South-central Washington Research Articles

White-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in South-Central Washington

White-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in South-Central Washington

Evapotranspiration from a Greasewood‐Cheatgrass community

Groundwater elevation, soil moisture, and precipitation were monitored to evaluate the components of water loss from two greasewood‐cheatgrass (Sarcobatus vermiculatus‐Bromus tectorum) communities in south central Washington. Annual evapotranspiration was 21–25 cm, 18–31% of which was the transpiration of groundwater. The greatest loss from the system was the evapotranspiration of stored soil moisture, but this moisture was unavailable to greasewood. This study confirms that water use rates are a function of depth to water up to 2.3 meters, but indicates a more complicated mechanism at depths of up to 13 meters. Shrub height, canopy coverage, and total leaf surface area are inversely related to depth to water, and the rate of water use is in turn directly related to these plant‐associated features.

Ecological Distribution of Sagebrush Voles, Lagurus curtatus, in South-Central Washington

Ecological Distribution of Sagebrush Voles, Lagurus curtatus, in South-Central Washington

Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Verticillium Species from South Central Washington

Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Verticillium Species from South Central Washington

Flow directions in Columbia River Basalt flows and paleocurrents of interbedded sedimentary rocks, South-Central Washington

More than 150 flow directions measured mainly in inclined pipe vesicles and, more rarely, vesicle cylinders, spiracles, and inclined foreset beds in pillowpalagonits-complexes) of the upper 12 widespread Yakima Basalt flows on the Columbia River Plateau in south-central Washington indicate rather uniform transport directions from southeast to northwest. This strongly supports former ideas that the large Grande Ronde-Cornucopia dike swarm in northeast Oregon fed the huge lava floods. It is shown that all previous evidence indicating eruption centers for the basalts in the Cascada Range to the west is inconclusive. Cross-bedding directions, maximum pebble sizes, and distribution of heavy mineral suites in sedimentary deposits interbedded with the basalt sheets delineate in more detail two main paleoslopes whose deposits interfinger: a) the Cascade paleoslope to the west with east-southeast paleocurrents and a predominance of volcanic heavy minerals (hornblende, oxyhornblende, hypersthene, and clinopyroxene). b) the Columbia paleoslope with south-southwest paleocurrents and chiefly sphene, epidote, clinozoisite, blue-green hornblende, garnet, sillimanite, kyanite, and staurolite. Distribution of conglomerats, current directions, and heavy mineral suites support former hypotheses that the ancestral Columbia River flowed about 50 km farther west in early Pliocene time than it does today in the area of lower Yakima Valley.

Fused Tuff and Pépérites in South-Central Washington

Research Article| March 01, 1967 Fused Tuff and Pépérites in South-Central Washington HANS-ULRICH SCHMINCKE HANS-ULRICH SCHMINCKE Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut, Laboratorium für Sediment-forschung, Berliner Strasse 19, 69 Heidelberg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information HANS-ULRICH SCHMINCKE Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut, Laboratorium für Sediment-forschung, Berliner Strasse 19, 69 Heidelberg, Germany Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 26 Jul 1965 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Copyright © 1967, The Geological Society of America, Inc. Copyright is not claimed on any material prepared by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. GSA Bulletin (1967) 78 (3): 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1967)78[319:FTAPIS]2.0.CO;2 Article history Received: 26 Jul 1965 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation HANS-ULRICH SCHMINCKE; Fused Tuff and Pépérites in South-Central Washington. GSA Bulletin 1967;; 78 (3): 319–330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1967)78[319:FTAPIS]2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract The Pomona Basalt, an extensive tholeiitic lava flow of the Columbia River Basalt, overlies an airfall vitric tuff in south-central Washington. In many places, this tuff was welded at the contact from the heat and pressure of the overlying basalt. Textures and minerals (mainly Na-sanidine and cristobalite) formed in the tuff during and after welding are identical to those of welded ash flow tuffs. Heat conduction from the lava could have accomplished the welding, as shown by calculations, although water vapors greatly aided in heat transfer. Welding was completed prior to deuteric crystallization of the Pomona Basalt. In other places, where the tuff was probably thicker, the Pomona flow burrowed into the tuff, fragmented it, and formed spectacular breccias (pépérites). The pépérites occur sporadically between outcrops of the un-brecciated Pomona in an area of about 5400 km2 (2100 miles2). This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Stratigraphy and Petrography of Four Upper Yakima Basalt Flows in South-Central Washington

Field and laboratory investigations of the Yakima Basalt in south-central Washington show that the upper flows consist of four widespread sheets and interbedded sediments. From oldest to youngest, they are: Umatilla Basalt, Selah Member of the Ellensburg Formation, Pomona Basalt, Rattlesnake Ridge Member of the Ellensburg Formation, Elephant Mountain Basalt, and Ward Gap Basalt. Compared with two other local occurrences, the Pomona Basalt is identical with the Selah Butte flow and correlated with it, but is only similar to and probably older than the Huntzinger flow. The basalts are tholeiites and, except for Pomona Basalt, aphyric. During flowage, they were more than 95 percent liquid and crystallization began with olivine, followed by magnetite, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene. Intraflow variations in textures, modes, and mineral composition are determined by the crystallinity, which depends on the cooling history and varies widely within a flow. In general, the flows are glassiest in their interiors, whereas the lower and upper colonnades are hypocrystalline. Glass contents, for example, vary more than 60–70 modal percent within the Elephant Mountain and Umatilla flows. Vertical or lateral variations unrelated to crystallinity were not found. Characteristic structural and petrographic interflow differences, which are present despite internal variations, depend mainly on primary differences in chemical composition. Pomona Basalt is distinguished from the other flows by its magnesium- and calcium-rich composition. Umatilla Basalt differs from the Elephant Mountain flow in having lower total iron, magnesium, and calcium but higher alkalies. Ward Gap Basalt resembles the crystalline Elephant Mountain Basalt. The approximate average thicknesses (in meters), minimum extents (in square kilometers), and volumes (in cubic kilometers) of the four flows are: Umatilla Basalt—45 m, 5180 km 2 , 233 km 3 ; Pamona Basalt—30 m, 18,000 km 2 , 540 km 3 ; Elephant Mountain Basalt—10 m, 10,350 km 2 , 103 km 3 ; and Ward Gap Basalt—10 m, 5120 km 2 , 51 km 3 .

Graded Lahars in the Type Sections of the Ellensburg Formation, South-Central Washington

The volcaniclastic Miocene-Pliocene Ellensburg Formation west of Yakima contains up to about 15 lahars. These are massive, sheet-like deposits with an average thickness of 2-5 m (6-15 feet). The lahars are characteristically graded, having a thin fine-grained (medium sand) basal layer which abruptly grades into a massive, coarse, poorly sorted central portion that may contain blocks up to 3 m (9 feet) in diameter. This part grades into a bedded or cross-bedded top zone (fine to medium-grained sand, partly pebbly) that may be transitional to horizontally bedded tuffs. Clay- and siltsized fractions form less than 10 percent of all three zones. Heavy minerals, chiefly hornblende, hypersthene and magnetite are abundant in the 125-200mu fraction and may constitute as much as 20 percent of the weight of this fraction. Most lahars are predominantly composed of fragments of a pink to light violet hypersthene-hornblende dacite. The lahars probably originated on the flanks of explosive volcanoes in an ancient Cascade chain at least 60 km (40 miles) to the west. They seem to have moved partly as inertia type flows which would explain the inverse grading: pebbles and blocks moved upward during transport, leaving a layer of medium sand at the base.

Yakima Basalt of the Tieton River Area, South-Central Washington

Up to 1700 feet of the upper Miocene-lower Pliocene Yakima Basalt of the Columbia River Group underlie much of the eastern flank of the Cascade Range in the Tieton River area, Yakima County, Washington. Local prebasalt relief was more than 1700 feet, so thicknesses of each of the 15 exposed flows vary widely. Single flows can be traced for many miles, and terminate only against local topographic highs. The flows show typical colonnade-entablature jointing, and commonly overlie thin pillow-palagonite complexes. The basalts have Yakima-type chemistry. Plagioclase varies chiefly from An65 (microphenocrysts) to An45 (microlites). Clinopyroxenes range from Ca-rich pigeonite to augite, with subcalcic augite most abundant. Complex continuous zoning with respect to optic angles occurs between all the clinopyroxene phases. Olivine is sparse, and phenocrysts of all minerals are rare. Plots of 40 modal analyses indicate that plagioclase and pyroxene began crystallizing at about the same time, and crystallized at the same rate until the flows were at least 75 per cent crystalline. Individual flows differ in their plagioclase/pyroxene ratios and, to a lesser degree, in other microscopic characteristics. Therefore they can be correlated between the measured sections. The stratigraphy thus defined indicates that the youngest flow in the area is slightly older than the Vantage Sandstone Member (about 13.5 m.y.), a prominent sedimentary interbed farther east on the Columbia River Plateau. Flow directions show that the basalts advanced into the area from the east and southeast. Sedimentary interbeds between some of the flows contain a heavy mineral suite indicative of a northern or northeastern provenance, and crossbedding measurements suggest westward and southwestward current directions. The regional paleoslope, therefore, sloped westward or southwestward; and the basalts probably extended somewhat beyond the present Cascade Crest before being dammed by the ancient Western Cascades. Floods of pyrogenic hornblende in the interbeds and overlapping K/A ages suggest sporadic explosive activity of Tatoosh-type plutons in the Cascades contemporaneous with Yakima extrusions. The basalts are warped into five nearly west-trending folds and an eastward-sloping homocline. The homocline is related directly to Cascade uplift, which may have begun at about the time that Yakima-type flows ceased flooding the area.

Occurrence of Large Nematode Populations in Irrigation Canals of South Central Washington

Studies carried out during the 1965 season at Prosser, Washington showed the presence of large numbers of nematodes in irrigation water. Water samples were collected with a depth adjustable sampling tube and nemas were extracted using modified screening and Baermann funnel techniques. Efficiency of the method was inversely proportional to the volume of water sampled. Distribution of nematodes within a canal was random as they did not concentrate in any portion of the canal and no tendency for them to settle out of flowing water was detected. Population densities in the Sunnyside and Roza Canals ranged from approximately 25 to over 200 nemas per gallon (3.775 1) of water, depending upon the date of sampling. Estimates from these data indicate that from 2 to 16 × 109 nematodes per day were carried past a given point. Plant parasitic nematodes generally accounted for 10-20% of those extracted from irrigation water with the highest concentration of these nemas occurring during mid-season in the Sunnyside Canal.

The Black Vine Weevil, Brachyrhinus sulcatus, as a Pest of Grapes in South Central Washington1

The black vine weevil ( Brachyrhinus sulcatus (F.)) caused injury during 1961 to Concord grapes in south central Washington by feeding on berry pedicels and cluster stems. Injury resulted in reduced berry weight and loss of berries or portions of the cluster. Weekly counts on 20 tagged clusters per cover crop provided estimates of loss (tons per acre) for grapes grown in 5 different cover crops, as follows: no cover, 3.36; oats and vetch, 3.45; alfalfa, 2.42; creeping red fescue, 3.08; and creeping red fescue in combination with oats and vetch, 3.29. Weevils caught in specially designed funnel traps indicated B. sulcatus was closely associated with creeping red fescue as a cover crop. Injury in other cover crops was apparently the result or adult movement away from creeping red fescue.

The Role of Alternate Plant Hosts in the Aphid Transmission of Bean Mosaics in Central Washington1

Studies of alternate plant hosts for bean mosaic diseases found in south central Washington were made from 1955 through 1959. Red clover, sweet clover, and broad bean were susceptible to various of the viruses involved. Green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and clover aphids, Anuraphis bakeri (Cowen), could transmit some of these viruses from red clover and sweet clover to bean and/or vice versa, and pea aphids, Macrosiphum pisi (Harris), could transmit these viruses from broad bean to bean. Both red clover and sweetclover are grown or occur on roadsides in south-central Washington. Green peach aphids are exceedingly abundant and active during the growing season in this area; clover aphids and pea aphids are numerous. Consequently, it is likely that the yearly recurrence of mosaic infections in field beans in this area is at least partly attributable to alternate plant hosts, such as sweet clover and red clover, in which the virus pathogens may over winter.

Characterization of Some Halomorphic Soils and Their Normal Associates in the Yakima Valley

AbstractA study was made of four soils—Naches, a Brown; Fiander, a Solonetz; and Umapine and Ahtanum, Solonchak soils. These occur in close association in the Yakima River Valley of south central Washington in poorly defined zones which parallel the lower edge of the alluvial fan on which the soils are found. Areas of pure soil types are extremely small. Studies made of transects across soil boundaries indicate that materials from which these soils were formed were heterogeneous, and that soil morphology has been greatly influenced by parent material differences.Resalinization has occurred to varying degrees since the beginning of irrigation in the Yakima Valley. The concentrations of soluble and exchangeable cations in the soils vary not only between series but also within a series, chiefly as a function of positions on the alluvial fan.

GEOMORPHOLOGY OF SOUTH-CENTRAL WASHINGTON, ILLUSTRATED BY THE YAKIMA EAST QUADRANGLE

Research Article| June 01, 1955 GEOMORPHOLOGY OF SOUTH-CENTRAL WASHINGTON, ILLUSTRATED BY THE YAKIMA EAST QUADRANGLE AARON C WATERS AARON C WATERS THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE 18, MARYLAND Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information AARON C WATERS THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE 18, MARYLAND Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 05 Apr 1954 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Copyright © 1955, The Geological Society of America, Inc. Copyright is not claimed on any material prepared by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. GSA Bulletin (1955) 66 (6): 663–684. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[663:GOSWIB]2.0.CO;2 Article history Received: 05 Apr 1954 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation AARON C WATERS; GEOMORPHOLOGY OF SOUTH-CENTRAL WASHINGTON, ILLUSTRATED BY THE YAKIMA EAST QUADRANGLE. GSA Bulletin 1955;; 66 (6): 663–684. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[663:GOSWIB]2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Geologic mapping of the Yakima district has been neglected since publication of the Ellensburg and Mount Stuart folios (G. O. Smith, 1903a; 1904; see also Calkins, 1905). Reports on other parts of the Columbia River plateau, however, pose new problems and call for revision of some interpretations. This paper presents the results of extending Smith's mapping eastward into the adjacent Yakima East quadrangle, and of considerable reconnaissance work in adjoining areas. The new mapping shows that to the east and south the lower part of the Ellensburg formation interfingers with the Yakima basalt. It also indicates that local diastrophism and volcanism continuously modified and interrupted deposition of the Ellensburg formation.Smith's conclusions that the great topographic ridges are growing anticlines, not fault blocks, and that the major rivers are antecedent to these folds, are confirmed. The anticlines appear to have grown in a single epoch of deformation instead of in two orogenic episodes separated by a period of peneplanation. The “Cascade lowland” is a local pediment formed on the flanks of a growing anticline, not a remnant of a widespread peneplain.The new data do not support Warren's hypothesis of defeat and diversion of Columbia River by rise of the Horse Heaven uplift, nor Flint's hypothesis of the cutting of Wallula Gap by a river thus diverted. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Host Relationship Studies of Lygus In South Central Washington1

Journal Article Host Relationship Studies of Lygus In South Central Washington Get access David R. Malcolm David R. Malcolm Pullman, Washington Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 46, Issue 3, 1 June 1953, Pages 485–488, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/46.3.485 Published: 01 June 1953

The Status of Resident Canada Geese in South-Central Washington, Spring, 1950

The Status of Resident Canada Geese in South-Central Washington, Spring, 1950

Geography of the Fruit Industry of Yakima Valley, Washington

HE drainage basin of the (pronounced YAK-i-mah) extending diagonally through South Central Washington, contains an area of 5,970 square miles of which about 9 per cent is irrigated. Yet within the 400,000 acres of irrigated land are planted a sufficient number of fruit trees to make County the leading agricultural county of the state of Washington and to place it among the five leading counties of the nation in income from agricultural products, ranking first in apples and pears, third in cherries, and eighth in peaches. Farmers in the county receive nearly $50,000,000 income from fruit alone, and other crops bring the total farm income to $118,000,000. The term Yakima Valley as used in this paper will include only the irrigated portion of the drainage basin of the River in and

The Hop Industry of the Yakima Valley, Washington

the state. In the case of San Luis Obispo county, the Swiss ranchers have made effective use of the coast lands and native vegetation REFERENCES 1 First notice of Swiss settlers in San Luis Obispo County appears In the San Luis Pioneer, Vol. 6, No, 213, September 13, 1873. Hor general economic and geographic descriptions of San Luis ' Obispo and the Santa Lucia area, see the various papers of John Wesley Coulter. The presence of a Swiss element In the population, however, has been entirely ignored from a cultural standpoint by Mr. Coulter and others, * Data on Someo and other Swiss villages may be iound in Diotlonaire Géographique de la Suisse (Neuchatol, 1902), and Diotlonaire Historique et Biographique do la Suisse (Neuohatel, 1932). in the successful development of a specialized industry: they are, in fact, responsible for the current land utilization of the area. 3 Diotlonaire Géographique de ?a Suisse, ß; 219. ' Compiled from the San Luis Obispo directory, 1931-1932 (Ban Luis Obispo, 1932). " San Luis Obispo Tribune for May 5, 1894. Souvenir edition. • Bureau of the Census report, 1930, ' MS. notes of the late Thomas P. Hunt, In files of th* TJ, C. Dept. of Agriculture, Berkeley, CaI. More recent figures would probably be somewhat lower, for many of the ranchers have been forced to operate their own ranches during the last five years. The Hop Industry of the Yakima Valley, Washington OTIS W. FREEMAN State Normal School, Cheney, Washington The Yakima Valley in south central Washington comprises one of the most productive irrigated areas in the United States. The Yakima River and other streams with sources in the Cascades supply the needed water. The Yakima Valley is separated into two nearly equal divisions by a ridge crossing the Valley through which the Yakima River has cut a passage called Union Gkip. Hops are commercially grown chiefly around Toppenish and Moxee City in the upper Valley . Moxee "Valley lies at an elevation of 1,000 feot ahovo sea level. The soil is deep and fertile and is mostly classified as Yakim-n sandy loam. It is generally woll drained which prevents alkali accumulation destructive to hops. Most Moxee hop farmers have fifteen to twenty acres in the crop. In 1929 Yakima County had .120 farmers with 2,172 acres in hops that produced 4,044,050 pounds. This was about 5/6 of the production in the state. Only the Salem district in Oregon exceeds the Yakima Valley in importance in the Union. Hop vines nro raised from cuttings placed in rows 8 feet apart. Tho crop requires much labor during tho year, including pruning the roots in the spring, several irrigations and cultivations when necessary , stringing tho vinos, and finally picking and curing tho hop cones. Hops nro generally raised by tho wire trellis system with cross wires between the polos to support the vines. Labor for picking consists of local residents , Indians from the Yakima Reservation , 'and transients. Several thousand workers are neoded during the hop picking season. Hops ara cured in kilns, gonorally built of wood 30 or 40 feot square. The quality of hoer depends in part upon certain constituents of hops, especially soluble rosins and lupulin. The greatest handicap to hop producers comes from gront price variations. The legalization of boor caused high prices which resulted in ex-j, pnnding production faster than consumption and as a result prices in 1934-3!) were generally tinder the cost of production. (S) ...