South Atlantic States Research Articles

Diphtheria in the United States in 1956

D URING the autumn of 1955 and the early winter of 1955-56, diphtheria occurred in the Nation with a frequency not witnessed for a number of years. Fear of a definite resurgence was aroused when outbreaks occurred in areas which had been almost entirely free of the disease for extended periods. The particularly high incidence of the disease in the southeastern States has been described in a previous report (1) prepared at the close of 1955. It is the purpose of this paper briefly to summarize the United States diphtheria experience in 1956. Data on the occurrence of diphtheria cases and deaths were obtained primarily from publications of the Public Health Service's National Office of Vital Statistics, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports and their annual supplements and Vital Statistics of the United States. More detailed information was obtained from current communicable disease reports prepared by States for internal use and from the annual communicable disease statistics published by most States. Additional details were collected by personnel of the Communicable Disease Center in connection with field assignments which dealt directly or indirectly with diphtheria. The assembling and review of such data are continuing functions of the Surveillance Section of the Center. The occurrence of diphtheria in 1955 and 1956, by weeks, is given in figure 1, and the States contributing heavily to the weekly peaks are also indicated. During the first half of 1956 diphtheria incidence continued to be relatively high and was above that of the preceding year in about two-thirds of all weeks. Following the seasonal low, however, the expected pattern of early increase of diphtheria cases in the southern States did not develop to the usual extent. Incidence remained well below that of 1955 throughout the fall and winter, and at the close of the year 1,581 cases had been tentatively reported, compared with 2,039 cases in 1955. Data for 1956 in figures 2 and 3 and table 1 are also preliminary. Although final figures for 1956 are now available, they do not alter the pattern or change the conclusions since they change the total by less than 1 percent. This 22 percent decrease in the incidence of diphtheria restores somewhat the trend of the last decade. After the last increase in reported diphtheria in 1945 there was a fairly steady decline at about 25 percent per year until 1953. In this year the decrease was only 20 percent. In 1954 it was 13 percent and in 1955 only 3 percent. The small drop in cases for the calendar year does not give as clear a picture as the statistics for the disease years. For the disease season of 1955-56, there was actually a 12 percent increase over the disease year 1954-55. The decline in cases in the calendar year of 1956 was due almost entirely to decreases in the last half of the year and in the southeastern States. In figure 2 and table 1, diphtheria morbidity rates are shown by standard geographic divisions and by States for 1949-56. The areas showing the greatest decline in 1956 were the South Atlantic and East South Central States. Small decreases, or essentially no change, occurred in all other divisions except the East North Central and the Mountain States, which showed increases of 0.6 cases per 100,000 population. The increased rate in the East North Central division is almost entirely due to increases in Dr. Moore is chief of the Diphtheria Unit, Surveillance Section, Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Service, Atlanta, Ga.

Book Review: The Religious Press in the South Atlantic States, 1802-1865

Book Review: The Religious Press in the South Atlantic States, 1802-1865

The Religious Press in the South Atlantic States, 1802–1865: An Annotated Bibliography with Historical Introduction and Notes. By Henry Smith Stroupe. (“Historical Papers of the Trinity College Historical Society,” Series XXXII.) Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, 1956. 172 pp. $4.50.

The Religious Press in the South Atlantic States, 1802–1865: An Annotated Bibliography with Historical Introduction and Notes. By Henry Smith Stroupe. (“Historical Papers of the Trinity College Historical Society,” Series XXXII.) Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, 1956. 172 pp. $4.50. - Volume 26 Issue 2

The Religious Press in the South Atlantic States, 1802-1865: An Annotated Bibliography with Historical Introduction and Notes

Journal Article The Religious Press in the South Atlantic States, 1802–1865: An Annotated Bibliography with Historical Introduction and Notes. By Henry Smith Stroupe. Historical Papers of the Trinity College Historical Society, Series XXXII Get access Nannie M. Tilley Nannie M. Tilley East Texas State Teachers College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 43, Issue 3, December 1956, Pages 481–482, https://doi.org/10.2307/1893543 Published: 01 December 1956

The Religious Press in the South Atlantic States, 1802-1865: An Annotated Bibliography with Historical Introduction and Notes.

The Religious Press in the South Atlantic States, 1802-1865: An Annotated Bibliography with Historical Introduction and Notes.

Resources for the Chemical Industry - South Atlantic States

Resources for the Chemical Industry - South Atlantic States

A Survey of Accomplishments and Trends in Research in Present-Day English

nESEARCH IN PRESENT-DAY English, as all who are interested in the field are aware, is vigorous and profitable. Dialectology, the subdivision of the field that comes first to mind, is represented happily by continuing work on the Linguistic Atlas. Funds for the completion of field work in New York State by Raven I. McDavid have been secured, and further work in the Middle West is being carried on by Harold B. Allen, Albert H. Marckwardt, and others. Also, active investigation of foreign language areas is going on under the direction of workers such as Einar Haugen in the Scandinavian field and Ernest F. Haden in French. Although the Stlas has published only its New England materials, its records for the Middle and South Atlantic states are complete and are available for investigators. These records have given rise to numerous articles and monographs, among which are, to mention only a few, two doctoral dissertations on New York City speechl and the forthcoming monographs on dialect words and on popular verbal inflections by Hans Kurath, Director of the Atlas, and by E. Bagby Atwood. I cannot, of course, make a complete summary of the results of Atlas investigation, but two ways in which these results have modified previously held opinions about American English can be mentioned. The first of these is that the generally accepted division of American dialects into New England, Southern, and General American is in need of modification, since it is now evident that the division is into three bands, Northern, Midland, and Southern, with the areas of Pennsylvania and New Jersey falling in with Midland, as do

Grist from the Atlas Mill

rrHE FOLLOWING WORD LIST iS a by-product of the field work for the 1 Linguistic Atlas of the South Atlantic States in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Most of these items svere noticed during the process of checking the records made between August, 1947, and March, 1948, and represent free conversational items that orere gathered incidentally in the course of the interviews; a few others were noticed as infrequent variants or localized terms for a few of the items which were charted to illustrate a popular presentation of the Atlas materials. This word list, therefore, does not include terms of general distribution throughout the area, such as piazza or liver pudding; terms widely distributed though comparatively infrequent, such as hard peach for the clingstone peach; or terms which mark off fairly large regions within the area, such as mosquito hawk, snake doctor, and snake feeder, respectively the coastal plain, piedmont, and mountain terms for the dragonNy. It does include (1) sporadic items not covered by the work sheets, such as bee-stand; (2) occasional or highly localized responses for items in the work sheets, such as chay! or blackworm; (3) occurrences of work-sheet items which are chiefly associated with regions outside the South Atlantic area, such as darning needle or apple slump; (4) occurrences of work-sheet items with semantic references other than those with which they are commonly associated, such as blate or frebug. Since this list is frankly incomplete and has deliberately excluded terles of wide distribution, it may be objected to as just another collection of lexical rags and old iron. Its value, however, would seem to be that of a demonstration in method complementing Mrs. Nixon's Glossary of Virginia Words.1 Her monograph shows how one should treat the regionally significant terms in preparing a lexicon of folk speech; this is an attempt to deal with the residue-the interesting folk terms of very local distribution. This list may possibly add a few terms to the recorded items of American folk speech, or expand the geographic or semantic range of others.2 Since it notes the county where each item occurred, and sometimes, when the county is split into several distinct communities, even

Telemeter carrier channels

THE POWER SYSTEM operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority is centrally located in the vast network of power systems serving the south Atlantic and central United States and its generation, furnished by 32 major plants, represents about 14 per cent of the total interconnected pool capacity. The Authority's 6,666-mile transmission system is interconnected with neighboring power companies by 17 major transmission lines at 12 locations. For efficient control of generation and tie-line loadings, it has been found imperative to furnish the power system load dispatchers with a clear picture of power flowing at vital points. To secure maximum benefits from the intersystem tie lines, 68 carrier terminals are installed at 25 locations to establish the major portion of a 6,500-mile telemeter and automatic load-frequency control system. The quantity and direction of power flowing in the intersystem tie lines is telemetered an average distance of 172 miles to an operating office where the tie-line loadings are totalized.

PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID THERAPY OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

The name Rocky Mountain spotted fever is now obviously geographically incorrect, since this disease has been found in forty-seven of the forty-eight states. Ten years ago 70 per cent of the cases occurred in the Mountain and Pacific states, while in 1945 87 per cent were reported from the Central and Eastern states. Its incidence and importance to public health in the United States are shown by the occurrence of 400 to 560 cases with 90 to 137 deaths each year during the past decade. Formerly it was believed that the eastern variety of Rocky Mountain spotted fever was mild, but in 1944 the mortality in 61 cases from the Rocky Moutain states was 32 per cent and in 241 cases from the South Atlantic states, 25 per cent. Because of the tremendous area over which the cases occur it is probable that few physicians are afforded the opportunity to

PULMONARY CALCIFICATIONS AND SENSITIVITY TO HISTOPLASMIN IN CHARLESTON, S. C.

THE RECENT work of Christie and Peterson¹has definitely established the relationship between sensitivity of the skin to histoplasmin and pulmonary calcifications, and emphasizes its importance in the differential roentgenographic diagnosis of healed primary tuberculosis. Studies by the United States Public Health Service among student nurses have shown a wide divergence in the geographic distribution of sensitivity to histoplasmin.²The percentage of reactors varies from 68.3 in the Mississippi River basin area to as low as 1 and 2 in the South Atlantic and Northwestern states. Although Histoplasma capsulatum was established as pathogenic for man in 1906 by Darling and has been reported in more recent literature in 71 clinical cases,³56 of which were in the United States, there has been no definite establishment clinically of a benign form of the disease producing pulmonary calcifications. Also, it must be granted that the presence of a positive

Early Negro Education in the Pacific Coast States

The problem of establishing educational facilities for Negroes in the Pacific Coast States was indeed unique for there were only a few Negroes in any of these states. One would have expected them to be absorbed in the school population and taught in the schools with all the other racial elements in the communities and cities where they were located. To understand this condition one has only to observe the part of the United States from which these pioneers came. The largest part of the population of the Pacific states came from the South Atlantic States, Virginia, Georgia, and Florida. They brought with them their attitudes toward Negroes and education which they made a part of their policy in the West. When the pioneers settled first in this far off country they did not concern themselves about schools for they had more pressing problems, providing for subsistence. When they were settled in their new homes, schools became important lest their children grow up in ignorance. They wished to keep alive also the culture they had brought from their former homes. This concern over the establishing of schools did not include the Negro and other foreign elements in these states. These Western states solved this problem in their own peculiar ways. The first state which came into the Union from the territory secured from the Mexican war or the Oregon acquisition was California in 1850. In less than a year after California came in as a state it was faced with the problem of providing educational facilities. A law was passed by the Legislature making provision for apportioning the school funds among the several towns, cities and villages in proportion to the number of children residing in the state, between the ages of five and eighteen years. This law in all probability meant all the children regardless of race. There were at the time whites, Negroes, Mexicans and Indians.

Some Genial Old Drinking Customs

It is no accident that the cocktail has become the great American drink. Yo-ho-ho-, and a bottle of rum, may well be said to have been the internationale of our forefathers. They arrived in the New World firm in the conviction, still prevalent in the Old, that water was meant for washing, not for drinking. To be sure, Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts decreed that water should be drunk by all members of his household, but it is well known that his servants deserted in large numbers shortly after arrival, thus early creating that bug-a-boo of American life, the servant problem. As a whole, the colonists possessed a sturdy thirst. They were, naturally, eager to drink that to which they had been accustomed at home. This usually meant beer and ale. As early as 1609 the Governor and Council for Virginia advertised for two brewers to go to the colony, and the Assembly advised that all emigrants should bring along a supply of malt. Even in New England the Reverend Francis Higginson of Salem, writing home to England of things which were better for you to think of there than to want them here, mentions for drinke and does not neglect to specify 1 gallon of aquavitae for each person. Before long, however, some bold soul had discovered that the persimmon, so plentiful in Virginia and the South Atlantic States, was excellently adapted to the making of beer, and the tradition of home brew was thus started. The persimmon was treated very much as was a wine brick of prohibition years. The fruit, seeds and all, was crushed, mixed with wheat bran, then baked in cakes. As occasion arose, the cakes were soaked in water and the beer brewed. The white trash of the seventeenth century, poor then as today, used as a substitute for malt almost anything on which they could lay hands. Dried Indian corn, the green stalks of the corn chopped and mashed, pumpkins, even potatoes, were called into play. Doubtless in this variety of emergency brew is to be found the origin of Old Hen, a concoction of, apparently, almost anything, made by the colored cooks of Virginia during the dry era, and fondly drunk when nothing better was at hand. It was not beer, however, that was destined to quench the thirst of the New World, but rum. From the time of its first introduction in the early seventeenth century, it became at once the most popular and the most reviled drink in the world. Its use and

Torrential Rains as a Serious Handicap in the South

I N the South (the South-Central and South Atlantic States) rainfall has seldom been considered an outstanding environmental influence. One reason for this is that there is much less variation from year to year in the total yield of the cotton crop than of the crops of the semiarid and subhumid regions, where rainfall is obviously of critical importance. However, recently available evidence that soil erosion is especially serious in the South invites attention to its climatic basis. And here the comparative frequency of torrential rains is really startling. An analysis of the records of the rainfall totals in short periods for each of the 208 United States Weather Bureau stations with recording gauges was made by Yarnell.' He found that falls of half an inch in 5 minutes normally occur in half of the years in the South, or five times as often as in Wisconsin and Indiana. Nearly an inch falls in 5 minutes once in a century in all parts of the South, whereas such a heavy downpour is almost unknown in the North (the NorthCentral and Northeastern States). An inch of rain in IO minutes is received once in about 7 years in the South, or about eight times as often as in the North. Two inches in half an hour falls once in about 7 years in the South, or about ten times as often as in the North. Three inches in an hour falls once in a decade in the South; the North does not get such a rain once in a century. The South has a 3-inch rain in 2 hours once in about 5 years; the North, once in 50 years. Four inches of rain in 4 hours occurs once in about 5 years in the South, but only once in a century in the North. Five or 6 inches in 8 hours occurs once in a decade in the South, but less than once in a century in the North, much of which has never received more than 4.5 inches in 8 hours. The South has falls of about 8 inches in i6 hours about four times in a century; the North in a century has maxima of less than 6 inches. The amount of rainfall in 24 hours to be expected once in 5 years is about twice as great in the South as in the North. For storms of a severity that normally

A History of Printing in the United States: The Story of the Introduction of the Press and of Its History and Influence during the Pioneer Period in Each State of the Union

A History of Printing in the United States : The Story of the Introduction of the Press and of Its History and Influence during the Pioneer Period in Each State of the Union. By Douglas C. McMurtrie. Vol. II, Middle and South Atlantic States Get access Lyon N. Richardson Lyon N. Richardson Western Reserve University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 25, Issue 3, December 1938, Pages 440–441, https://doi.org/10.2307/1897311 Published: 01 December 1938

<italic>A History of Printing in the United States: The Story of the Introduction of the Press and of its History and Influence during the Pioneer Period in each State of the Union.</italic> By <sc>Douglas C. McMurtrie</sc>. Volume II, <italic>Middle & South Atlantic States.</italic> (New York: R. R. Bowker Company. 1936. Pp. xxvi, 462. $6.00.) and <italic>Printing in the Americas</italic> By

Journal Article A History of Printing in the United States: The Story of the Introduction of the Press and of its History and Influence during the Pioneer Period in each State of the Union. By Douglas C. McMurtrie. Volume II, Middle & South Atlantic States. (New York: R. R. Bowker Company. 1936. Pp. xxvi, 462. $6.00.) and Printing in the Americas By John Clyde Oswald. (New York: Gregg Publishing Company. 1937. Pp. xii, 565, xli. $7.50.) Get access A History of Printing in the United States: The Story of the Introduction of the Press and of its History and Influence during the Pioneer Period in each State of the Union. By McMurtrie Douglas C.. Volume II, Middle & South Atlantic States. (New York: R. R. Bowker Company. 1936. Pp. xxvi, 462. $6.00.)Printing in the Americas. By Oswald John Clyde. (New York: Gregg Publishing Company. 1937. Pp. xii, 565, xli. $7.50.) R. W. G. Vail R. W. G. Vail The American Antiquarian Society Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 44, Issue 1, October 1938, Pages 134–135, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/44.1.134 Published: 01 October 1938

Natural History of the Ambystomid Salamanders of Illinois

The meager amount of information upon the life histories and natural histories of the ambystomid salamanders is scattered in many scientific j ournals. It is thought to be desirable to gather together here the results of the work which has been done on the six species found in Illinois. A key to the Illinois species follows, p. 000. The family Ambystomidae is distributed over the entire United States, with twelve species represented. Of these twelve species, only six are found in Illinois. Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green) ranges from Canada (Hudson's Bay) and the New England states, southward to Virginia, Illinois and Arkansas. Ambystoma maculatum (punctatum) (Shaw), the spotted salamander, ranges from Nova Scotia west to Wisconsin and southward to Georgia and Texas. Ambystoma texanum (microstomum) (Matthes), is known from Ohio and Illinois eastward to South Carolina and southward to Texas. Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst), the marbled salamander, has been reported from Massachusetts to Florida, west to Louisiana and Texas, and;the Mississippi basin north to Arkansas, Missouri, Indiana and Illinois. Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook), the mole salamander, ranges from the South Atlantic and Gulf states, Louisiana to Illinois (extreme southern part only). Ambystoma tigrinum (Green), the tiger salamander, is widely distributed over almost all the United Sates, east of the Cascade range and Sierra Nevada, and extending southward over the northern portion of the Mexican plateau.

Ante-Bellum Sugar Culture in the South Atlantic States

Ante-Bellum Sugar Culture in the South Atlantic States

A History of Printing in the United States. Volume II, Middle & South Atlantic States.

A History of Printing in the United States. Volume II, Middle & South Atlantic States.

A History of Printing in the United States. The Story of the Introduction of the Press and of Its History and Influence during the Pioneer Period in Each State of the Union, Vol. II: Middle & South Atlantic States. Douglas C. McMurtrie

<i>A History of Printing in the United States. The Story of the Introduction of the Press and of Its History and Influence during the Pioneer Period in Each State of the Union, Vol. II: Middle &amp; South Atlantic States</i>. Douglas C. McMurtrie