Moraceae with 3 species each. Their traditional mode of use compared to the practice of modern medicine allows the plants used to be classified into 7
 Groups: oxytocics, antispasmodics, uterine antispasmodics, antiemetics, diuretics, muscle relaxants and galactogens. The most used species are Erythrina senegalensis, Ficus umbellata, Raphionacme splendens and Indigofera leptoclada. Bark is mostly used (38%), followed by the leaves and roots (22% each), while the most common method of preparation is a decoction (60%).
 Conclusion: The study shows the importance of traditional medicine in rural areas of Kédougou region, south-eastern Senegal in the management of pregnancy, breastfeeding and maternal health. This is why a pharmacological characterization is underway to promote this local knowledge.

Traditional Pathway of Oil Extraction from <i>Quassia undulate</i> Seeds and Its Chemical Characteristic

In Africa, traditional vegetable oil extraction often involves the use of plants in the manufacturing process. Quassia undulate oil is thus traditionally prepared. An expedition went to Kédougo (a region in southeastern Senegal involving women of the Bassaris community) in June 2018 to study the Q. undulate oil traditional extraction mode. Thus, the objective of this study is to follow the traditional extraction of Q. undulate oil and to perform the physico-chemical analysis of the obtained oil. Oil samples taken after the survey allowed the oil physico-chemical characterization. The traditional oil extraction made by four women from Eganga, Ethiolo, and Ebarack’s villages reveals oil clear that is solid at room temperature. The study of the established chart revealed the use of Pilliostigma thonnintigi leaves during the oil preparation. The oil shows characteristics comparable to shea butter, and the oil stability can be compared to the corn and peanut oil one. The physicochemical analysis showed oil solid at room temperature with an acid value between 1.223 ± 0.013 and 7.333 ± 0.465. The saponification value was between 190.489 ± 3.083 and 199.732 ± 3.107, and the peroxide value between 4.453 ± 0.042 and 8.644 ± 0.285. The iodine values were between 21.455 ± 2.440 and 38.068 ± 0.082, and the refractive index 1.462 - 1.463. Q. undulate oil offers several technological perspectives. However, it would be interesting to study the impact of P. thonnintigi leaves during extraction. The fatty acid profile should also be determined.