South Of Chile Research Articles

World-wide prevalence of Anisakis larvae in fish and its relationship to human allergic anisakiasis: a systematic review.

The infective stage of Anisakidae nematodes responsible for allergic reactions in humans is found in a variety of edible fish and cephalopods. The identification of geographical regions that are high risk for infected seafood may help prevent allergic reactions in humans. Despite an abundance of published literature which has identified anisakid larvae in an array of edible seafood as well as scattered reports of human allergic anisakiasis, the relationship between the two has not been fully explored. Therefore, a systematic spatio-temporal study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Anisakis spp. in fish from January 2000 to August 2020 firstly to explore the relationship between fish infection and cases of allergic anisakiasis and secondly to use fish infection data to map potential allergic anisakiasis 'hot spots'. A systematic literature search for original English text articles was conducted through search engines, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Out of 3228 articles which describe anisakid infection in fish, 264 were used for data extraction. Of 904 articles describing allergic anisakiasis, 37 were used for data extraction. A qualitative summary of the extracted data was performed using equal interval method (ArcMap software) in order to compare the global distribution of Anisakis-infected fish. Of the 152-identified fish hosts, five families were most commonly infected with Anisakis spp. These included Lophiidae (86.9%), Trichiuridae (77.05%), Zeidae (70.9%), Merlucciidae (67.8%) and Gadidae (56.8%). The hot spot areas for allergic anisakiasis were North and northeast of Atlantic Ocean, southwest of USA, west of Mexico, south of Chile, east of Argentina, Norway, UK and west of Iceland (confidence 99%). The highest rate of allergic anisakiasis was in Portugal and Norway with the prevalence rate of 18.45-22.50%. Allergologists should consider allergic anisakiasis as a public health issue particularly in high-risk countries where high prevalences in fish have been demonstrated.

Variability and forecasting of air temperature in Elqui Valley (Chile)

A method to forecast air temperature TA in Elqui Valley (south of Chile’s Atacama Desert) using an artificial neural network (ANN) and meteorological time series data relevant to this zone, is proposed. This zone has one of the most sensitive climates in South America due to the influence of phenomena such as El Nino/La Nina, the Southeast Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone, Humboldt Current, and Madden–Julian Oscillation, in addition to the complex topography of Chilean east-west transverse valleys, and the Andes. We used a method that combines ANN and genetic algorithm (GA) for forecasting TA 1, 3, and 6 hours ahead. GA is introduced to optimize the weights update process in the proposed method. Our database contains 457,969 data, from 2004–2017, taken from eight stations throughout the valley and divided into three datasets: training set with 50% of overall data of each station, validation set with the subsequent 25% of data of each station, and prediction set with the last 25% of data. Several architectures were evaluated using the root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and correlation coefficient (R). The results show that the ANN+GA method represents a powerful technique for forecasting TA with RMSE from 0.99 to 4.51 [∘C], MAE from 0.52 to 3.07 [∘C], and R from 0.86 to 0.96. Also, we use the values obtained by ANN+GA method to investigate the spatial TA variability in elevation from the coast $\sim $ 30 [masl] to the Andean zone of this valley $\sim $ 5,000 [masl].

Luis Jerónimo de Oré OFM — Symbolo Catholico Indiano (1598)

Brother Luis Jerónimo de Oré’s Symbolo Catholico Indiano was the most important and authorized sixteenth century treatise for the evangelization of the native Andean peoples. In its pages we find a vivid image of Andean reality immediately after the Conquest and a fervent exposition of the Catholic faith inspired in the recent Councils of Trent and Lima. The treatise also presents the missioning methods that served the Franciscans and other priests of the Viceroyalty for the evangelization of the indigenous peoples. Above all, in this text we find an admirable exposition of the theological doctrine and catechetical practice in the anthropological perspective that forms its starting point, which is the Andean man or woman who had never heard a message of salvation and dignity for the human person.
 Brother Luis Jerónimo de Oré Rojas OFM was born in Huamanga in 1554 (now the geographi- cal Department of Ayacucho in Perú). He was a zealous missionary who travelled throughout the colonizers’ territory, from the extreme north of Florida to the extreme south of Chile. As an intelli- gent linguist he was the author of important rituals and catechisms in Quechua and Aymara. He was one of the first bishops born on the American soil, and the first to be incorporated into the Native Indian Council and the Vatican hierarchy; as a bishop he stood out for his protection of aboriginal groups and his energetic defense of the cultural integrity of Native Indian nations.

On the impacts of climate change on the functional deterioration of heritage buildings in South Chile

Currently, the scientific community has almost reached a consensus on the negative impacts of climate change. The causes of global warming are negative for sure, but are the impacts of these new climatic conditions negative and relevant? The answer is again probably yes, but not necessarily so. This study intends to evaluate the impacts of climate change on the functional deterioration of heritage buildings located in South Chile. For this purpose, an advanced artificial intelligence methodology, based on fuzzy logic, is used, and 79 heritage buildings, in five locations in South Chile, are analysed. The results obtained revealed that the predictions of climate change for this region, with an expected increase in temperature, associated with a reduction of the average annual precipitation, for the period 2045–2069, could actually benefit the functional performance of the heritage buildings analysed. Some lessons could be learned from the results, and the proposed model could be used for the prioritisation of maintenance activities, in heritage buildings, for the different locations analysed, considering the expected effect of climate changes, which in many other cases can be detrimental.

Evaluating Multiple WRF Configurations and Forcing over the Northern Patagonian Icecap (NPI) and Baker River Basin

The use of numerical weather prediction (NWP) model to dynamically downscale coarse climate reanalysis data allows for the capture of processes that are influenced by land cover and topographic features. Climate reanalysis downscaling is useful for hydrology modeling, where catchment processes happen on a spatial scale that is not represented in reanalysis models. Selecting proper parameterization in the NWP for downscaling is crucial to downscale the climate variables of interest. In this work, we are interested in identifying at least one combination of physics in the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model that performs well in our area of study that covers the Baker River Basin and the Northern Patagonian Icecap (NPI) in the south of Chile. We used ERA-Interim reanalysis data to run WRF in twenty-four different combinations of physics for three years in a nested domain of 22.5 and 4.5 km with 34 vertical levels. From more to less confident, we found that, for the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the best option is to use YSU; for the land surface model (LSM), the best option is the five-Layer Thermal, RRTM for longwave, Dudhia for short wave radiation, and Thompson for the microphysics. In general, the model did well for temperature (average, minimum, maximum) for most of the observation points and configurations. Precipitation was good, but just a few configurations stood out (i.e., conf-9 and conf-10). Surface pressure and Relative Humidity results were not good or bad, and it depends on the statistics with which we evaluate the time series (i.e., KGE or NSE). The results for wind speed were inferior; there was a warm bias in all of the stations. Once we identify the best configuration in our experiment, we run WRF for one year using ERA5 and FNL0832 climate reanalysis. Our results indicate that Era-interim provided better results for precipitation. In the case of temperature, FNL0832 gave better results; however, all of the models’ performances were good. Therefore, working with ERA-Interim seems the best option in this region with the physics selected. We did not experiment with changes in resolution, which may have improved results with ERA5 that has a better spatial and temporal resolution.

Others ruralities / understanding Chiloé: Proposals for a recomposition based on a new model of territorial epistemology

Abstract Adopting as an example the Chiloe archipelago, located in the Los Lagos Region, in Chile's south, this article presents a critical reflection on ways of understanding territory that have developed in the nation. The case of Chiloe is particularly relevant. It is an area that has historically been represented as poor, isolated, peasant and traditional and therefore requiring state intervention to promote modernization and development. These circumstances have resulted in interventions performed according to a mainland logic that fails to consider demands and idiosyncrasies that derive from the archipelago's territorial specificities. We propose a paradigm of complexity and critical humanism as an epistemological approach capable of obviating such historical faults and favouring a territorial recomposition of the archipelago directed by future imaginaries.

Unexpected coseismic surface uplift at Tirúa-Mocha Island area of south Chile before and during the Mw 8.8 Maule 2010 earthquake: a possible upper plate splay fault

The Tirúa-Mocha Island area (38.2°-38.4° S) in southern Chile has been affected by two megaearthquakes in only 50 years: the 1960 Mw=9.5 Valdivia earthquake and 2010 Mw=8.8 Maule earthquake. We studied in the field the vertical ground movements occurred during the interseismic period between both earthquakes and the coseismic period of 2010 Maule earthquake and 2011 Mw=7.1 Araucanía earthquake. During the 1960 earthquake, vertical coseismic ground movements are typical of subduction related earthquakes with Mocha Island, located close to the trench, experienced bigger ground uplift (150 cm) than that occurred in Tirúa (-20 cm), place located in the continental margin at the latitude of Mocha Island. Then during the 1960-2010 interseismic period, the 1960 coseismic uplift remained at Mocha Island unlike the normal interseismic subsidence that occurred northward at Arauco Peninsula and Santa María Island. Also Tirúa experienced the biggest interseismic uplift (180 cm) in all the area affected later by 2010 Maule earthquake. Then during the 2010 Mw=8.8 Maule earthquake an anomalous vertical coseismic ground uplift occurred in the study area, opposite to that of 1960 since Mocha Island experienced lower (25 cm) ground uplift than Tirúa (90 cm). Subsequently, during the Araucanía 2011 earthquake a ground uplift in Mocha Island (50 cm) and subsidence at Tirúa (20 cm) occurred. These unexpected vertical ground movements can be explained by the existence of an upper plate splay fault located below the sea bottom between Tirúa and Mocha Island: the Tirúa-Mocha splay fault. Considering the last seismic cycle, the activity of this fault would have started after the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. During 2010 Maule earthquake, the main slip occurred at Tirúa Mocha splay fault. Finally during 2011 Araucanía earthquake, the slip occurred mainly at the updip of Wadati-Benioff plane with probable normal activity of Tirúa-Mocha splay fault. Simple elastic dislocation models considering the Wadati-Benioff plane and the Tirúa-Mocha splay fault activity, can account for all the vertical ground movements observed during 1960 earthquake, the 1960-2010 interseismic period, the 2010 Maule earthquake and the 2011 Araucanía earthquake.

Anthocyanin-Rich Extracts of Calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forst.) Fruits Decrease In Vitro Viability and Migration of Human Gastric and Gallbladder Cancer Cell Lines

Currently, gastric cancer (GC) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) constitute important causes of human deaths related to cancer worldwide. In the last years, several researches are focused on the role of dietary compounds in preventing cancers. The consumption of fruits with high antioxidants, mainly anthocyanins, represents a good option to reduce the risk of chronic human diseases. Calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forst.) berries, recognized by their remarkable antioxidant properties and high content of anthocyanins, appear as a new alternative to treat degenerative diseases of public interest. The present work was aimed to evaluate the impact of crude and anthocyanin-rich extracts from Calafate fruits on in vitro cell viability and migration capacity of gastric (AGC) and gallbladder (G415) human cancer cell lines, as related with their antioxidant properties. Crude and anthocyanin-rich extracts were obtained from fruits of Calafate grown under field conditions in the south of Chile. Antioxidants, phenols, anthocyanins, and anthocyanidins were determined. In vitro cell viability and migration of AGS and G415 human cancer cell lines at different concentrations of extracts (25–800 μg mL−1) were determined. Anthocyanin-rich extracts of Calafate berries showed comparable antioxidant activity (up to 1200 μg Trolox eq. g−1DW), slightly lower total phenolic content (12%), but higher total anthocyanin content (25%) compared to the crude extract. The major anthocyanidin molecule detected in both extracts was delphinidin, followed by malvidin, and low concentrations of petunidin, cyanidin, and peonidin. As expected, all of these compounds were detected in higher levels in anthocyanin-rich extracts (up to 2-fold). Noteworthy, our study revealed that Calafate fruit extracts strongly decrease in vitro viability and migration capacity of gastric carcinoma (AGC model) and gallbladder carcinoma (G415 model) human cell lines; however, the anthocyanin-rich extract displayed higher inhibitory effects (up to 70%) compared to crude extracts. These findings allow suggesting that the in vitro antiproliferative potential of Calafate fruit extract is strongly related to the anthocyanin concentration, especially delphinidin.

Universal Accessibility in UC Temuco

In present-day societies, people’s life expectancy is increasing thanks to medical and technological progress; therefore, the number of disable citizens is also increasing. An accessible design is one that is functionally and aesthetically adapted to its users and their real and personalized needs. Accessible spaces are those that allow everyone, particularly people with limited physical or sensorial capacity, to enjoy all its elements in the appropriate conditions of comfort, safety and autonomy. By incorporating this characteristic into the design of our products, buildings and into everything that surrounds us, we improve the comfort and quality of the articles and services we offer the public without increasing their cost, all thanks to small details that benefit the largest number of people. Each country has its own legislation regarding accessibility. In Chile the first Integration Social Law N°19.284 is due to 1994. One of the biggest difficulties for disable persons to move around cities and buildings is the lack of ramps in public buildings. Although the Supreme Decree 201/98 establishes that all building, public or private, with occupation for more than 50 people should have an access for disabled, although there are many places in this country that today do not validate this requirement. In the year 2010 the Law 20.422 improved the standards regulating the minimal general guidelines based on the accessibility requirements for improving especially bathrooms, hygiene services for public-use buildings and changing rooms. This document presents a local case of study. The Catholic University of Temuco (12.000 students) is located in the south of Chile (Araucania Region). This region is the poorest in the country. Since 2012 the University is part of the University Inclusion Network. Consequently, since then, educational buildings and public spaces have been improving accessibility and are now better prepared for the challenge of welcoming disabled students.

Rainfall-induced landslide identification using numerical modelling: A southern Chile case

Worldwide, Rainfall-Induced Landslide (RIL) affects the population with significant socioeconomic damage and high economic losses in developing countries. Nowadays, RIL hazard has gained attention from the scientific community in developing countries where low instrumental is available for identification and monitoring. However, RIL-prone zones identification is a complex task, mostly in zones with an increase of extreme hydrometeorological events due to climate change. We propose a new coupled methodology to identify RIL-prone zones based on slope instability (SI) during an extreme hydrometeorological event. We consider the Northern Slope of the Biobío River (NSBR, centered at ~36°S, 72°W) in the south of Chile, a densely populated area with historic RIL events. A one-way coupled system was carried out using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to a hydrological model over an experimental area of 172 km2. Hydrological model results were used to calculate the factor of safety (FS) evaluating their temporal variations. Our results were compared with in-situ observations and remote sensing of slope-stability to evaluate their performance based on previous studies with good performance. Our results show that areas with low FS values represented shallow RIL and hyper-concentrated flows. Therefore, our approach could identify RIL-prone areas without the need for extensive in-situ information, which will reduce resources. Finally, our methodology allows implementation in countries with scarce or non-existent resources for the instrumental monitoring of hillslopes.

<p><strong>Studies in Austral Bryaceae (Bryopsida) I. New Combinations in <em>Ptychostomum</em> Hornsch. from southern South America</strong></p>

The genus Ptychostomum (Bryaceae, Bryopsida) is examined from southern South America including southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego regions of Argentina and Chile south of 50o S latitude. Five new combinations transferred from Bryum are made; Ptychostomum dicarpum (E.B. Bartram) J.R. Spence, Ptychostomum chorizodontum (Card. & Broth.) J.R. Spence, Ptychostomum lamprochaete (Dusén) J.R. Spence, Ptychostomum pauperculum (E.B. Bartram) J.R. Spence, and Ptychostomum vernicosum (Dusén) J.R. Spence. Bryum coelophyllum is placed into synonymy under P. nivale. Bryum macrosporum is placed into synonymy under P. chorizodontum. The type of B. pallidoviride represented undetermined material that could not be assigned to any species. A preliminary key to the 20 species of Ptychostomum currently recognized for the region is presented.

Comparison between observations and gridded data sets over complex terrain in the Chilean Andes: Precipitation and temperature

AbstractThis study describes the performance of five gridded data sets in reproducing precipitation and/or temperature over the complex terrain in the high Chilean Andes. The relationship of instrumental observations and the gridded data sets with climate modes of variability and the trends of indices of climate extremes are also explored between the period 1980–2015. The mismatches between gridded data sets are larger in northern and southern regions in relation to precipitation, while for temperature, disagreement is higher in central region. However, better results are delivered by the Climatic Research Unit and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre followed by Re‐Analysis Interim Project. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation indices are well correlated with precipitation in North and South Chile. Additional, trend analyses reveal a significant downward (upward) tendency for precipitation (temperature), especially in central region, delivered by observed and the majority of gridded data sets. Furthermore, the consecutive number of dry days is increasing in all regions at the annual scale. This study allows a better understanding of the capacity of global data sets and thus contributes to further climate research within this Andean region.

Attractant Effect of Eucalyptus globulus (Labill) and Foeniculum vulgare (Mill.) Essential Oils on Aegorhinus superciliosus (Guérin) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Currently, the use of essential oils for behavioral manipulation of insects is being investigated for its potential application in integrated pest management programs. Thus, we identified the chemical composition of Eucalyptus globulus (Labill) and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. essential oils and evaluated its effect on the Aegorhinus superciliosus behavior, an important fruit tree pest in the south of Chile. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and then were evaluated in olfactometric bioassays in order to establish whether they have any effect on the insect behavior. Finally, we determined the electrophysiological activities associated with behavior studies using electroantennography. The GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of 17 compounds from eucalyptus oil being its major constituent’s eucalyptol (63.6%) and α-pinene (18.9%). For fennel oil, 16 volatile constituents were identified, being anethole (50.8%), estragole (19.5%), and fenchone (11.1%) the dominant compounds. The olfactometric bioassays revealed that eucalyptus oil was attractive for both sexes of A. superciliosus whereas fennel oil was only attractive to the females (P ≤ 0.05). The main compounds, eucalyptol and anethole, were attractive to females (P ≤ 0.05) and electrophysiologically active for both sexes of the insect. In conclusion, the components attractive identified in the present study could be the starting point for the development of effective attractant lures for controlling the raspberry weevil in southern Chile.

EMPOWERMENT OF NURSES FROM A HOSPITAL IN THE SOUTH OF CHILE

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the level of empowerment among the nurses from a hospital located in the south of Chile and verify its potential association with personal and professional characterization variables. Method: cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted with 117 nurses from a hospital in the south of Chile. Data were collected in 2018 using a personal and professional characterization form and the Spanish version of the Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire II. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: the means of the factors of the empowerment scale were: Opportunity (4.11±0.82); Information (3.81±0.90); Support (3.81±0.86), and Resources (3.13±0.97). Statistically significant differences were found between empowerment and having greater professional experience, working in the medical-surgical unit, having from 3 to 10 patients under responsibility, job satisfaction, and intention to quit their jobs. Conclusion: the nurses reported a positive perception of empowerment in their roles, especially concerning having opportunities to perform tasks that contribute to acquiring new knowledge and skills at work.

Supernatural Mapuche: extractivism, non-human beings and fear in Central-Southern Chile

This work focuses on understanding the effects produced in Mapuche territories with the arrival of extractive projects in the field of energy production. From a political ontology perspective, and through an ethnographic methodology, we analyze the case of the Neltume Hydroelectric Project located in the Panguipulli commune (Region of Los Rios, south of Chile). Rethinking critically the approaches of the Brazilian anthropologist Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, in the light of our field findings, we argue that the territories intervened -from certain transgressive actions- are comprised of “supernatural” contexts. This entails a change in the relationship between a set of non-human entities regarding to humans, characterized by the belligerence and anger of the former against the lack of protection and the fear of the latter.

IMPORTANCIA DE LA ENFERMERA ESCOLAR SEGÚN LA PERCEPCIÓN DE FUNCIONARIOS DE COLEGIOS BÁSICOS DE UNA PROVINCIA DE CHILE

Objective: To describe the importance of the school nurse as perceived by school staff members of elementary schools from a province south Chile. Materials and Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, using a sample of 126 (75%) participants from a population of 169 school staff members of 5 public and private schools. After giving informed consent, the participants answered the instrument “Perception of the importance of the school nurse”, from the perspective of their caregiving, educational, research and management functions. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chilean Adventist University. Results: 94% of school staff members indicate that the school nurse is important when acting in emergencies during school hours; 93.5% consider that the school nurse is vital when it comes to providing first aid; 92.25% believe that parents feel reassured when there is a health professional in the school, and 91.75% say that nurses can educate students on sexually transmitted infections. Conclusion: According to school staff members, the presence of a school nurse is important and should be promoted for maintaining student’s health.

Numerical simulation of hydrodynamic characteristics and bedload transport in cross sections of two gravel-bed rivers based on one-dimensional lateral distribution method

Accurate evaluation and prediction of bedload transport are crucial in studies of fluvial hydrodynamic characteristics and river morphology. This paper presents a one-dimensional numerical model based on the one-dimensional lateral distribution method (1D-LDM) and six classic bedload transport formulae that can be used to simulate hydrodynamic characteristics and bedload transport discharge in cross sections. Two gravel-bed rivers, i.e. the Danube River located approximately 70 km downstream from Bratislava in Slovakia and the Toltén River in south of Chile are used as examples. In the 1D-LDM, gravity, bed shear stress, turbulent diffusion, and secondary flow are included to allow for accurate predictions of flow velocity and consequently bed shear stress in the cross sections. Six classic formulae were applied to evaluate the non-dimensional bedload transport rate, and the bedload transport discharge through a river cross section is obtained by integrating the bedload transport rate over the width of the cross section. The results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of velocity and water discharge were less than 8% of the observed magnitude, while the correlation coefficient between model predictions and observations was close to unity. The formulae proposed by Ashida and Michiue (1972), in which particle collision with the bed is taken into account, and by Camenen and Larson (2005), which allows for yielding a non-zero bedload transport rate even when the bed shear stress is smaller than the critical bed shear stress value, appeared to be more appropriate for predicting the observed bedload transport rate in the studied cross sections of two gravel-bed rivers. If non-uniform sediment mixtures were considered, the bedload transport discharge through a cross-section could change considerably by up to 22.5% of the observed magnitude. The relations proposed by Ashida and Michiue (1972) and Egiazaroff (1965) for parameterizing the hiding factor yielded more realistic model predictions in comparison with observations for the measured data set collected for the Toltén River, while the one proposed by Wilcock and Crowe (2003) performs the best for the data set measured for the Danube River.

Biomass quality index: Searching for suitable biomass as an energy source in Chile

A Biomass Quality Index (BQI) developed using a previously reported tool was shown to be a promising method to rank biomass suitable for solid biofuel production. The BQI was developed by selecting 12 chemical parameters to be analyzed among ten available biomasses produced in the north, central and south of Chile. Furthermore, a Parameter Quality Index (PQI) was calculated to estimate the contribution of each parameter in the BQI. The sum of all PQIs for each biomass allowed the BQI to be determined, and biomasses with lower BQIs were more highly ranked. The results showed that the first 3 ranks were dominated by biomasses collected in central Chile, hazelnut shell, cherry pits and corn cobs (BQI ≤ 16.1). Furthermore, a promising candidate that was ranked fourth place was wheat straw (BQI = 17.7), which may be able to be used the highly polluted southern zone. Meanwhile, grass and the microalgae N. gaditana were ranked last (BQI ≥ 69.5). The low BQI obtained for the studied biomasses were related to their low PQIs regarding moisture content, low trace element content, low ash percentage and high carbon content and HHV. By contrast, high BQI values were related to high PQIs for moisture, Cl, Na and K content. K had a high contribution and Cu had a low contribution in the index. Due to the difficulty of milling the top ranked biomass, further studies should include a grindability analysis or other physical parameters to complete the BQI methodology.

The Co-creation of Imperial Logic in South American Legal History

Abstract This study is part of the current trend of expanding ‘histories of international law’. From a regional perspective, I analyse not just the South American dimension of the process known as the ‘universalization of international law science’, but also focus on the ‘ideological use’ of ius gentium europaeum in the debate on the occupation of indigenous territories governing by the nation Mapuche in the south of Chile (1861–1883) and then the discussion on the legitimacy of the Saltpeter War between Chile and the Bolivian-Peruvian Alliance (1879–1884). I argue that the Chilean national legal discourse applied a core argument of nineteenth-century international law to legitimize its foreign policy in those conflicts: ‘the standard of civilization’. Thus, it is possible to speak about a domestic recreation of imperial logic as part of the globalization of the European law of nations in the nineteenth century.

Conmutación y experiencias de viaje en el sur de chile. Prácticas de movilidad de habitantes de ciudades intermedias menores

El presente artículo analiza las experiencias de conmutación de habitantes de las comunas de La Unión y Río Bueno, sur de Chile, que se desplazan en diversos dispositivos de transporte con el objetivo de desarrollar sus respectivas actividades cotidianas. A partir de la utilización de métodos móviles, se logró analizar y explorar las dinámicas cotidianas de conmutantes en directa relación con las ciudades habitadas y su conformación territorial, geográfica y espaciotemporal. Dentro de los hallazgos destacan aspectos que tensan y proponen rupturas respecto a las experiencias de viaje entre ciudades intermedias e intermedias menores. Asimismo, existen narrativas de la movilidad que se asocian a las transformaciones corporales y mentales que experimentan los conmutantes durante el tiempo-espacio dedicado a la organización y desarrollo de las prácticas de movilidad. Por último, se constató la existencia de prácticas de movilidad propias de la cultura de los habitantes de estos territorios, con tiempos, ritmos y rituales que se distancian de las experiencias de movilidad contraídas en espacio netamente urbanos.