South Dynasty Research Articles

History of Shoushan Stone Culture Three Kingdoms to North & South Dynasties Period

During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Wu's influence expanded to central Fujian, leading to the establishment of administrative districts. Northerners sought refuge from the turmoil by migrating south, significantly impacting Fuzhou's development. This influx of people reshaped the city's culture and enriched its Central Plains influence. Over time, Fuzhou's cultural landscape evolved as local culture integrated with Han culture, and the efforts of prefects and scholars further promoted the spread of Han culture. Notably, the discovery of the Shoushan stone pig in Fuzhou during the Southern Dynasties reflects the lasting influence of Central Plains culture on local customs, highlighting the city's artistic heritage. Furthermore, the historical roots of Shoushan stone carvings, originating in the Southern Dynasties, challenge prior beliefs and emphasize the connection between Shoushan stone culture and different historical periods.

Deep Learning-Based Image Style Transformation Research on Landscape Paintings of Wei, Jin and North-South Dynasties

Abstract In this paper, the convolutional neural network is applied to the processing of stylistic features in the images of landscape paintings of Wei Jin and North and South Dynasties. After convolution and pooling activation, rich and less parametric feature maps are generated to lay a solid foundation for generative adversarial networks. Meanwhile, in order to ensure the rigor of the image dataset of landscape painting images under scene transformation, an improvement is proposed on the basis of traditional GAN technology, and a function represents the improved CycleGAN model. The experimental dataset has been constructed, and the loss function, network training, and hyperparameters have been designed for the model. The visual and conversion outcomes of the model-generated images are evaluated through simulation experiments. The migration of all landscape painting style textures is within the range of (0.5,2.4) at a gray level of 8. The migration styles increase as the gray level increases, and the data between groups does not overlap. In the subjective evaluation of the landscape painting style transformation generated by the model used in this paper, the score of the generated image is 3.8135 points, while the number of high scores is more than 65% of the votes. The model constructed in this paper has a better effect on the transformation of the image style of the Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties, and it can satisfy people’s visual needs.

15세기 초 朝日交涉에서 九州探題의 역할과 위상

Waegu, which plagued Joseon in the 14th and 15th centuries, decreased considerably as it entered the Taejong period. This is because, along with the strong lifting policy of Ming and Joseon, Japan ended the resistance of the North and South dynasties and formed a stable political power centered on the Muromachi shogunate. However, Yoshimachi, the fourth Shogun, reversed it head-on and suspended diplomacy and trade with Ming. At a time when the control of the shogunate gradually faltered, a large-scale Japanese pirates centered on Tsushima occurred, and Joseon, worried about Japan's conquest, tried to suppress the Japanese pirates with a large-scale Tsushima conquest. Meanwhile, Japan's Shogun and Kyushu forces, surprised , considered this a prelude to a massive invasion by Ming and Joseon. The envoy of Shogun, who came to celebrate King Sejong's accession, inquired about the Gihae Dongjeong, and Joseon sent an envoy to them to show that Joseon or Ming did not intend to invade Japan. It was KyushuTandai Shibukawa who actively mediated in the negotiation process between the two envoys. The Shibukawa Mitsuyori and Yoshitoshi father and son actively mediated the Shogun and Joseon. As a result, negotiations between Joseon and Kyushu-Tandai increased significantly after the Gihae Dongjeong. Joseon did not stop there, but promoted the unification of diplomatic windows to Japan through Kyushu Tandai. However, in 1428, Shibukawa lost Hakata and was reduced to a small force. The shogunate's policy was also changed to summon the Shibukawa father and son and indirect rule through Ouchi. As a result, the reorganization of Joseon's bargaining channel was also frustrated. Instead, unification of diplomatic relations was achieved through Tsushima. The above is a trace of Joseon's attempt to simplify complicated diplomacy with Japan as much as possible by negotiating with the shogunate after the conquest of Tsushima.

Deep South Dynasty: The Bankheads of Alabama

Deep South Dynasty: The Bankheads of Alabama

최근 나당전쟁사 연구의 주요 쟁점

Regarding the start and end of the Silla-Tang War, which occurred in the late 7th century due to the conflict over the postwar process after the fall of Goguryeo and Baekje, the descriptions of Chinese and Korean historical materials are sharply divergent, claiming that each country won the victory. Accordingly, the perspectives of domestic and foreign academic researchers are also sharply divided depending on how they accept and interpret these historical records. In particular, the main issues in the academic world that have been going on so far can be summarized as follows. First, it was a issues related to the timing of the start of the Silla-Tang War and the investigation of its cause. Second, it was a issues related to the location of major battlegrounds such as Maesoseong and the consequent understanding of the development of the war. Third, there was a issues related to the confrontation between the ‘Victory of Silla theory’ and the ‘Tang’s abandoning the Korean peninsula theory’ related to the process of ending the war. And there were also issues related to the discourse on the historical significance of the 'The Unification of Silla' or ‘The establishment of the South and North dynasties'.
 Looking at the previous discussions related to these Silla-Tang war history, the aspect of the completion stage of the so-called 'The Silla’s unification of the three kingdoms' or 'The establishment of the North and South dynasties' was mainly highlighted from the perspective of Korean history. However, in terms of East Asian history or world history, the aspect of the foreign policy of the Tang Empire was mainly highlighted. Therefore, naturally, there was a strong tendency for the absolute majority to constantly converge only on the beginning and end of the war, and various interpretations and discourses surrounding it, and revolve around it.
 As such, the following aspects need to be further considered for the development of research achievements in the field in the future. First, it is necessary to find new historical concepts or terms that can cover the reality of the 7th century’s international war and its long-term aftermath, including the Silla-Tang War, from the perspective of complementing internal and external factors by replacing simple dichotomy. Second, it is necessary to expand interest not only in Tang and Silla, the parties to the war, but also in other tribes and groups, such as the Malgal, Khitan, other northern nomadic forces, and the refugees of Goguryeo and Baekje, who directly or indirectly participated in the war. Third, it is necessary to understand the various internal contexts such as the political structure of each party to the war, such as Tang or Silla, or the changes in institutions, society, and culture, and the periodic influence of the Silla-Tang War more closely.

〈아지발도(阿只拔都)=이쿠라노미야(伊倉宮)〉 설의 재검토 －군사학 및 역사지리학적 고찰을 중심으로－

In the year 1380, Agibaldo appeared at the mouth of Geom river on the Korean Peninsula, with 500 ships. They met with Lee sung-gye’s troops and fought them. This battle is referred to as the Battle of Hwangsan.BR In my thesis, I asserted that the identity of the Waegoo lay with the people living in coastal areas in Takagi of Nagasaki-ken and Amakusa of Kumamoto-ken, under the influence of the Southern Dynasties of the Period of the North and South Dynasties. As an extension of this argument, I studied the Battle of Hwangsan militarily and historical-geographically. BR The tactic employed by Agibaldo at the Battle of Hwangsan was the “Jowoon jin”, which derived from the ancient Chinese military code book, 『六韜』. The Kikuchi clan had their own defensive tactics-the “Doho jin”. The latter was very similar to “Jowoon jin”, and was unique to other armed forces during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.BR The tactics of Doho jin and Jowoon jin utilized at the Battle of Hwangsan were very similar in terrms of the terrain conditions of the camp, place of operation, time of the battle, and method of attack used against the enemy. Furthermore, the area around Waihu Castle, the home of the Kikuchi clan, also had a geographical location which was deemed perfect according to the Doho jin tactic.

Deep South Dynasty: The Bankheads of Alabama by Kari Frederickson

Deep South Dynasty: The Bankheads of Alabama by Kari Frederickson

Deep South Dynasty: The Bankheads of Alabama by Kari A. Frederickson (review)

Deep South Dynasty: The Bankheads of Alabama by Kari A. Frederickson (review)

南朝 古墳 棺材 및 賵賻制 고찰을 통한 무령왕릉 木棺樹種 원산지 再論 – 兼論 日本 金松 棺材 硏究의 최근 성과

1991년 무령왕릉 출토 목관에 대한 수종분석 결과, 일본산 금송이라는 결론이 도출되자 학계는 물론 일반 대중의 주목과 관심이 집중된 바 있다. 이후 고대 백제와 일본의 관계 속에서 금송의 원산지가 일본으로 사실화 되었다. 현재까지 관재 수종에 대한 이견을 제시할 수 있는 아무런 과학적 분석이 생성되지 않았기에 “樹種硏究”에 있어 기존 결과와 다른 의견을 개진하는 것은 한계가 있다. 더욱이 일본이 金松의 유일한 서식지라는 학술적 판단이 여전히 유효하며 국내 식물학계 및 중국 학계에서도 그 결과와 해석을 수용하고 있다. 현재까지 고대 한국 및 중국에서의 금송 서식 가능성에 대한 새로운 타진이 전혀 이루어진 바가 없어 객관적인 학술적 근거를 활용하여 원산지에 대한 의문을 제기하는 것은 여의치가 않다. 다만 공론화되지는 않았지만 중국 남조의 상장의례 및 봉부제도(사여제도)의 영향이 무령왕릉에 강하게 표출되면서, 관재의 증사도 함께 이루어졌을 개연성을 제기하는 분위기가 일부 감지되고 있다. 본문에서는 향후 금송 원산지에 대한 새로운 관련 연구가 생성되는 시점까지 비생산적인 논의를 피하기 위해 두 가지 측면에 대한 검토를 진행하려 한다. 첫째, 무령왕릉 출토 관재 분석의 경위를 정리하여 복기해 볼 필요가 있다. 둘째, 고대 중국의 수목식생, 관재수종 및 상장의례 중의 봉부관습 등에 대한 검토를 진행하여 적어도 현재까지는 관재의 유입처가 중국이 될 수 없음을 지적하고자 한다. 그리고, 금송이 백제 왕실 구성원의 장구로 사용된 시점과 사례를 통해 금송관재 사용의 제도화 성립도 살펴보기로 하겠다.

도교 생태사상이 반영된 도교 건축의 현대적 의의*

In this paper, we examined the development of Chinese Taoist architecture, its cultural implications, and comprehensively summarized the core principles of the Taoist ecological ideas that are reflected in Taoist architecture. This is a groundwork for exploring an ideological model for sustainable ecological architecture in modern cities. Taoist architecture has a long history that has led to changes, developments, and a gradual maturation. Zhi (治), Lu (廬), and Jing (靖), were the first architectural forms of the early Taoist body. These formed the basis for the future development of Taoist Courts (宮觀). The state-sponsored government-run Taoist Courts established from the time of the North and South Dynasties to the time of Tang Dynasty led to a constant standardization of the rites, and these Courts gradually became more and more formalized. Since the establishment of Quanzhenjiao (全眞敎) in the early 12th century, a movement that emphasized putiy training, architecture for the ascetic practice emerged in remote natural spaces suitable for strict ascetic practices. Meanwhile, in Taoist architecture, the type and structure of buildings were strengthened in order to worship various gods. The various Taoist Courts established through this historical process embody the elements, institutions, and ecological ideas of Taoist culture. Taoist architecture basically pursued the idealism of Paradise in a Deep Cave (洞天福地) and adopted a feng-shui theory of using natural terrain artfully in selecting a place and building a layout. This was reflected through their ecology. Meanwhile, Taoist architecture does not destroy the balance of nature by emphasizing the utilization of local natural resources whenever possible while selecting building materials according to the principles of yinyang and the five movements (陰陽五行). In addition, Taoism aims to select simple places for practising asceticism and ancestral rituals whenever possible because of the need to maintain a simple mind, suppress desire, and return to a state of purity. This attitude is an indication of a kind of simple ecological ideas and value of frugality easily found in Taoism. The ecological ideas of Taoism provide abundant resources for considering solutions to the ecological crisis that arises in the creation of residential environments. Through the ecological ideas of Taoism, we can find a direction to understand the relationship between human beings and nature while creating new, sustainable residential environments.

The Religious Imagery and Secularization from the Hanization Process of Chinese Buddhist Temples in Han Areas

본 연구는 중국 한전불교 사찰을 대상으로 후한 때부터 청대까지의 역사적 가람배치와 사원 내외의 환경을 구명한 것으로 인도·서역에서 비롯된 종교형식이 중국 고유의 형제로 한화(漢化)되는 과정에 주안점을 두고 고찰되었다. 중국 불사의 최초 공간형식인 부도사(浮圖祠)는 중루와 사면 회랑으로 이루어진 단순한 형식으로 이루어져, 중국 고대 예제건축인 ‘명당·벽옹식’의 배치평면과 유사했을 것으로 보고 있다. 남북조시대에서 수당대에 접어들면 탑과 불전의 그 위상이 역전되어, 불전이 사원의 중심건물로 배치되고 탑이 점차 불전 마당의 양 측면이나 주변부로 밀려나 부속시설로 취급된 점이 확인된다. 이 시기는 황제의 복식을 따른 불상이 제조되고 궁궐의 조영법식을 준용한 사원이 나타나는 등 한전불사의 기본적인 형식이 구축된 것으로 평가된다. 송대에는 선종사원을 중심으로 형성된 가람칠당식 배치에서 완전히 한화된 형질을 읽을 수 있다. 원명대 사묘에서는 율종 형식의 계당(戒堂)이나 정토종 개념의 불당들의 출현이 특기된다. 청대에 이르러 불사는 이전의 법식과 고풍이 사라진 화려한 원림식사묘로 개조되어 볼거리와 흥미를 구비한 민간 원림 요소들로 채워졌다. 이는 대중문화와 민간신앙적 요소가 한데 섞여 강한 통속적인 색채를 갖는 청대 불교의 특징으로 지적된다.This study investigates the historical site layout of the Buddhist temple and its inside/outside environment from the Later Han to the Qing Dynasty, focusing on the process of Hanization of the religious style derived from India and the West. Budosa, the first spatial style of Chinese Buddhist temple, is thought to be similar to the layout of “Mingtang-Piyong,” with its simple style consisting of a zhonglou pavilion and four-sided corridor. Entering from the North and South Dynasties into Sui and Tang Dynasties, the status pagoda and sanctum was reversed, and it was confirmed that the sanctum was placed as the main building of temple and the pagoda was gradually pushed to both sides or the periphery of temple and treated as an accessory structure. This period is said to have established the basic style of the Han Buddhist temple, with the appearance of temples that conformed to the palace’s construction method and Buddha statues following Emperor’s design. In Song Dynasty, one can read the characteristics of the full Hanization from Shichidou Garan formed around temples of the Zen sect. For the temples from Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the emergence of Risshu style halls and Pure Land sect style temples is noted. By the time of the Qing Dynasty, the temples were transformed into colorful garden temples where the old rituals and archaism disappeared, filled with elements of private gardens with attractions and interests. Meanwhile, Buddhism in Qing Dynasty is characterized by strong popular colors with a mix of popular culture and folk beliefs.

중국 남북조시대 서방계 금은기의 수입과 제작

중국 남북조시대 서방계 금은기의 수입과 제작

The Historic Déjà vu and Literary Figuration of the South Dynasty in the Xin Qiji’s Ci

The Historic Déjà vu and Literary Figuration of the South Dynasty in the Xin Qiji’s Ci

A Recent Chinese Academic Research on the War History of Goguryo

This article tries to identify trend of research of Chinese academics related to the war history of Goguryo by introducing achievements of Chinese academics in the war history of Goguryo after 2007 when Northeast Project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences was completed, reviewing its perception on Goguryo, and reviewing and analyzing new or noticeable opinions in Chinese academics. The perception of Chinese academics on Goguryo, which is was a local government of China, that an ethnic minority established was shown intact in Goguryo war history related researches after 2007 when the project of Dongbuk-Gongjung was finished. Chinese academics addressed that Goguryo was controlled by Hyundo-gun because of military inferiority since it was first founded and thus relation of ‘Shinsok (臣屬)’ was maintained. While explaining Goguryo’s occupation of Liaodong area in the early 5century as replacement of local government officials from Chinese dynasty by Goguryo as a local government administrator who rendered liege service and homage to Bei-Wei and received an appointment title, it addresses that Goguryo was a local government of China from Han to the Period of North and South Dynasties according to 臣屬體制論 and 朝貢冊封論. Such perception continues in researches on war history between Goguryo and Sui and Tang Dynasties. They tried to find the cause of war from implementation of the Chinese world order such as Fan-shu(蕃屬) system theory and installation system theory and strongly addressed that Goguryo was a local government of central Chinese Dynasty. The same trend is shown in military related researches. They did not show military competencies of Goguryo but highlighted its military inferiority to Chinese Dynasty. Through this, they emphasized that Goguryo was a local government controlled by Central Chinese Dynasty. When reviewing military related researches in Goguryo war history, it is found that they tried to expand research directions with various themes. However, they could not escape from flat summary simply enumerating historical facts when they explained war performance process. To break this, it is needed to actively use archaeological excavation achievements in addition to new historical records. If we can combine existing literal records and archaeological materials organically, it will help us to understand unit organization, weapon system and defense system as well as battle performance processes more concretely. On the other hand there are some perception difference between Korean academics and Chinese academics such as Imnailbonbu theory. To overcome such perception gap, active academic exchanges between Korean academics and Chinese academics are required.

A study of Love on The Xi-qu of yue-fu folk song in the South dynasties

A study of Love on The Xi-qu of yue-fu folk song in the South dynasties

Historical change of heavy metals in urban soils of Nanjing, China during the past 20 centuries

Two typical areas, including once commercial and residential quarters of Nanjing, China, were studied by investigating soil properties especially heavy metals of soils in various cultural layers formed in different Chinese Dynasties. The age of the soil profiles was dated by both archaeological and 14C chronological methods. The results showed that urban soils in the old commercial/workshop quarter of Nanjing were generally contaminated by heavy metals Cu, Zn, Pb, but their concentration levels varied significantly among the cultural layers formed in different dynasties. The substantial increase of heavy metals appeared in three historical periods, i.e., South Dynasty (222–589 AD), the earlier Ming (1368–1644AD) and the late Qing (1644–1912AD) in one area. The tremendous input and storage of heavy metals in soils was explained by the primitive smelting and the strengthened metal processing activities, which might be due to the requirement of weapon making or other industries, in the changing social conditions of the corresponding periods. Soils in the once noble political, cultural centers did not show significant increase of heavy metals. The difference in the distribution pattern of heavy metals revealed the contrasting history of the site uses. The change of contaminant level in soils is believed to be a reflection of various human activities in the city during the past 20 centuries.

An Inquiry into the Books and Chapters of Codified Law in the Han and Wei

This thesis constitutes a part of a larger investigation into the history of Law Codification in traditional China. As former research puts tremendous emphasis on proper nouns which are supposed to be chapter headings of Law Codes and takes them as proof for the existence of already lost ancient law codes in case of absence of other direct evidence, in this thesis a reconsideration of those proper nouns will be conducted.The reconsideration first starts with the chapters of the Wei-Lu, which is the first Chinese Law Code for which we have still access to contemporary source material on the compilation process, viz. an excerpt of the preamble. Because of difficulties in interpreting this source there is an old controversy about which of the embedded proper nouns constitute the eighteen chapters of the Code, the number of which is specified in the preamble. This thesis will show that those difficulties stem from the inappropriate import of hypotheses on chaptering from non-contemporary sources (mostly from the Tang) and that these difficulties can be avoided easily by focusing on inherent formal features of the preamble. Next, a reconsideration of the chapters of Han-Lu based on the Wei-Lu preamble will give proof that former knowledge of Han -Lu chapters was misled by later sources, too. The Han-Lu chapters will be reconstructed newly by our insights on the reading of the Wei-Lu preamble, which constitutes the oldest available source on chapters of the Han- Lu as well as on the Wei-Lu, despite of general scholarly negligence of this fact.Finally, an investigation is conducted into the transmission process of Jin-Lu to the Tang, in reply to misleading endeavours of former scholars to extract collateral evidence for particular Wei-Lu chapters from chapters of the Jin-Lu, which is supposed to have been preserved as an original text at least until the Northern Song. It will be shown that the preservation theory is based merely on requotations in encyclopaedias of the Northern Song of quotations of commentaries to the Jin-Lu in encyclopaedias of the Tang. The Jin-Lu Law code itself was scattered and lost during the turbulences at the beginning of the Period of North and South Dynasties. The commentaries, on the other hand, are products of scholarly work on contemporary and recollected ancient legal materials throughout the North and South Period. Partly, they contain private compilations of Law codes of dynasties which, as a well-known fact, never compiled any Law Code.Founded on the results of this inquiry, the author urges for more textual criticism when handling non-contemporary sources which are supposed to contain components of lost ancient Law Codes.

A Study on the Lotus patterns in South Dynasties(Report of the 43rd National Congress)

A Study on the Lotus patterns in South Dynasties(Report of the 43rd National Congress)

Chinese mathematics: a concise history

The beginnings of mathematics in ancient China (before the Q 'in Dynasty (before 221 BC)). The formation of mathematical systems in ancient China (H `an Dynasty, 206 BC-220 AD). The development of mathematics in China during the W `ei, J `in, and North and South Dynasties (221-581 AD). Chinese mathematics in the time of the Su 'i and T 'ang Dynasties (581-907 AD). The zenith of the development of mathematics during the S `ong and Yu 'an Dynasties (960-1368 AD). The evolution from calculating with counting rods to calculating with the abacus. The first entry of Western mathematics into China. Mathematics under the feudalistic closed door policy in the middle period of Qing. The second entry of Western mathematics into China. Appendix 1: Language. Appendix 2: Chinese books. Appendix 3: Chronology. Appendix 4: History. Bibliography. Index

A Perspective on the Meaning of Comparative Philosophy and Comparative Religion Studies: The Case of the Introduction of Indian Buddhism into China"

In this essay I do not intend to analyze or study the entire history of the introduction of Indian Buddhism into China; rather, I wish simply to investigate a bit the relationships which existed between Buddhism, after it was introduced into China in the period of the Wei, the Jin, and the North and South dynasties, and the prior-existing ideologies and cultures in China at the time, and use that to illustrate the meaning of studying comparative philosophy and comparative religions.