South American Policy Research Articles

Transformações políticas na Colômbia do século XXI: Conflito, Acordo de Paz e seus Efeitos Domésticos e Internacionais

Resumo: Ao longo do século XXI, a Colômbia passou por diversas transformações em sua política doméstica e externa. Considerada uma voz dissonante no projeto de integração na América do Sul no alvorecer do novo século, a nação vizinha se inclinou à região a partir de 2010, objetivando romper o afastamento e se integrar de forma mais ativa aos processos sul-americanos, projetando uma identidade renovada. Somou-se a esse cenário o acordo de paz firmado com as Farc, que ajudou a modificar a percepção sobre o país. Este artigo busca analisar os processos políticos internos que afetaram a Colômbia durante este novo século (2000-2019), assim como sua relação com os países da região e sua inserção nos projetos de integração sul-americana. Para tanto, são analisados os governos de Andrés Pastrana (1998-2002), Álvaro Uribe (2002-2010) e Juan Manuel Santos (2010-2018). Por fim, apresentam-se as mudanças em curso e os desafios encontrados pelo novo presidente, Iván Duque (2018-2019), na política doméstica e exterior, com especial ênfase na política para a América do Sul.
 Palavras-chave: Colômbia. Política Doméstica. Política Externa.

The Venezuelan Crisis and Brazil's South American Policy

The political crisis in Venezuela is one of the most important regional developments for Brazil in 2016, along with its own domestic crisis and the presidency of macri in Argentina. michel Temer’s new government has showed a willingness to undertake changes in the foreign policy of Brazil. The Venezuelan crisis is a crucial variable to analyse the political realignments after years of gradual progress in south American regional integration. The position taken against maduro’s government symbolises a swerve towards uncertainty in mercosur and happens in the context of external pressure to sign inter-regional economic agreements. Unfortunately, the fragility of democracy is not an exclusive feature of Venezuela in south America, but a recurrent regional phenomenon. This intense political dispute has roots in the different economic models proposed for the region. in the 2000s Brazil reached a stable development path, called the Logistic state, which combines elements from neoliberalism and social developmentalism. Currently, the country needs to revitalise Mercosur and persuade the South American leaders on the benefits of regionalism over unrestrained globalisation. however, it is probable that the regional crisis will continue for the coming years. Thus, Brazil may progressively lose the position of regional leader and interlocutor with the outside world; and a disordered process of globalisation may permeate south America.

Editor's Introduction: Modernist Modes of Resistance

Editor’s Introduction: Modernist Modes of Resistance Paula Marantz Cohen How can writers use the tools of their cultural inheritance to shed light on the oppressive aspects of their nation’s ideology or on related practices of other societies or time periods? The first four essays in this issue deal with artists seeking to resist or escape nationalist ideologies through modernist techniques. Ariela Freedman argues that Charlotte Salomon’s iconoclastic image-text combinations were inspired by the 1937 Degenerate Art Exhibition in Germany and that these composite expressions became her mode of resisting, both politically and therapeutically, the fascist regime that sought to oppress her. Keri Walsh’s essay deals with how Elizabeth Bowen exploited the spatial and temporal features of Futurism in her fiction, separating these from the movement’s fascist-leaning ideology and, in the process, drawing attention to victims of fascism. Aleksandar Stević refutes twenty years of scholarship that concentrated on James Joyce’s linguistic nationalism and ethnic essentialism, taking us back to an earlier appreciation of Joyce’s cosmopolitanism and aestheticism. Vaughn Anderson looks at the way John Cage was able to deploy an aesthetic of indeterminacy as a model for non-intervention in South American policy during the Cold War. The next group of essays makes connections across communities or time periods. Zoë Roth discusses how the American author John Littell in his French novel, The Kindly Ones, uses image as well as text to create links between World World II, the Algerian War, the Vietnam War, and 9/11. J. Russell Perkin addresses John Lanchester’s 2012 Capital, which draws on earlier work by “condition of England novelists,” most notably Charles Dickens, to show connections and divergences from contemporary England. Raphaël Lambert’s essay on Barry Unsworth’s novel, Sacred Hunger, traces the creation and the dissolution of an eighteenth-century mixed-race utopian community, discussing the complex factors needed for a community to remain coherent and unified over time. The final essay in the issue, by Laura R. Fisher, reads James Baldwin’s Another Country as an experiment in language that illuminates social conditions and makes language the site of protest from the 1960s into the present. Rounding out the issue are three book reviews on themes related to the essays. Steve Ellis’s British Writers and the Approach of World War II deals with the way [End Page 1] canonical nineteenth-century and modernist authors, in their mix of skepticism and support for liberalism, can teach contemporary readers to think in nuanced ways about political issues. Amanda Anderson’s Bleak Liberalism deals with the anxiety experienced by major modernist writers about their commitment to liberalism at the beginning of World War II. Bridget T. Chalk’s Modernism and Mobility: The Passport and Cosmopolitan Experience addresses the constraints and related circumventions that came into being as a result of “the narrow juridical narrative of individual identity” associated with the advent of the passport. [End Page 2] Copyright © 2017 The Trustees of Indiana University

Dilemas y contradicciones de la política sudamericana de Brasil bajo los gobiernos de Lula da Silva (2003-2010)

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las respuestas de la política exterior brasileña, durante la administración del Presidente «Lula» da Silva (2003-2010), a la interacción de dos 
 nuevos condicionantes en el marco de la política sudamericana. Una visión política particular sobre la integración regional y la expansión de las multinacionales brasileñas en el vecindario constriñeron las opciones externas de Brasil. El electo gobierno del Partido de los Trabajadores (PT), en su intento por avanzar en la integración regional, trató de compatibilizar ambos objetivos. No obstante, la aparición de ciertas controversias entre gobiernos extranjeros con el capital brasileño evidenció el carácter dilemático y contradictorio.

BRASIL, GUIANA E O “PRINCÍPIO DA NÃO INDIFERENÇA”

Até o início do século 21 a Guyana parecia um vizinho invisível ao Brasil. Porém, algumas medidas adotadas durante a gestão Lula (2003-2010), considerando o princípio da não indiferença, levaram a diplomacia brasileira a repensar o papel da Guyana nas relações internacionais do Brasil. A não indiferença pode ser considerado um sentimento nacional que contagiou os discursos e as ações de agentes politios brasileiros e que se traduziu em iniciativas da diplomacia brasileira comprometidas com a redução das desigualdades sociais e das assimetrias regionais na América do Sul.

La energía en la política sudamericana: características de las relaciones entre Brasil y Venezuela

La premisa inicial de este trabajo es que la energía es el factor principal en el posicionamiento de los países en la economía y en la política internacional. En este contexto, se analizan dos aspectos de este escenario y cómo ello afecta la política sudamericana. El primero de ellos tiene que ver con el petróleo y las proyecciones de su industria; el segundo se relaciona con la búsqueda de alternativas energéticas, de nuevos criterios de producción y de consumo de energía. Asimismo, se analizan aquellos factores asociados a la matriz energética que colaboran en la inserción de Venezuela y Brasil en la escena política, al tiempo que responde al cómo sus diferentes formas de actuar se articulan para dar forma a diversos aspectos de las relaciones entre los estados de la región.

Dealing with non-native species: what makes the difference in South America?

Non-native species have reached South American ecosystems and may be threatening the exceptional biodiversity of this region. However, people often value and exploit introduced species not knowing that they are non-natives, nor understanding their impacts. In this paper we analyze the trend of scientific research on introduced species in South America and whether a socio-cultural explanation could underlie the results by comparing them with European, North American and Australasian countries. We also controlled for research effort, which could reflect economic inequalities, by analyzing the articles published on introduced species in relation to the total number of articles published on related disciplines. Research trends suggest that non-native species are not of major concern for South American countries, there being less research on this topic in countries with higher biodiversity. Compared to other colonized countries such as the USA, New Zealand and Australia, research on non-native species was lagging and less abundant in South America, even when controlling for research effort. Historical and recent socio-cultural particularities may explain the similar attitudes and research input seen in South American countries and their Spanish and Portuguese colonizers. A generational amnesia, where younger generations descendent from European colonizers are not aware of past biological conditions, could be exacerbating this lack of concern. South American policies seem to reflect the low level of interest in non-native species shown by their citizens. National policies are poorly developed and mainly deal with alien species threatening productive systems. Given the strong cultural component of this dilemma, integrated ways to reverse this situation are needed, including education, international research collaboration, and a common South American policy.