South American Societies Research Articles

Cooperação em segurança e defesa cibernética e a proteção das democracias sul-americanas

The last decade has shown the global society, especially South American society, the great challenges that democracies will face in the 21st century. Among the various threats observed in cyberspace are the so-called disinformation campaigns and hybrid interference. As a result, this new digital means of information socialization has caused serious damage to the democratic pillars of states, as disinformation and false information have become a feature of political debate. Based on this, the article seeks to analyze how South American countries are building cooperation in cybersecurity and cyber defense between 2012 and 2020, and what the implications are for the protection of democracy and the rule of law. It is argued that, due to the transnational dynamics of the digital world and the wide reach of its actions and consequences, the search for a solution to these demands goes through a process of deepening state cooperation, in which the foreign policy strategies of states are fundamental for building an effective response to this type of threat to democracy at the international level. From this perspective, we understand the interdependence between States in this sphere and adopt a cooperative conception to reflect on the obstacles South American countries face.

Mexican telenovelas in Brazil: a cultural and social approach

This research’s main objectives are to understand how Mexican society is portrayed in telenovelas and how this representation might be conveyed to and interpreted in Brazilian society using cultural and social perspectives. The article will also discuss why Brazilians adopted these melodramas, most of them from the 1990´s and 2000´s, making them a highly popular domestic genre. It is no secret that Mexico exports many TV shows, and these works became very popular in South American society between the 1980s and the present. The Brazilian public occasionally notices significant differences between the TELEVISA network’s Mexican telenovelas and the GLOBO network’s Brazilian productions, which provides us with comparative issues concerning the cultures of both societies. The essay will also cover other topics, such as the shows' dubbing for the Brazilian audience and the peculiar names of Mexican soap operas, since they frequently serve as pretext for debauchery.

Realistas, patriotas y mestizos

The South American wars of independence were rich in social contradictions, politicization of the masses and new players emerging during the Spanish Empire’s crisis on the continent. By adopting a regional perspective that decentralizes and democratizes knowledge relative to state-centered nationalistic historiography, researchers can analyze episodes and discover historical players previously absent from state-of-the-art research. This paper traces a specific case related to the right to profits from Tarapacá guano during the 1815 patriot invasion of the district of Tarapacá and the River Plate offensive in neighboring Upper Peru. Based on unpublished primary sources and pertinent bibliographic discussion, the authors argue that socio-ethnic factors, interests and new conceptions about the use of regional resources drove a sector of South American society to support the Patriot cause temporarily. Thus, the political, economic and social conflict surrounding guano constitutes new background for the transformation of South American colonial society at the dawn of the 19th century and the imminent emergence of the republican order in southern Peru.

Mapping the Amazon: Literary Geography After the Rubber Boom by Amanda M. Smith

Reviewed by: Mapping the Amazon: Literary Geography After the Rubber Boom by Amanda M. Smith Charlotte Rogers KEYWORDS Amazonia, Cartography, Maps, Environmental Humanities, Literature, Literary Criticism, Latin America amanda m. smith. Mapping the Amazon: Literary Geography After the Rubber Boom. Liverpool UP, 2021, 248 pp. The drama of getting lost in the jungle has long been a driving force of fiction about the South American wilderness. While "losing oneself" is often glossed as a psychological and even existential crisis in literary studies, Amanda M. Smith's Mapping the Amazon: Literary Geography After the Rubber Boom approaches the phenomenon from a more prosaically literal yet equally enriching perspective. Mapping the Amazon examines five canonical novels set in the tropical forests of South America by José Eustasio Rivera, Rómulo Gallegos, Mario Vargas Llosa, César Calvo, and Márcio Souza. Smith proposes that each author creates a literary geography that signals the insufficiency of traditional cartography to represent Amazonia while simultaneously presenting an imagined landscape that has real consequences for the region's ecologies, peoples, and cultures. This important contribution to Amazonian literary studies deftly builds a theoretical bridge between geocriticism and the environmental humanities. Smith incisively identifies a tension central to her corpus of texts, namely the gulf between what Gallegos called the "geografía muerta" of cartography and the [End Page 115] "geografía viva" of the forest (68). One episode from Rivera's La vorágine perfectly crystallizes this dichotomy: the coyly named character Clemente Silva gets lost attempting to navigate the forest according to existing maps of Amazonia, only to later save himself through an attentiveness to the Canaguche palm, whose orientation indicates the direction of the sun. Smith neatly traces the cartographic impulse to the extractive industries that have cyclically ravaged the region, while conversely illustrating how Silva's successful multispecies wayfinding draws on Indigenous lore. This contrast informs the entire volume, as Smith guides her reader through the ways in which each author grapples with the histories of extractivism and its effects on Indigenous cultures, at times denouncing industrial depredations and at others unexpectedly reinforcing them. Smith's lively syntheses of geocriticism and discourses of extractivism in the introduction will be highly useful to budding scholars—in fact, I have already passed Mapping the Amazon along to several of my PhD students at the University of Virginia. The book sidesteps the broader history of mapping the Amazon in previous centuries to make room for a deep dive into the rubber boom and its afterlives, including impressive archival research and fieldwork undertaken in Colombia and Peru. Smith's definition of extractivism begins with a tight focus on rubber and other physical materials in Gallegos and Rivera, and it expands over the course of the volume to include literary and spiritual extractivism in the works of Vargas Llosa, Calvo, and Souza. Chapter 1, "Reading Maps with La vorágine," interprets the demise of Rivera's famous protagonist Arturo Cova as a cautionary tale of the perils of "cartographic delusion," which Smith defines as "the blind overreliance on maps that are necessarily incomplete," in contrast to Clemente Silva's ability to survive by respecting Indigenous and more-than-human perspectives (44). The twin highlights of chapter 2 are Smith's insights on how debates about education in Venezuela inform Gallegos's Canaima and her pathbreaking reading of the much-analyzed "Tormenta" scene as an interspecies shamanic experience for the main character, Marcos Vargas. Smith's discussion of the Canaima National Park in Venezuela puts her in a fruitful dialogue with the work of Victoria Saramago while also featuring the unjust repercussions of "writing over Carib meanings" in the literary canon and South American societies today. Chapter 3 accuses Mario Vargas Llosa of "openly flaunt[ing] his instrumentalization of Amazonian cultural geography to write and sell books" (102). In line with many leftist diatribes against the Peruvian Nobel laureate, Smith excoriates Vargas Llosa for his involvement with the Summer Institute of Linguistics and his selective mapping of Amazonia in La casa verde, La historia de secreta de una novela, and other works. Chapter 4 is perhaps the most radical in the book for its study of the ayahuasca boom...

Paleohydraulics and Complexity Theory: Perspectives on Self Organization of Ancient Societies

Complexity theory provides a path toward understanding the development of ancient Andean societal progress from early settlements to later high population states. The use of modern hydraulic engineering methods to develop an understanding of the technical achievements of ancient societies (paleohydraulics), when combined with complexity theory, provides a path toward understanding the role of hydraulic engineering achievements to guide population increase and societal group cooperation on the path from early kin settlements to later statehood. An example case illustrating the paleohydraulics-complexity theory connection is presented for advancement of the pre-Columbian Bolivian Tiwanaku (600–1100 CE) society through their seasonal control of groundwater levels in urban city areas. This feature provided well water availability for city housing, public fountains, city hygienic and health benefits from the control of habitation dampness levels, water on a year-round basis for intra-city specialty crops, and the structural foundational stability of monumental religious structures. Commensurate with this application, Tiwanaku raised-field systems utilized groundwater control technologies to support multi-cropping agriculture to support growing population demands. Paleohydraulics theory together with complexity theory is applied to other major South American ancient societies (Caral, Tiwanaku, Chimú, Wari, Inka) to illustrate the influence of advanced hydraulic engineering technologies on advances from early origins to statehood.

The South American Society of Cardiology (SSC) and the Latin American Association of Cardiac and Endovascular Surgery (LACES) Statement on the 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines for Coronary Artery Revascularization.

The South American Society of Cardiology (SSC) and the Latin American Association of Cardiac and Endovascular Surgery (LACES) Statement on the 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines for Coronary Artery Revascularization.

Criminal Organizations and Hybrid Governance in South America: The COVID-19 scenario

This essay discusses how criminal organizations in South America have reconfigured themselves in the face of the pandemic scenario experienced since late 2019. In particular, it examines how the practices and actions carried out by these associations were carried forward in the pandemic, maintaining or even giving force the influence of crime on the life of South American society. It is argued that in order to understand criminal governance, it is essential to consider the discussion of how the territories in which these organizations operate are not in conflict with the state, but rather there is a hybrid governance in which criminal organizations and the state coexist as two sources of legitimacy. and authority. There is a complementarity of actions, in which criminal organizations were seen during the pandemic occupying state functions in the adoption of protective measures, and provision of assistance, but always with a clear objective of maintaining the status quo of their illicit activities. In the end, it is clear that criminal organizations have consolidated themselves as a governance space recognized as legitimate during the pandemic, complementing and, perhaps even, eclipsing the role of state bureaucracy in the face of the seriousness of the health emergency experienced, especially in the cases of Brazil and Colombia.

Рец. на кн.: Cecilie Vindal Ødegaard, Juan Javier Rivera Andía (eds.). Indigenous Life Projects and Extractivism: Ethnographies from South America. L.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. 282 p.

The reviewed book is one of the few anthropological studies of encounters of indigenous and “Western” ontologies in the resource-dependent economies of South America. Using qualitative methods—primarily field observation—the authors demonstrate the inadequacy of perceiving the interactions between indigenous communities and extractive companies only as a conflict. The review shows how the structural organization of most chapters makes it possible to imagine the relationship between capitalist and indigenous worlds as being much more complex and not corresponding to the romanticized image of an “authentic Indian”. In addition to its academic significance, the reviewer draws attention to a practical aspect: how the problematization of ontological differences contributes to the implementation of industrial and infrastructure projects that can have an impact on indigenous communities. At the same time, the review also demonstrates some inconsistencies that occur either throughout the book or in separate chapters. These include, for example, the isolation of the positions of non-indigenous actors, the unintentional reproduction of stereotypical ideas about indigenous communities, the lack of historical context for the categorization of South American societies on the basis of indigeneity. The authors’ innovative understanding of extractivism as a model of value extraction opens up new possible scenarios for the research of indigenous ontologies in the context of global capitalism.

The structure of Brazilian Amazonian gut microbiomes in the process of urbanisation

Shifts in subsistence strategy among Native American people of the Amazon may be the cause of typically western diseases previously linked to modifications of gut microbial communities. Here, we used 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing to characterise the gut microbiome of 114 rural individuals, namely Xikrin, Suruí and Tupaiú, and urban individuals from Belém city, in the Brazilian Amazon. Our findings show the degree of potential urbanisation occurring in the gut microbiome of rural Amazonian communities characterised by the gradual loss and substitution of taxa associated with rural lifestyles, such as Treponema. Comparisons to worldwide populations indicated that Native American groups are similar to South American agricultural societies and urban groups are comparable to African urban and semi-urban populations. The transitioning profile observed among traditional populations is concerning in light of increasingly urban lifestyles. Lastly, we propose the term “tropical urban” to classify the microbiome of urban populations living in tropical zones.

A fúria escancarada da memória

In this text I intend to address the issue of memory as the central axis of this work of Rodrigues, articulating it with forgetfulness and negations of history. Such articulation leads to the notions of “memorylessness” and “discursive a‑memory” (Robin/Paveau, 2013). Bluntly, Fúria speaks of the memory of a country that poorly cultivates, documents and reflects on its history, based on a dramaturgical construction that shows the tensions that emerge from such absence. Violence, loneliness, fear, oppression, prejudice, racism, beauty, seduction, complicity and trust, emerge on the scene in a non‑linear historical path. Epic building and dismantling a parade, the work creates metaphorical images in a kind of hallucinating spiral. The show, entitled to its title, exposes the countless wounds of a society at risk. Here we can perceive all the characters in this story – past, present and potential future – so forgotten and neglected. Noble European settlers, slaves, mythological images, politicians, street dwellers, prostitutes, references to money, power and sex. Although Fúria makes a ruthless portrait of Brazil’s current moment, it seems evident that it is not only talking about this South American society, but about a whole Western capitalist society in deep crisis and in urgent alertness.   CONTEMPORARY DANCE / MEMORY / A-MEMORY / NON-MEMORY / DRAMATURGY

Analysis of ancient DNA from South American rhea bones: Implications for zooarchaeology and biogeography

Rheas have been an important food source to human communities in South America, providing meat and especially eggs, and thus playing a crucial role in the development of South American societies. Two extant species currently exist: Rhea americana (greater rhea) and Rhea pennata (lesser rhea). Both species occupy distinct geographic ranges except for an overlapping area in Argentina to the immediate north of Río Negro, in the southwestern Pampa region. Distinguishing these two species in the archaeological record is difficult due to overlap in osteological morphology and the presence of few diagnostic skeletal identification criteria. This is problematic when studying the ancient geographic distributions of rheas and the roles they played in past societies. The aim of this paper is, thus, to assess whether or not genetic data can be used to differentiate between the two species and to confirm identifications of previously analyzed archaeological specimens. This is the first genetic study conducted on ancient rheas, and this approach will become a crucial tool for identifying rhea remains from other archaeological sites to study the roles they played in diets of past peoples. Our research also addresses current conservation issues by comparing the past and modern distributions of these birds, which can help provide information for future policies for the conservation of these birds.

Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Latin America: Prevalence, causes and treatment: Expert’s position paper made by The Latin American Academy for the Study of Lipids (ALALIP) Endorsed by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC), the South American Society of Cardiology (SSC), the Pan-American College of Endothelium (PACE), and the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS)

This is an executive summary made by a group of experts named Latin American Academy for the study of Lipids (ALALIP). In the current clinical guidelines, atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) is a poorly recognized entity. Due to the frequent lipid alterations associated with AD in Latin America (LA), we organized a group of experts named (ALALIP) to generate a document in order to analyze their prevalence and to offer practical recommendations. Methodology: using the Delphi methodology, we conducted a comprehensive literature review with emphasis on those publications related to LA. Subsequently, we developed key questions for discussion. As a convention, those recommendations that had a 100% of acceptance were considered unanimous, those with >80% were consensual, and those with <80% were in disagreement. Results: a systematic analysis of national health surveys and regional cohort studies showed a consistently high prevalence of the lipid abnormalities that define AD: low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) range from 34.1% to 53.3% and elevated triglycerides (TG) range from 25.5% to 31.2%. These abnormalities could be related to high consumption of food with a high caloric density, cholesterol and trans fats, a sedentary lifestyle and perhaps epigenetic changes Conclusionslipid abnormalities that define AD have a high prevalence in LA. The interaction between an unfavorable lifestyle, inheritance and epigenetic changes is probably their cause. It is important to design a global study of risk factors in LA to know its true prevalence in the region, its consequences and to derive from its treatment strategies.

Reiner Tom Zuidema (1927–2016)

Reiner Tom Zuidema (1927–2016)

First complete mitochondrial genome data from ancient South American camelids - The mystery of the chilihueques from Isla Mocha (Chile).

In South American societies, domesticated camelids were of great cultural importance and subject to trade and translocation. South American camelids were even found on remote and hard to reach islands, emphasizing their importance to historic and pre-historic South American populations. Isla Mocha, a volcanic island 35 km offshore of Central-South Chile, is an example of such an island. When Dutch and Spanish explorers reached the island in the early 17th century, they found that domesticated camelids called “chilihueque” played a major role in the island’s society. The origin and taxonomy of these enigmatic camelids is unclear and controversial. This study aims to resolve this controversy through genetic analyses of Isla Mocha camelid remains dating from pre-Columbian to early historic times. A recent archaeological excavation of site P21-3 on Isla Mocha yielded a number of camelid remains. Three complete mitochondrial genomes were successfully recovered and analysed. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that “chilihueque” was a local term for a domesticated guanaco. Results from phylogeographic analyses are consistent with Isla Mocha camelids being sourced from Southern Chilean guanaco populations. Our data highlights the capability of ancient DNA to answer questions about extinct populations which includes species identity, potential translocation events and origins of founding individuals.

Football and patriotism in South America: Between the elite and civil society

Football in South American societies became a community pillar over the twentieth century, against the backdrop of nation building processes characterized by social inequalities. In this context, both elites and civil so­ciety made use of football’s original patriotic influence in distinctive ways. Thus, through a historical analysis of three sporting events – the 1978 World Cup in Argentina, the 1980 ‘Mundialito’ in Uruguay, and the protests that took place during the 2013 Confederations Cup in Brazil – this article looks at the different ways in which football is used by the ruling governments and the citi­zens; namely a hegemonic use by the elite and a contra-hegemonic usage by the civil society. In this manner, the con­clusions allow to banish the persistent beliefs about the one-sided hegemonic character of the sport phenomenon and highlight the transformative evolution re­flected in football events. Similarly, the sociological approach to sport in South America leads to conclude the conflict­ual nature of contemporary societies.

¿PUERTAS ABIERTAS? migrações regionais, direito e integração na Comunidade Andina de Nações e no Mercosul

O Mercosul e a Comunidade Andina de Nações estabeleceram, nas últimas décadas, legislações comunitárias sobre as migrações regionais e os migrantes. Os dois blocos foram instituídos a partir de metas de integração comercial e, posteriormente, agregaram temas sociais a seus objetivos. Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento normativo realizado nos processos sul-americanos de integração, em sua busca por soluções para a problemática dos deslocamentos humanos provindos de países vizinhos. Apesar dos avanços, subsistem obstáculos políticos e legais à regularização da condição dos migrantes e ao seu acesso a direitos sociais. Entre as razões apontadas, está o desalinhamento de normas internas dos países em relação aos acordos multilaterais e a pequena participação das sociedades sul-americanas na tomada de decisões. No artigo, comenta-se a adoção de princípios gerais fundamentados no respeito aos Direitos Humanos e a via de inclusão da migração e dos migrantes no projeto de uma cidadania regional.

Fluent Selves: Autobiography, Person, and History in Lowland South America

The ten essays in Fluent Selves: Autobiography, Person, and History in Lowland South America, edited by Suzanne Oakdale and Magnus Course, present the tense relation between cultural forces and personal agency, between individual particularities and cultural diversity or the universality of human sociability. But this is not an abstract discussion. In line with one of the most valuable aspects of the anthropological tradition, the contributors consider this question with reference to ethnographic materials, collected in this case in different parts of lowland South America (Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Chile), and with attention to native voices. The intensive use of autobiographical narratives (in some essays more than others) makes the book germane to those interested in discourse as a social practice both situated and at the same time linked to multiple aspects of social life in every group.One essay examines the biography of a Waorani leader with a porous identity into which other individuals are incorporated and for which victimization is a marker of personhood and sociability. The topics of other essays include family stories of the Asháninka, a group whose members conceive of the person as an active seeker of external resources; Piro (Yine) narratives of “exemplary personal experience” that are special cases of simultaneous self-singularization and multiplicity; the meaning of the multiple persons of a young Marubo shaman; paradoxical models of Mapuche personhood as described in song and ritual; speech-centered stories about encounters between Kalapalo enemies; the “lascivious” autobiography of a Tukano leader; the logic of assemblage in the autobiographical narrative of a Kawaiwete “captain”; the stressful life of a Xavante leader who has lived between two worlds; and the story of a Kuikuro leader. Together, they illustrate the complex and variable relations of personal exchange that characterize anthropological research.The collection's interest in narrative practices illustrates the centrality of language as a privileged symbolic expression of the categories of self, individual, and person, including how they overlap and how they differ. The essays point to autobiographies as re-creations of personal experience and communicative bridges between social worlds. There are questions as to whether these categories are particular or transcultural, and if so, in what sense. Are there multiple experiences of self? If so, are they comprehensible to us? How are they related to the long and complex history of contact between lowland South American Amerindian societies and colonizers? Are these narratives history or myth? Does that distinction help us to understand them? What is the role of the person who elicits or records the story, and what is the legacy of the relationship between researcher and research subject? What is the role of narratives in the construction of personal and ethnic identities not based on the well-known opposition between tradition and modernity, identities that are hybrid and open to participation? The narratives discussed in this collection are presented in light of all these questions and as ways to structure experience and to understand traumatic events and historical context. They problematize the use of history and myth, as well as the autobiographical form, as evidence for concepts of self and person and as mechanisms for constructing social relations inside and outside the community.The example of the Asháninka of Peru's central Amazon region, Selva Central, which is examined in Hanne Veber's essay “Memories of the Ucayali: The Asháninka Story Line,” illustrates the value of focusing on a narrative's manner of presentation, on the model of a person that it depicts, on the ways in which conceptions of time are entangled with what it means to be a person, and on the interethnic context within which it is presented rather than on narrative as an account of “what really happened” (p. 109). Collective memories are not mechanical copies of reality but constructions that emerge from social interactions in which personal, historical, and political consciousness are formed. Asháninka narratives contrast with stories told by missionaries and other outsiders on one crucial point: the former's stories about the rubber boom do not recount individual victimization and heroism. They model family rather than collective identities. While they recount a series of events that made for a difficult journey, they differ radically from myth. The Asháninka regard outsiders as potentially dangerous, but they consider contact necessary in order to obtain resources. They think of themselves not as victims but as seekers of resources who assume necessary risks — including but not limited to colonial contact — and thus confront danger and loss. In this sense, their narratives are more than simple retrospectives. They are structured and retold in order to organize their vision of a world not fully or exclusively imposed by bosses and gringos but open to the influence of their own actions as well (p. 113).

La educación popular en el siglo xxi. Una resistencia intercultural desde el sur y desde abajo

&lt;p&gt;La forma de entender la realidad política, social, cultural y económica de América Latina sigue impregnada de ideas provenientes de Occidente. Construir sociedades más justas y equitativas ante la gran diversidad cultural que caracteriza al continente requiere un proyecto que se elabore desde adentro. La educación popular se presenta como una alternativa para crear un modelo pedagógico-político que reivindique a las poblaciones amerindias. A partir de las particularidades de las sociedades sudamericanas, la educación popular pretende crear un proyecto desde el sur para proponer una manera distinta de comprender la situación actual latinoamericana alejada de las clásicas explicaciones eurocentristas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

President of the state in the Afghan Constitutions

The institution of the president exists in the majority of the countries of the western world.Depending on the prerogatives granted by the constitution, the president may performeither a representative function or have the real power. No matter what the role of thepresident is, the position is deeply embedded in the political system, and the constitutional law as well as political practice specify its scope of competencies and capabilities.When we go beyond the Euro-Atlantic area, we can also find the states where an officeof president is run. While its formation, Asian, African and South American societies,consciously or not, usually emulated the Euro-Atlantic experiences. In general, historicalbackground of the non-European states, however, makes the history of the presidentialoffice shorter, and the introduction of this position was often a result of violent sociopolitical changes. What often distinguishes the presidencies of the African and Asiancountries from the Euro-Atlantic ones is their instability – in running this office a lotdepends on the personality traits of the person holding it as well as on the tradition (orlack thereof) of strong central governance. On that premise, the presidency history ofa non-European state, i.e. Afghanistan can be presented. This is an interesting case sincethe above mentioned factors are clearly visible in here, and the state’s internal politicalsituation is unstable. In addition, as the international forces are supposed to be withdrawnfrom the country until the end of 2014, the president may then become the main bodyformulating public policy and, thus, shaping the future of Afghanistan.

South American guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention and rehabilitation.

In this document, the Inter-American Committee of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, together with the South American Society of Cardiology, aimed to formulate strategies, measures, and actions for cardiovascular disease prevention and rehabilitation (CVDPR). In the context of the implementation of a regional and national health policy in Latin American countries, the goal is to promote cardiovascular health and thereby decrease morbidity and mortality. The study group on Cardiopulmonary and Metabolic Rehabilitation from the Department of Exercise, Ergometry, and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology has created a committee of experts to review the Portuguese version of the guideline and adapt it to the national reality. The mission of this document is to help health professionals to adopt effective measures of CVDPR in the routine clinical practice. The publication of this document and its broad implementation will contribute to the goal of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is the reduction of worldwide cardiovascular mortality by 25% until 2025. The study group's priorities are the following: • Emphasize the important role of CVDPR as an instrument of secondary prevention with significant impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; • Join efforts for the knowledge on CVDPR, its dissemination, and adoption in most cardiovascular centers and institutes in South America, prioritizing the adoption of cardiovascular prevention methods that are comprehensive, practical, simple and which have a good cost/benefit ratio; • Improve the education of health professionals and patients with education programs on the importance of CVDPR services, which are directly targeted at the health system, clinical staff, patients, and community leaders, with the aim of decreasing the barriers to CVDPR implementation.