South Division Research Articles

Surveys on the Middle and High School Students’ Understanding and Perceptions of the Korean Contemporary History and History Education

As the starting point of history educational Researches focusing on learners, the question of the social contexts of student’s historical knowledge is very important. In this survey, I analyzed statistical data about middle and high school students’ understanding and perceptions of the Contemporary History of Korea and history education. The data derived from detailed examinations of learner’s understanding and perceptions of the History and history education, that were carried out by the Institute of History Education in 2010 and 2013.<BR> Generally, middle and high school students are interested in learning history, especially, nearly 30 percent of the them think that student should know more Contemporary History of Korea. And they think that learning history will do them good to understand matters now, to learn lessen and wisdom for a better future.<BR> At ‘depths interview’, students judge importance of historical events by ‘present tasks and lesson of history’. They feel serious danger reality of national division of North and South, and tend to look for historical lesson for ‘peace settlement’ from the Korean War and the Inter-Korean summit. They are very proud of the ‘development of democracy’ and value highly the ‘Gwangju Democratization Movement’ and the pro-democratic resistance movement in 1987. They hope for harmonious development of democratization and industrialization in the future, place special emphasis upon ‘distribution justice’.

Feline patent Toxoplasma-like coccidiosis among feral cats (Felis catus) in Doha city, Qatar and its immediate surroundings.

Doha city has a high feral cat population and studies of hospital records in Doha have shown that human toxoplasmosis also occurs. Clearly, there is a need to understand the role of cats as vectors of human toxoplasmosis in the city and as a first step we assessed the extent of patent Toxoplasma-like coccidial infections among feral cats. Oocysts in cat faeces were detected between June 2008 and April 2010, from a range of locations radiating out of the city centre in concentric semi circular/elliptic rings and by north, west and south divisions within each of the rings. In total 4,652 cats were sampled and overall prevalence of oocysts was 9.1%. Prevalence was 10.1% in the first summer, and then dropped to 8.4% in the following winter and further to 6.8% in the next summer before rising to 10.6% in the final winter of the study; this interaction between annual period and season was significant. There were also significant changes in prevalence across each of the consecutive months of the study, but no clear pattern was evident. Prevalence did not vary significantly by city sector and there was no difference in prevalence between the host sexes. We conclude therefore, that despite minor and significant perturbations, the prevalence of patent Toxoplasma-like coccidial infections among cats in Doha is remarkably stable throughout the year, across years and spatially within the city's districts.

Para além da divisão Norte/Sul em epistemologia e política emancipatória

Este artigo tem como objetivo pensar algumas das questoes levantadas pela introducao ao volume Another Knowledge is Possible: Beyond Northern epistemologies (Verso 2007). Pretende-se problematizar alguns dos conceitos e ideias do volume referido, assim como a divisao entre Norte e Sul global. E ainda objetivo fornecer uma melhor percecao de ecologia do conhecimento e, atraves do estudo de Vivek Chibber, contribuir para o repensar da forma como se tem desenvolvido os estudos pos-coloniais. Neste espaco tenta-se evitar a enfase implicita da politica de identidade demasiado institucionalizada nas universidades.

South Korean democracy and Korea's division system

Democracy is still the issue in South Korea. Under the Lee Myung-bak administration, much of the progress in South Korean democracy since 1987 has been either interrupted or reversed. Yet such a “reversal” actually represents a consistent and long-standing pursuit on the part of anti-democratic forces with deep roots in Korea's division system. The division of the peninsula was consolidated into a kind of system with considerable powers of self-reproduction when the Korean War ended in a stalemate in 1953 and the armistice agreement was never replaced by a peace treaty. The result is an inherently anti-democratic political regime on either side. Democratization in the South did render a blow to, but did not abolish, this peninsula-wide system, so that anti-democratic forces have remained potent under the “1987 regime” and even succeeded in regaining political power in 2008 (under Lee Myung-bak). The idea of a “2013 regime” is to accomplish, when the change of administration occurs in early 2013, a change as momentous as in 1987, which may pave the way for the overcoming of the division system itself. The essay concludes with some theoretical reflections on democracy as people's self-rule.

Ce, La and Y concentrations in agricultural and grazing-land soils of Europe

Ce, La and Y from agricultural (Ap) and grazing land (Gr) soils of Europe have been investigated using new geochemical data produced by the GEMAS (Geochemical mapping of agricultural and grazing land soils) project. Interpolated maps showing Ce, La, and Y distributions in Ap and Gr were generated using ArcView and classified with the concentration — area (CA) fractal method. The median values of the investigated elements show similar concentrations in Ap and Gr soils, while the median values obtained by XRF-total analyses are generally higher than those obtained by aqua regia extraction, ICP-MS (aqua regia). In general, high pH alkaline soils have higher REE concentrations while specific anomalies can often be correlated with known phosphate and REE mineralizations. The GEMAS and the topsoils media from the FOREGS (Forum of European Geological Surveys) Project databases are compared. FOREGS geochemical data shows larger extended anomalies, such as the European wide north–south division, which are difficult to attribute to local processes, while the GEMAS anomalies are spatially more restricted, and can be related to a number of more local factors (e.g., climate, geology, pH, clay content and presence of till).

A school-based supplementary food programme in rural Kenya did not reduce children's intake at home.

To examine changes in energy intake along with markers of dietary quality (animal-source energy and protein intakes) among household members in the presence of supplementary school feeding in rural Kenya. A 2-year, longitudinal, randomized controlled feeding intervention study. Kyeni South Division, Embu District, Kenya. A total of 182 schoolchildren and selected household members. There was no evidence that schoolchildren who received supplementary snacks at school experienced reduced intakes at home or that intakes by other family members were increased at the expense of the schoolchild's intake. This analysis highlights a number of factors useful in planning for supplementary feeding interventions in rural Kenya and similar communities.

Situating Homelessness in South Korea During and After the Asian Debt Crisis

This study traces homeless policies in South Korea that were established during and after the Asian Debt Crisis of 1998-2001. Similarities and differences between South Korea and the United States are compared regarding the neoliberal regulation of the poor and their urban space and highlights the South Korean division of the homeless into those deserving of and undeserving of state welfare relief. Despite superficial differences between South Korean and U.S. categorizations, common impacts include the reification of the ideologies and practices of gendered divisions of labor. Two additional commonalities are considered here: that operations of service distribution in South Korea are spatially organized and regulated according to similar patterns, and that responsibility for homeless people is increasingly delegated to the spatially contained Third Sector.

How Europeans view tactical nuclear weapons on their continent

With the debate among NATO member states over the stationing of US nuclear weapons in Europe likely to continue, it is useful to examine why some European NATO members wish to see an end to the US nuclear presence and why others stick to the status quo. In assessing the different positions of key European NATO countries on nuclear disarmament, the author notes that the positions depend on whether the states possess nuclear weapons, how their history and geography affect threat perceptions, and how the nations variously perceive their role in international and regional affairs. Geography-driven history produces one dividing line, which largely runs along the former border between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Less obvious are the reasons for a north—south division on this issue within “old Europe.” The northern nations are more vocally pro-disarmament than are the Mediterranean nations. Domestic politics, of course, also play a determining factor in all counties. Interest in removing the weapons is strongest in countries where senior statesmen spanning the political spectrum have sought to lead public opinion in the direction of disarmament.

North and South of the River: Demythologizing Dublin in Contemporary Irish Film

North and South of the River:Demythologizing Dublin in Contemporary Irish Film Jenny Knell (bio) Introduction Given the historic focus upon rural narratives in Irish film, it is surprising that only within the last twenty years have urban representations broadly appeared as "recognizable" Irish settings.1 Although Paddy Breathnach's I Went Down (1997) and Kirsten Sheridan's Disco Pigs (2001) depict Cork2 and, more recently, David Gleeson's Cowboys & Angels (2003) depicts Limerick, such urban films are set predominantly in the capital, Dublin.3 Until the mid-1990s cinematic representations of urban Ireland were dominated by the Roddy Doyle adaptations of "authentic" Northside Dublin imaged in terms of urban decay and working-class suburbia. However, [End Page 213] the Celtic Tiger's transformation of the social and economic landscape of Dublin provided an opportunity for the production of new cinematic images incorporating the global iconography of wealth and success. Responding to these transformations, recent scholarship on Irish cinema increasingly has oriented itself around discussions of urban space and an interrogation of social change as inscribed on these spaces.4 The concept of Dublin as materially, socially, and economically halved by the Liffey permeates representations of Dublin. Though this division is often reduced to a jocular rivalry between North and South (and in fact is the subject of much local satire), these spatial delineations emerge as discourses of class and are a way of referencing social and economic difference indirectly through the cultural vernacular. How to engage with this mythology in their representations of Dublin is of particular relevance to Celtic Tiger films in their navigation of the changing spatial and socioeconomic configuration of the city. Films produced during the Celtic Tiger period undertake an overt reimaging of Dublin that both renegotiates and overwrites prior representations. This article examines the role played by the binary division of North and South in filmmakers' situating of the recent economic boom and the pockets of dereliction and neglect left behind. Alternative narratives that represent the city outside the North- and Southside division challenge this binary way of thinking about Dublin's urban space. For example, John Crowley's Intermission (2003), one of the highest-grossing Irish films to date, portrays Tallaght, an outer suburb of the city, as a new socio spatial entity imbued with its own unique set of working-class mythologies. The analysis that follows considers how urban phenomena such as suburban sprawl, gentrification, and regeneration produce alternative mental images (or imagined geographies) of the city pursuant to new axes of division defined by social class. [End Page 214] Mythologies of Division Seminal urban theorist Henri Lefebvre argues that cities concurrently exist in a "present and immediate reality, a practico-material and architectural fact," but also in a "social reality made up of relations that are to be conceived of, constructed, or reconstructed by thought" (103).5 Thus cities transcend their physical constructions of brick and mortar to become spatial reflections of society and its principles of organization. Though Lefebvre has become associated with the exploration of the sociospatial dimension of cities, this concept informed critical discourse in urban studies prior to Lefebvre's work. In The Image of the City Kevin Lynch argues that urbanites form mental images of the city and render the cityscape legible through a subjective structuring of their environment. According to Lynch, an individual "creates and bears his own image" of the city through the mental organization of the city in terms of paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks ("Image" 7). These facets of city topography possess "imageability," which Lynch defines as the quality in a physical object that evokes a strong image in a particular person, and which is essential in the structuring of the mental image (9). Though Lynch initially discusses the individual formation of city image, he also notes that a "public image" of city can exist as "common mental pictures carried by large numbers of a city's inhabitants" that reflect shared perceptions of the city (7). A city image, according to Lynch, consists of three basic components: identity, structure, and meaning. Imageability, then, is wholly subjective in its reliance upon an individual's perception of the city. As Lynch argues...

Waste Growth Challenges Local Democracy. The Politics of Waste between Europe and the Mediterranean: a Focus on Italy

This article investigates the politics of waste from an Italian perspective as part of a European and Mediterranean space. Waste is a contested field where several ideas, interests and governance patterns have been producing different management models and, despite the European Union’s harmonization targets, “waste wars” continue. The division of North and South is often explained by the “Mediterranean Syndrome,” but the article challenges the view of South European countries as environmental laggards with weak environmentalist movements. Differences among countries are strong – Camorra’s waste traffic is an emblematic case – but the political spacing is more complex and requires a trans-scalar view. Historical legacies and geographical sets must be taken into account too. The modernization process however is dynamic, and three shifts have been detected as groups articulate more participatory governance of waste management.

Contemporary Regional Differences in Support by Whites for the Death Penalty: A Research Note

Despite good theoretical reasons to expect strong differences between Southern whites and non‐Southern whites in death penalty support, prior research with 1990 General Social Survey (GSS) data found only a small difference that lacked statistical significance. This paper investigates the possibilities that this null result was a statistical anomaly due to sampling vagaries or that a regional difference has emerged since 1990. Examining GSS data from 1974 through 2006, we initially found that a South/non‐South regional difference among whites did not exist before 1993 but has existed since then. However, further analysis revealed that a Northeast/non‐Northeast difference among whites has also existed during this same period. These findings suggest that future research on death penalty opinion should use both such differences as regional controls rather than just the customary South/non‐South division.

Phylogeography of the white‐tailed mongoose (Herpestidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) based on partial sequences of the mtDNA control region

AbstractThe phylogeography of the white‐tailed mongoose Ichneumia albicauda is examined using phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial control region. The phylogeny is used to: (1) Analyse the phylogeographic pattern of I. albicauda; (2) discuss the existing delimitation of subspecies; (3) test if the coloration of the tail tip, generally white but occasionally black in West African specimens, is a species polymorphism or if it has phylogenetic significance. Our results suggest a north–south division within white‐tailed mongoose populations, and within the northern clade, we observe an east–west subdivision. This phylogenetic pattern is partly in concordance with the traditional division into six subspecies. The white‐tailed mongoose probably originated in southern Africa, from where it dispersed northwards and colonized eastern and western parts of Africa, as well as the Arabian Peninsula. Colour polymorphism observed in Western populations reflects variation at the individual level.

Henry Pelham's Lost Grand Jury Map of Kerry (c.1800): A Newly Found Derivative

The ‘South Division of the County of Kerry’ (GSI FS 1.2.001) is a copy of the southern half of a lost late eighteenth / early nineteenth century map of County Kerry, in southwestern Ireland. Geological annotations on the map are traced to specific episodes (c.1820, 1838 and 1844) in the unofficial geological survey of Ireland conducted by Richard (later Sir Richard) Griffith between 1811 and 1855. The Griffith provenance of the map is part of the evidence used to identify the ‘South Division of the County of Kerry’ as a derivative of the now lost Grand Jury map of Kerry made by the American émigré artist and cartographer Henry Pelham. Dr Jean B. Archer was formerly a geologist in the Geological Survey of Ireland.

Phylogeography of the California Thrasher (Toxostoma Redivivum) Based on Nested-Clade Analysis of Mitochondrial-DNA Variation

AbstractDistribution of genealogical lineages within a species is likely the result of a complicated series of ecological and historical events. Nested-clade analysis is specifically designed as an objective phylogeographic approach for inferring evolutionary processes on a spatial and temporal scale for small subclades within a larger set of intraspecific relationships. Here, we use nested-clade analysis as well as other phylogeographic methods to investigate the evolutionary history of California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum) populations. Inferences resulting from nested clade analysis suggest a history that includes past fragmentation, range expansion, and isolation-by-distance. Along with root information, those inferences enable the construction of a biogeographic scenario for this species involving general southern ancestry, an early north–south division, northward range expansion, and a southward back-expansion into an already populated southern region. Isolation-by-distance is also identified, particularly in southern California, indicating that gene flow between localities does occur but is restricted. Many conclusions drawn from this study are concordant with geologic data as well as phylogeographic scenarios drawn for other codistributed California taxa.

PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE CALIFORNIA THRASHER (TOXOSTOMA REDIVIVUM) BASED ON NESTED-CLADE ANALYSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION

Abstract Distribution of genealogical lineages within a species is likely the result of a complicated series of ecological and historical events. Nested-clade analysis is specifically designed as an objective phylogeographic approach for inferring evolutionary processes on a spatial and temporal scale for small subclades within a larger set of intraspecific relationships. Here, we use nested-clade analysis as well as other phylogeographic methods to investigate the evolutionary history of California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum) populations. Inferences resulting from nested clade analysis suggest a history that includes past fragmentation, range expansion, and isolation-by-distance. Along with root information, those inferences enable the construction of a biogeographic scenario for this species involving general southern ancestry, an early north–south division, northward range expansion, and a southward back-expansion into an already populated southern region. Isolation-by-distance is also identified, p...

Truth and Reconciliation

Truth and Reconciliation

Assessment of river condition at a large spatial scale using predictive models

Summary1. RIVPACS‐type predictive models were developed at a relatively large spatial scale for the Australian state called New South Wales (NSW, 801 428 km2). Aquatic macroinvertebrate samples and physical and chemical data were collected from 250 reference sites (little affected by human activities) and 23 test sites (with known human impacts) throughout NSW in autumn and spring 1995 and identified mostly to family level. Reference sites were grouped based on their macroinvertebrate data using classification (UPGMA) and ordination techniques. Relationships between macroinvertebrate and environmental data were established using principal axis correlations and stepwise multiple discriminant function analysis. models for predicting invertebrate assemblages were developed separately for edge and riffle habitats for autumn and spring data sets and for combined autumn and spring data sets.2. Sites in the lowland sections of the western flowing rivers were characterized by low taxonomic richness and were distinct from the sites in the eastern part of the state. Sites on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range in southern and northern NSW mostly fell into separate groups. In eastern NSW, site groups did not represent a north, central and south division. Sites on highland streams, coastal fringe streams and large rivers mostly formed distinct groups, but most of the sites on east‐flowing rivers fell into large site groups that did not have clear geographic boundaries.3. Environmental variables that were strongly correlated with ordinations of macroinvertebrate presence/absence at sites were water temperature, altitude, longitude and maximum distance from source. The predictor variables determined by DFA for the six models created included alkalinity, altitude, location (longitude and/or latitude), stream size and substratum composition. These are generally in common with the variables determined for other large geographic areas in Australia and the United Kingdom.4. Model outputs from reference sites suggest that, among the six models, the riffle model combining autumn and spring is likely to give the most reliable predictions. The combined edge model also performed well but refinements are needed for single season models to provide reliable outputs.5. Combined season models both for riffles and for edges detected biological impairment at all but one of the test sites. Single season riffle models also detected impairment while single season edge models characterized sites as unimpaired despite other models’ indications of impaired fauna. Riffle models may be more sensitive than edge models but the sampling of riffles is often limited by flow. Edge habitats are available at most sites but there may be few riffles in floodplain rivers. Available resources, desired model sensitivity, and river type should be considered jointly to determine the most useful habitat to sample.

“A for Abolition”: Hawthorne's Bond-servant and the Shadow of Slavery

In his 1862 essay Chiefly about War-Matters Hawthorne, in the guise of Man, devotes as much of his attention to the plight of poor Southern whites as he does to the immediate motive for war: the condition of enslaved blacks. In fact, he writes that [t]he present war is so well justified by no other consideration as by the probability that it will free this class of Southern whites from a thraldom in which they scarcely begin to be responsible beings.1 The Civil War is represented as a sign of the imminent regeneration of the entire brutalized Southern race and, further, as ushering in the long-promised age of genuine American democracy. This essay, in which Hawthorne's sentiments are so deeply buried beneath layers of irony, signifies unambiguously, if nothing else, the pervasiveness of a pro-slavery mentality that has little to do with the geographical division of North and South. His Peaceable Man takes pains to establish the historical status of American slavery as a phenomenon of very long standing and so makes us privy to historical circumstance, known to a few, that connects the children of the Puritans with these Africans of Virginia, in a very singular way. From the first settlement of New England, alternative destinies have been foreshadowed for the New World: in contrast to the Cittie upon a Hill which Puritan leaders interpreted as the glorious destiny of their experiment, ominous tokens of human depravity have suggested an American destiny that is no more than a repetition of Europe's mistakes. Hawthorne uses the vocabulary of typology to stress the historical determination of these alternative visions of national identity and to underline the inescapable nature of the consequences that follow from the choice between them. Together with his concern over the psychological enslavement of white Americans by the ideology of slavery, this passage sets out Hawthorne's attitude towards slavery as a national evil which demands a national penance.

Cluster analysis of late Holocene pollen trends in Ontario

Cluster analysis of Ontario pollen stratigraphies demonstrates similar regional successions during the past 1000 years. Seven character states qualitatively describe the behaviour of the pollen percentage trends for each taxon: 0, absent; 1, present with no visible trend but high noise; 2, rising through time; 3, falling through time; 4, rise–fall; 5, fall–rise; and 6, stable through time. The three similarity indices (S) used were of the form S equals the number of characters in agreement divided by the number of informative characters. The three clustering techniques used are single linkage, complete linkage, and unpaired weighted geometric mean analysis. Single linkage and unpaired weighted geometric mean analysis showed a north–south division with all three indices; complete linkage showed only rare local groupings with all three indices. The division between the two clusters falls just south of Lake Nipissing. All successions indicate climatic cooling; the clusters reflect southward movement of the centres of species abundances, particularly white pine. The method identifies regions of similar vegetation dynamics. Key words: cluster analysis, forest dynamics, Holocene, Little Ice Age, Ontario, palynology.

North and South: The Antiquity of the Great Divide

AQUARTER-CENTURY after Professor Asa Briggs (Lord Briggs) referred to 'the recent popular debate about North and South' in the first volume of Northern History, the north-south divide remains a fashionable topic among politicians and journalists. 1The aim of this paper is to probe the antiquity of this divide, and to review conscious distinctions between the North and South of England, and, more particularly, between northerners and southerners, drawn from a variety of sources, all predating 1550. The publication of Professor Sir James Holt's seminal book The Northerners in 1961 established the reign of John as a key period for the north-south divide. Sufficient of the opposition to John came from the northern aristocracy for Holt to argue that his chosen subject was selected for him by contemporaries, historians, annalists, administrators and royal clerks, who were, he thought, 'the first to write and talk of Northerners'.2 It will, however, be shown here that the division and distinctiveness can be traced still further back. This paper will examine first political and administrative division of North and South, and then economic and social distinctiveness. Finally attention will be drawn to particular periods when the divide may be seen to be attracting greater or lesser attention among contemporaries. It will become apparent that where some of the earliest accounts of an episode were not written with any pointed north-south consciousness, some of the later rewritings of the events, including some predating 1200, were given a distinctive push in that direction. This indicates a growing tendency in medieval writers to elaborate on the characteristics of a group of people, and to attribute to them in earlier times motives and attitudes appropriate to their later reputation.