South Beach Research Articles

Observations of juvenile Anadara (Scapharca) brasiliana (Bivalvia: Arcidae) on Mellita isometra (Echinoidea: Mellitidae) at St Catherines Island, GA, USA

Juvenile clams were observed on Mellita isometra Harold & Telford, 1990 (Echinoidea: Mellitidae), a lunulate sand dollar, collected off of St Catherines Island, GA, USA, in June 2008. These small clams (ranging from 0.5 to 3 mm in length; Fig. 1) had closed their valves on spines along the fringe, in the lunules and on the oral and aboral surfaces of the sand dollars. The ectosymbiotic crab Dissodactylus mellitae (Rathbun, 1900) is commonly found on the oral surface of M. isometra (Ruppert & Fox, 1988; George & Boone, 2003), but we found no previous reports of juvenile clams attached to sand dollars. We addressed several questions about this clam/crab/sand dollar association: (1) Were juvenile clams commonly present on sand dollars and where on the sand dollars were they located? (2) Was there evidence for any interaction between the juvenile clams and the crab Dissodactylus mellitae? (3) What species of clam were we observing? To answer these questions, we collected a total of 300 sand dollars at three sites on St Catherines Island: North Beach, the Ramp and South Beach (described in Prezant et al., 2002). St Catherines Island is a barrier island on the coast of Georgia and these sites are spread across about 12 km of coastline. All collecting was done at low tide in 1–2 m of water. For each sand dollar we recorded the width of the sand dollar, the number of D. mellitae crabs and the number of clams on each sand dollar. We also recorded where on the sand dollar each clam was attached (on the fringe, in a lunule, on the aboral surface or on the oral surface). All data were recorded in the field, immediately after lifting the sand dollar from the substrate. This was important as our preliminary observations revealed that the clams released their attachment if the sand dollar was placed in a container and transported any significant distance. We also collected juvenile and adult clams in 95% ethanol for microscopic examination and genetic study. We found a total of 142 clams on 300 sand dollars. Twenty-seven per cent of sand dollars had one or more clams, with a maximum of nine clams observed on one sand dollar. The clams were most common on the sand dollar fringe (86/ 142 observations, 61%). The lunules were the second most common location (40/142, 28%). Clams were rarely found on the aboral surface (14/142, 10%) and almost never on the oral surface (2/142, 1%). We found a total of 419 D. mellitae crabs on 300 sand dollars. Sixty-eight per cent of sand dollars had one or more crabs, with a maximum of seven crabs per sand dollar. These results are similar to observations from George & Boone (2003) at Tybee Island, GA, USA. We found no evidence for an association between the presence of one or more crabs and the presence of one or more clams on a sand dollar (x test, P 1⁄4 0.11). Dissodactylus mellitae were found almost exclusively on the oral surface of sand dollars. As clams were rarely observed on the oral surface, the clams and crabs may not have an opportunity to interact. We found no evidence that D. mellitae excludes clams from the oral surface as both of the clams found on the oral surface were found on sand dollars with D. mellitae, and no clams were found on the oral surface of any of the 96 sand dollars without D. mellitae. Based on their distinctive overlapping valves (Fig. 1), we suspected these juvenile clams were Anadara (Scapharca) brasiliana (Lamarck, 1819). Adult A. brasiliana, which are known from St Catherines Island (Prezant et al., 2002), can be identified by the overlap of the left valve over the right (Ruppert & Fox, 1988; Mikkelsen & Bieler, 2008). To confirm this hypothesis we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene from two adult A. brasiliana and five juvenile clams (including the largest and smallest that we collected). We first isolated DNA from one individual and amplified and sequenced a portion of the COI gene using standard methods (Snowman, Zigler & Hedin, 2010) and the HCOI and LCOI primers from Folmer et al. (1994). Based on this sequence we designed taxon-specific primers (LCO1Ana: 50-CGGCATTAGTAGGAATTTCCTTAAG-30 and HCOI Ana: 50-GCCAAGAAGTGACAAACATACCCC-30) and used these to amplify and sequence a portion of the COI gene from all seven individuals (GenBank accession numbers JN656612– JN656618). Across a 458-bp alignment of these seven sequences, six nucleotide positions were variable. One adult A. brasiliana individual and three of the juvenile individuals had identical sequences, one individual differed from those four individuals by a single-nucleotide difference, one by two differences and one by three differences. The maximum divergence between specimens was 1.1%, and the mean divergence was 0.4%.

Anthropology at War: World War I and the Science of Race in Germany. By Andrew D. Evans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. Pp. xiv+293. $85.00 (cloth); $29.00 (paper); $7.00–$29.00 (e‐book).

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsAnthropology at War: World War I and the Science of Race in Germany. By Andrew D. Evans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. Pp. xiv+293. $85.00 (cloth); $29.00 (paper); $7.00–$29.00 (e‐book).Roger ChickeringRoger ChickeringSouth Beach, Oregon Search for more articles by this author South Beach, OregonPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 83, Number 4December 2011 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/662362 Views: 14Total views on this site © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Abstract 17405: MicroRNA-205 Knockdown Induces Preadipocyte Cell Proliferation and Adipogenesis in Visceral Adipose of Obese Mice

Introduction: Central obesity involves deposition of fat around the trunk and in visceral adipose (VA) tissue. It is more common in men and carries a higher risk of CVD, dyslipidemia and T2D. In obese individuals, the increase in adiposity results from increases in the number and size of adipocytes, while the degree of hypertrophy relative to hyperplasia influences the level of body fat and the metabolic consequences of obesity. Hypothesis: miR-205 expression is increased in differentiated adipocytes and its inhibition leads to visceral adiposity. Methods: NONcNZO10 (NZ10) mice with polygenic susceptibility to T2D or SWR controls were fed Control (CD) or South Beach (SD; high protein/unsaturated fat) diets for 25 weeks. After 12 hr. fasting the mice were sacrificed and VA was collected. Total RNA was isolated and subjected to Sanger 14 multi-species miRNA microarray. Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured in either preadipocyte maintenance medium or DM2 adipogenic differentiation medium. Preadipocytes were transfected with both pre and anti-miR-205 precursor and inhibitor molecules using OPTI-MEM and NeoFx transfection agent. Results: Visceral adiposity was not induced in the control SWR fed either diet or NZ10 mice fed south beach diet as can be assessed by their body weights and percent fat levels (p<0.01). NZ10mice fed CD were hyperglycemic with impaired glucose tolerance test and hyperinsulinemic; gene expression analysis showed significant induction of key adipogenic genes; PPAR gamma and FABP4 in the VA of these mice. Microarray and real time PCR data revealed 10-fold down regulation of miR-205 in the VA of NZ10 mice fed CD vs SD or SWR mice fed either diet. miR-205 inhibition using anti-miR-205 inhibitor molecules in 3T3-L1 cells significantly increased cell proliferation as assessed by BrdU assay (p<0.001). Oil Red O staining of differentiating adipocytes with miR-205 knocked down showed increased staining for lipids (p<0.001). Also real time PCR analysis revealed increased mR-205 expression in differentiated adipocytes over preadipocytes (p<0.001). Conclusions: miR 205 inhibition increases preadipocyte cell proliferation and adipogenesis in the visceral adipose of obese mice.

Abstract 17298: MicroRNA-411 Targets Foxo1 to Induce Hepatic Glucose Production in Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction: miRNAs are a class of short, NC, single-stranded RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression. A hallmark of T2D is excessive HGP that plays an important role in the development of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. FOXO1 has been shown to bind directly to the promoters of gluconeogenic genes and activate HGP. Hypothesis: miR-411 is down regulated in liver of mice with polygenic susceptibility for T2D leading to FOXO1 OE and induction of gluconeogenesis. Methods: NONcNZO10 (NZ10) mice with polygenic susceptibility to T2D or SWR controls were fed Control (CD) or South Beach (SD; high protein/unsaturated fat) diets for 25 weeks. After 12 hr. fasting the mice were sacrificed and liver was collected. Total RNA was isolated and subjected to Sanger 14 multi-species miRNA microarray. RESULTS: Diabesity was not induced in control SWR mice fed either diet or in NZ10 mice fed SD as evidenced by serum glucose and insulin levels and normal GTT. NZ10 mice fed CD were hyperglycemic (blood glucose >350mg/dL) with impaired GTT and hyperinsulinemia; gene expression analysis showed significant induction of key gluconeogenic genes; PEPCK, G6Pase and FBP1 in the livers of these mice (all, p<0.05). Protein and mRNA levels of FOXO1 were significantly up-regulated in the liver of these mice (p<0.05). Western blot analysis showed significantly increased glycogen phosphorylase and decreased glycogen synthase in livers of insulin-treated NZ10 mice fed CD, with increased CREB-133 phosphorylation and suppressed phosphorylation of AMPKα (all p<0.05). NZ10 mice fed CD had fatty liver and elevated gene transcripts of SREBF1 and PGC1alpha. miRNA analysis showed significant down-regulation of miR-411 in liver of NZ10 mice fed CD (p<0.05). In Silico analysis using Targetscan revealed FOXO1 as a target for miR-411. Overexpression of miR-411 in HepG2 cells eliminated FOXO1 expression and suppressed the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes. Conclusions: miR-411 targets FOXO1 and negatively regulates the expression of gluconeogenic genes. In NZ10 mice fed CD miR-411 is down-regulated causing hyperglycemia; this can be prevented by SD that promotes glucose homeostasis and reversal of the diabetic phenotype.

Miami Modern Metropolis: Paradise and Paradox in Mid-century Architecture and Planning Edited by Allan Shulman

Author(s): Burga, Hector Fernando | Abstract: Miami Modern Metropolis—MMM—takes the reader to the moment in Miami’s urban history when the city became modern. To support this claim this handsome volume, edited by University of Miami professor Allan Shulman, offers an unprecedented catalogue of images, cases and archival evidences that will certainly make this publication a platform for the future scholarship of architecture, urban design and planning in that chimeric place known as Miami.Indeed, when imagining Miami, the glitzy facades of South Beach Art Deco buildings come to mind. Perhaps, vague memories of the 1980’s conjure up a blurred collage: Miami Vice collides with Scarface to render a tele-genic city with splashes of cool pastel visuals set against xenophobic epitaphs. From this decade’s portrayal of danger, tumult and excess, Miamians crafted an urban imaginary of sensual glamour and multicultural difference. Today, a distinctive urban brand mixing tourist leisure and carnal abandonment sell city’s image as a site of global consumption, investment and paradisiacal living.

Medium time-scale behaviour of adjacent embayed beaches: Influence of low energy external forcing

Medium term (decadal) beach profile response to external forcing was assessed on two adjacent embayed beaches (North and South Sands) in Pembrokeshire, West Wales. Both have contrasting physical and geological characteristics: a headland bay backed by dunes and a constrained embayment backed by geological promontories, promenades, walls and rock revetments. Paired t-tests showed significant changes at all cross-shore profile locations (95% confidence), with south and north shores respectively exhibiting falling and rising beach levels. South to north sediment transport was revealed by volumetric variation ( r = 0.83), and longshore sediment distribution ( r = 0.91). North Beach level variations lagged behind South Beach by one-year ( r = 0.85). A reduction in high wind speed frequency, coincidental to spring tides, was correlated with falling South Beach levels ( r = 0.87) and rising North Beach levels ( r = −0.92). Heavily refracted Atlantic swells also have contrasting effects on these systems. Multiple regression models applied to beach level change for both systems showed high correlation ( R 2 = 0.93 and 0.85 respectively), suggesting that swell wave period and strong north-westerly winds that occur during high spring tides had cumulative effects. Furthermore, variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index were correlated to cumulative changes in mean sea level, wind wave height and south-westerly winds ( R 2 = 0.75). While NAO variations were linked to variations in South Beach morphology, it was insignificant on North Beach ( r = −0.72 and −0.14 respectively). Cross-correlation analyses showed that North Beach morphological changes lagged behind NAO Index variation by one-year with much improved correlation ( r = 0.77). A similar scenario existed when comparing Mean Sea level and beach level differences ( r = −0.54 and −0.32 respectively). Similar behaviour should be exhibited at other worldwide embayments, and it is suggested that this work is repeated to establish specific responses, to will underpin intervention or no active intervention strategies.

American Studies

American Studies Michael Carlebach (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Holy Joe, Miami Beach, 1976. In my long love affair with photography, or more precisely with photojournalism, I never developed much affection for the dramatic events that newspapers and magazines feed on for an instant, or the incendiary personalities who elbow their way into our consciousness. I have, to be sure, made plenty of pictures of news events, and of the glittery people in their midst, but I am happiest when I can sneak away and find what has been or will be forgotten or neglected or overlooked. That means at football games I pretty much ignore the celebrity quarterbacks and wide receivers, preferring instead to look at the folks on the sidelines, the cheerleaders, and the curious people who inhabit mascot outfits. In Florida, where I lived for many years, and elsewhere in America, dramatic vistas are commonplace, and the clangor of the unknown for their promised fifteen minutes of fame, and the already famous for an extra fifteen minutes, assures a steady supply of eager and sometimes even photogenic subjects. Many years ago I concluded that for me truth and beauty, and perhaps wit and wisdom as well, is more likely to reside in what is ordinary and seemingly insignificant than in the supercharged personae whose incessant bluster and self-promotion guarantees attention but delivers little except noise and more noise. So I usually look outside the media glare, outside the alluring limelight, for images. This is, perhaps, a sideways look at America and American culture, but it is one that can produce moments that are quietly decisive and memorable, moments that describe us all—but without makeup and bereft of a spokesperson. [End Page 24] Click for larger view View full resolution Everglades target practice, 1981. [End Page 25] Click for larger view View full resolution Key West, 1971. [End Page 26] Click for larger view View full resolution Dade County youth fair, 1971. [End Page 27] Click for larger view View full resolution Demolition Derby drivers, Hialeah, 1982. [End Page 28] Click for larger view View full resolution Dinner Key Flea Market, 1978. [End Page 29] Click for larger view View full resolution South Beach pier, 1977. [End Page 30] Click for larger view View full resolution University of Miami mascot, Orange Bowl, 1975. [End Page 31] Click for larger view View full resolution Burnsville, North Carolina. [End Page 32] Click for larger view View full resolution Miami Beach, 1995. [End Page 33] Click for larger view View full resolution South Beach, 1988. [End Page 34] Click for larger view View full resolution Savannah, Georgia. [End Page 35] Click for larger view View full resolution North Key Largo, 1980. Michael Carlebach Michael Carlebach lived and photographed in south Florida for over three and a half decades. As a professor at the University of Miami, he taught classes in photojournalism, American studies, and art history. His publications include The Origins of Photojournalism in America (1992), American Photojournalism Comes of Age (1998), and Working Stiffs: Occupational Portraits in the Age of Tintypes (2002), all published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. He now lives in Asheville, North Carolina. Footnotes Editor’s Note: A selection of these images was previously published in Michael Carlebach’s Sunny Land: Pictures from Paradise (Safe Harbor Books, 2010). [End Page 36] Copyright © 2011 Center for the Study of the American South

‘If You're Not Allowed to Have Rice, What do you have with your Curry?’: Nostalgia and Tradition in Low-Carbohydrate Diet Discourse and Practice

Low-carbohydrate diets, notably the Atkins Diet, were particularly popular in Britain and North America in the late 1990s and early 2000s. This paper approaches the low-carbohydrate trend as one response to the twin obesity and diabetes epidemics, drawing firstly on a discourse analysis of bestselling low-carbohydrate diet books, especially The South Beach Diet ( AGATSTON 2003 ). I explore and critique nostalgia in the low-carbohydrate movement as a response to a perceived contemporary health crisis caused by modern Western food habits and lifestyle. The low-carbohydrate literature demonstrates a powerful discursive combination of nostalgia for pre-industrial Western foodways, and valorisation of ‘authentic ethnic’ (non-Western) culinary traditions. Together, these tropes construct a generalised notion of traditional diet which contrasts positively with a putative ‘modern Western diet’. The binary opposition set up between modern Western food habits and a traditional ideal leads to generalisations and factual inaccuracies, as any diet or cuisine that is not modern, and/or not Western, must be adjusted discursively to fit the low-carbohydrate model. Further, in an interview study with low-carbohydrate dieters, dieters’ descriptions of their experiences did not match the nostalgic rhetoric of popular low-carbohydrate manuals. Instead, I found that the requirement to eliminate staple carbohydrate foods severs dieters both practically and symbolically from culinary tradition, whether their own or that of an ethnic Other. I conclude that there is a disjuncture between the romantic ‘nutritional nostalgia’ ( BEARDSWORTH 2002 ) of the diet books, and dieters’ own food practices.

Using CFO Surveys as a Motivational Tool to Teach Corporate Finance

This article is based on the keynote address from the Eastern Finance Association meeting in South Beach in April 2010. In this keynote address, I discuss how to engage and motivate students by using the results from surveys of corporate finance professionals. Specific examples are given to motivate capital structure, capital budgeting, and payout. Actual job interview questions can also be used as a motivational tool to teach finance.

An Introduction to Magdalena Solé's New Delta Rising

110 | ecotone Even now, as you stand at the edge of one of those vast brown fields, you feel like you could walk and walk, walk into your own old age, and meet your Maker out there somewhere, kicking up dust. Some people who come here even say they have tumbled back in time, but I do not think that is true. They have merely slipped sideways into a place they do not recognize, and may never understand. Some places look made-up, look imagined. The art deco landscape of South Beach looks like it was dreamed up by the writers of a comic book; the skyline of Atlanta seems stenciled by bankers. Las Vegas was set ablaze by electricians; Richmond is ridden by dead soldiers on marble horses. This place is not like that. The Delta, while I am sure there are dreams here that have yet to die hard, was made, constructed, not imagined. It was hacked out of an immense, dark, primeval forest, and transformed by pain and blood and muscle, in an age of human bondage. Men felled the trees and burned the stumps and turned this wide, flat place into a landscape of forever fields, of cotton rows that stretched farther than a strong man could pick in a day. It is not, despite appearances, the end of nowhere. The empty fields are its destination. The weeds let you know where one crop ends and another begins . While other man-made places were covered in people and concrete, here it was the dirt that mattered, and there was just so much of it, between porch lights and schools and hospitals. There still is. In the open land between the towns and the broad places in the road, dark drops like a lid on a box, and that very isolation has shaped life here, held it, and marked it deeply and sometimes horribly. Its loneliness would be a stage for some of the most chilling moments in the struggle for civil rights. Its rivers would give up their dead; its nowhere roads hold secrets still. It would be called the most Southern place on earth, and I do not believe that meant tea cakes and cotillions. Here, the poverty hits you between the eyes like a hurled chunk of loose asphalt. It is one of the poorest places in the United States, where deep pockets of wealth are surrounded by thirdworld houses, tilting mobile homes, and one of the saddest infant-mortality rates in the industrialized world. Today huge corporate farms and rippling catfish ponds line the lost An Introduction to Magdalena Solé’s New Delta Rising rick bragg | 111 highways, dotted here and there with towns with names like Belzoni, Alligator , Indianola, Clarksdale, and Leland , where a man named Son Thomas summed up pretty much everything important in life in just a few guitar licks, a few poetic lines: Give me beefsteak when I’m hungry, Whiskey when I’m dry, Pretty women when I’m living, Heaven when I die. I have been coming here, off and on, for thirty years, usually, like most outsiders , to steal a little something from a place where the people have so little already. I took only stories, stories that, to me, had incredible value. I tried, one story at a time, to explain a place that has no explanation, to paint a picture that shifted between brushstrokes. This, I learned in time, is a hard, hard place to tell. There is a sadness here that some people can hardly bear, but it is also a place where people live, where you can get the best tamale in the whole wide world, where clean white sheets snap like pistol shots on the clothesline, propane tanks shine on the horizon like spaceships, and a man with mud on his boots is not sneered at but admired, because mud means money, squeezed from the catfish ponds and farms. Here, a man who runs a local pool hall quietly explains how a quarter can be worth more than a dollar, more than folding money, because a poor man might not have a dollar to give you, but just about everybody can...

Cloaked (review)

Reviewed by: Cloaked Kate Quealy-Gainer Flinn, Alex. Cloaked. HarperTeen, 2011. [352p.] Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-06-087422-3 $16.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-0-06-206961-0 $12.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 6-9. Although he has had plenty of run-ins with wealthy businessmen and vapid rich girls at his family's shoe store in a posh South Beach hotel, seventeen-year-old Johnny has never met a princess. That is, not until the hard-partying and über-hot Princess Victoriana of Aloria comes to stay at the Coral Reef Grand and takes a special interest in the cobbler's son. It turns out that Princess Vicky has high hopes for Johnny: the crown prince of Aloria has been turned into a frog and was last seen on a cargo ship headed to the Florida Keys, so now the princess is offering her hand in marriage to Johnny if he can make his way south and snatch up her amphibious sibling. Accompanied by his best friend (and secret admirer), Meg, Johnny sets off on a quest that has him facing off with giants, talking animals, and evil witches. Though there's nothing surprising in the plot, this is a still a diverting, whimsical romp through fairy-tale tropes that will appeal to readers of Flinn's previous fairy-tale revisions (Beastly, BCCB 10/07; A Kiss in Time, BCCB 6/09). Here the author places elements from both popular and lesser-known stories, including "The Frog Prince" (obviously) and "The Valiant Tailor," squarely in the modern world with mostly humorous results—the environmentally conscious park ranger with ambitious eBay plans and a problem with giants is particularly amusing. Johnny is a likable enough guy, and his desire to find a way out of an exceedingly boring future while remaining close to those he loves is an understandable impulse; his successful resolution of the problem makes the over-the-top happy ending entirely satisfying. [End Page 234] Copyright © 2011 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Using CFO Surveys as a Motivational Tool to Teach Corporate Finance

This article is based on the keynote address from the Eastern Finance Association meeting in South Beach in April 2010. In this keynote address, I discuss how to engage and motivate students by using the results from surveys of corporate finance professionals. Specific examples are given to motivate capital structure, capital budgeting, and payout. Actual job interview questions can also be used as a motivational tool to teach finance.

The Art of Parking

A new parking garage in Miami’s South Beach sector proves that an innovative design team, together with the developer and the construction team, can unite both form and function to create a building that is also a work of art. This seven-level concrete structure is the centerpiece of a $65-million project that also included the renovation of a former bank building to provide offices and upscale retail shops, the construction of a two-story structure as a new home for the bank, and a new portion of a carefully landscaped pedestrian mall.

Bathing water quality monitoring of Varna Black Sea coastal zone, Bulgaria

Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the bathing waters in Varna’s Black Sea coastal area were investigated during year 2007 at 23 monitoring stations. Most of the determined physicochemical parameters—pH, mineral oils, surface active substances, phenols, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and microbiological parameters—“Total coliforms”, “Faecal coliforms”, “Faecal streptococci” were in compliance with the guidline’ limits and exhibited good water quality. Ammonium and phosphate’s pollution above the limits was determined at the South beach, Officers beach and Central beach situated in Varna’s central bathing zone. For the period of 13.08 to 24.10.2007—70% of the South beach samples analyzed for NH 4 + exceeded the limits 60 times and the concentrations of PO 4 3− exceeded the limits 17.5 times. Some deviations from the guidline’ limits regarding the microbiology were exhibited at the same beaches. A conclusion is made that the area of study is not yet seriously threatened, in spite of the rapid recreation during the last years.

The south beach study: Bystanders' memories are more malleable

People's reports are affected by what others say. The current study compared memory conformity effects of people who interacted with a confederate, and of bystanders to that interaction. A second goal was to observe if memory conformity occurs in a naturalistic setting. A male confederate approached a group of people at the beach and had a brief interaction. About a minute later a research assistant approached the group and administered a target-absent lineup to each person in the group. Memory conformity was observed. Bystanders were twice as likely to conform as those who interacted with the confederate. Forensic investigators should take into consideration the role a person plays in an event when assessing eyewitness evidence. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en

Distribution and Performance of the Nonnative Seagrass Zostera japonica Across a Tidal Height Gradient on Shaw Island, Washington

In the Northeast Pacific the nonnative seagrass Zostera japonica frequently exists at the same sites as the native seagrass Zostera marina. Although at some sites their vertical distributions overlap, at most sites in the Pacific Northwest there is a distinctive unvegetated zone between them. The objective of this study was to better understand why a gap between the lower limit of Z. japonica and the upper limit of Z. marina exists. To address this issue we carried out transplant experiments, conducted in situ monitoring of existing Z. japonica patches, and collected sediment samples at South Beach on Shaw Island, Washington, during the spring and summer of 2006. Transplant and in situ monitoring data indicate that survival and performance of Z. japonica are reduced lower in the intertidal zone. In addition, Z. japonica patches tended to be smaller and more spaced out at lower tidal heights. Although we found no Z. japonica seeds within or outside extant Z. japonica patches, high transplant mortality indicates that Z. japonica dispersal limitation is an unlikely cause of the unvegetated gap zone. Our field observations further suggest that herbivory, bioturbation, and epiphytes are unlikely causes of the gap pattern at our study site. Instead, we hypothesize that light limitation prevents Z. japonica from occurring lower in the intertidal. A review of published vertical distribution data for both Zostera species indicates that the lower limit of Z. japonica is relatively invariant among sites. In contrast, the upper limit of Z. marina is highly variable, ranging by more than 4 m within some subregions in Washington State. Consequently we hypothesize that intersite variability in the vertical distribution of Z. marina is the primary driver of spatial variability in the presence of the unvegetated gap.

Review Matt Love Citadel of the Spirit, Oregon's Sesquicentennial Anthology: A Merging of Past and Present Oregon Voices and Stories. Nestucca Spit Press , South Beach, Oregon , 2009 . 500 pages. $$100.00 cloth. $$30.00 paper.

Review Matt Love Citadel of the Spirit, Oregon's Sesquicentennial Anthology: A Merging of Past and Present Oregon Voices and Stories. Nestucca Spit Press , South Beach, Oregon , 2009 . 500 pages. $$100.00 cloth. $$30.00 paper.

Southerners All?: New Northern Neighbors and the Changing Sense of Place

Southerners All?New Northern Neighbors and the Changing Sense of Place William W. Falk (bio) and Susan Webb (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution The coastal South is increasingly populated by more people from outside the South than from within it, a shift from the days when these beachgoers visited the Florida coastline in 1941. Photograph courtesy of the Collections of the Library of Congress. [End Page 65] What happens when people from different regions wind up living near one another? How does this play out in the South where, we suspect, a distinct, pre-existing sense of place might lead to an exaggerated contrast between locals and outsiders? What happens when "southerners" become a smaller and smaller proportion of the local population as more and more "northerners" move in? How does such a dynamic change and/or redefine both a place and the people in it? When native southerners interact with people who live in the South but are not from the South, often these contacts give rise to a contested terrain, in which groups vie to claim the same geographic and social space. In their 2005 Southern Cultures essay "Southerners All?" Larry Griffin, Ranae Evenson, and Ashley Thompson ask if southerners yet appreciate "that southern identity is the collective accomplishment of all in the region, that no single group owns it, and thus that it belongs to all because the region itself is fashioned and continually refashioned by all." The short answer to this question is "No." Claims to southern identity, challenges to local social arrangements, and, most surely, attempts to refashion the South are, in the eyes of many southerners, the prerogative of only those with family roots deep in southern soil. The influx of people from other areas continually refashions the South, yet native southerners claim ownership of the region, resist efforts to change it, and assert the right to determine how it should be changed.1 Even in communities like Beach City (the fictionalized name of our study site), where most residents, even native-born southerners, have moved to the area from somewhere else, clashes over place and identity and change often disrupt social interactions. The Changing Coastal South Beach City, like much of the coastal South, has been transformed in recent years from a nonmetropolitan seasonal resort area, where mostly southerners vacationed, to an urban area populated year-round by a large influx of new residents. Of course, the entire South is growing—in particular, North Carolina has grown by at least 14.6 percent, South Carolina by 11.7 percent, and Georgia by 18.3 percent between 2000 and 2008. Much of the growth in these and other southern states is in and adjacent to the states' largest metropolitan areas, Charlotte, Charleston, and Atlanta. The coastal South, though, is growing rapidly as well. The U.S. Census Bureau, in its 2008 population estimates, documents dramatic population growth between April 1, 2000, and July 1, 2008, for coastal counties in the South: a 40.6 percent increase in residents of Camden County, North Carolina, adjacent to the Outer Banks; a 41 percent increase in Brunswick County, North Carolina, where the state's previously quiet southern beaches are located; a 30.9 percent increase [End Page 66] in the population of Horry County, South Carolina's "Grand Strand"; and a 24.4 percent increase in Beaufort County, South Carolina, home to Hilton Head.2 Click for larger view View full resolution Claims to southern identity, challenges to local social arrangements, and attempts to refashion the South are, in the eyes of many white southerners, the prerogative of only those with family roots deep in southern soil. Kentucky horse traders, ca. 1940, courtesy of the Collections of the Library of Congress. In 1970 only 10 percent of residents of South Carolina were born outside the state, but "[a]s the twenty-first century opened, native South Carolinians in six counties—Aiken, Beaufort, Berkeley, Dorchester, Horry, and York, with its spillover from neighboring Charlotte, North Carolina—found more than half their neighbors were born outside the state." During the 1990s, South Carolina's "heaviest in-migration came from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and...

Prevalence of micronutrient deficiency in popular diet plans

BackgroundResearch has shown micronutrient deficiency to be scientifically linked to a higher risk of overweight/obesity and other dangerous and debilitating diseases. With more than two-thirds of the U.S. population overweight or obese, and research showing that one-third are on a diet at any given time, a need existed to determine whether current popular diet plans could protect followers from micronutrient deficiency by providing the minimum levels of 27 micronutrients, as determined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) Reference Daily Intake (RDI) guidelines.MethodsSuggested daily menus from four popular diet plans (Atkins for Life diet, The South Beach Diet, the DASH diet, the DASH diet) were evaluated. Calorie and micronutrient content of each ingredient, in each meal, were determined by using food composition data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. The results were evaluated for sufficiency and total calories and deficient micronutrients were identified. The diet plans that did not meet 100% sufficiency by RDI guidelines for each of the 27 micronutrients were re-analyzed; (1) to identify a micronutrient sufficient calorie intake for all 27 micronutrients, and (2) to identify a second micronutrient sufficient calorie intake when consistently low or nonexistent micronutrients were removed from the sufficiency requirement.ResultsAnalysis determined that each of the four popular diet plans failed to provide minimum RDI sufficiency for all 27 micronutrients analyzed. The four diet plans, on average, were found to be RDI sufficient in (11.75 ± 2.02; mean ± SEM) of the analyzed 27 micronutrients and contain (1748.25 ± 209.57) kcal. Further analysis of the four diets found that an average calorie intake of (27,575 ± 4660.72) would be required to achieve sufficiency in all 27 micronutrients. Six micronutrients (vitamin B7, vitamin D, vitamin E, chromium, iodine and molybdenum) were identified as consistently low or nonexistent in all four diet plans. These six micronutrients were removed from the sufficiency requirement and additional analysis of the four diets was conducted. It was determined that an average calorie content of (3,475 ± 543.81) would be required to reach 100% sufficiency in the remaining 21 micronutrients.ConclusionThese findings are significant and indicate that an individual following a popular diet plan as suggested, with food alone, has a high likelihood of becoming micronutrient deficient; a state shown to be scientifically linked to an increased risk for many dangerous and debilitating health conditions and diseases.

Morphological changes in the last 200 years in the mouth of the Na'aman River, northern coastal plain, Israel

Lichter, M., Zviely, D., and Klein, M. 2009. Morphological changes in the last 200 years in the mouth of the Na’aman River, northern coastal plain, Israel. Isr. J. Earth sci. 58: 63–80. The Na’aman River mouth is located in Haifa Bay, at the northern end of the Nile littoral cell of Israel’s Mediterranean coast. This study documents the morphological changes to this river’s mouth over the last 200 years based on three historical maps from 1799 to 1930 as well as a series of 54 aerial photographs taken between 1945 and 2005. Mapping of morphological features and vegetation cover in the vicinity of the changing mouth was performed with a Geographic Information System (GIS); quantitative and qualitative parameters were derived from this mapping. The temporal and spatial patterns of the mouth migration were characterized and factors influencing its morphology such as vegetation cover, stream discharge, wave regime, and anthropogenic changes were analyzed. The Na’aman River mouth intermittently flows in a permanent channel along the back of the north–south beach berm. The channel remains stable for several years until a major flood diverts it. The mouth migrated 1.5 km, both north and south, along the coast during the last 200 years, about equally in either direction. An increase in vegetation cover over the years restricted the migration of the channel. River floods may cause the “resetting” of the mouth morphology and its location, but if the channel is robust, even large floods are unable to divert it. Wave direction does not seem to af fect the deflection of the channel. Anthropogenic intervention in the natural course of the mouth took place in two ways: artificial opening of the mouth to prevent flooding hazard and control the mosquito habitat, and channel diversion intended to prevent the pollution of nearby bathing beaches.