Source Of Sugars Research Articles

Providing sugar sources for ants improves the biological control of Aphis spp. in apple orchards

The green apple aphids Aphis pomi DeGeer and A. spiraecola Patch are serious pests of apple, especially in young orchards, where both species establish facultative mutualisms with ants. This study, conducted in Hungary in 2014 and 2015, manipulated the presence of the common black ant Lasius niger (L.) on colonies of Aphis spp. in apple tree canopies. To this end, two kinds of sugar dispensers (bottle dispensers and agar jelly cubes), each providing a sucrose solution with 300 g/1000 ml concentration, were deployed as alternative sugar sources for the ants, with plots lacking dispensers serving as controls. Both forms of sugar provisioning reduced the number of ants tending Aphis spp. colonies and reduced aphid populations compared to controls in both years. However, bottle dispensers demonstrated consistent efficacy in both years, whereas agar jelly cubes were less reliable in distracting the ants. Both treatments significantly increased the abundance of natural enemies at Aphis spp. colonies compared to controls. Our results indicate that the provisioning of ants with sugar in apple orchards can effectively disrupt ant-aphid mutualisms in the case of Aphis spp., by drawing ants away from aphid colonies and thus increasing natural enemy predation on aphid colonies. The use of sugar-feeding tactics to alter ant behaviour should permit reduced pesticide use in apple orchards, whether to control aphids or other pests that might serve as prey for ants, and is fundamentally compatible with biological pest control in apple orchards.

Insights into flavor and key influencing factors of Maillard reaction products: A recent update.

During food processing, especially heating, the flavor and color of food change to a great extent due to Maillard reaction (MR). MR is a natural process for improving the flavor in various model systems and food products. Maillard reaction Products (MRPs) serve as ideal materials for the production of diverse flavors, which ultimately improve the flavor or reduce the odor of raw materials. Due to the complexity of the reaction, MR is affected by various factors, such as protein source, hydrolysis conditions, polypeptide molecular weight, temperature, and pH. In the recent years, much emphasis is given on conditional MR that could be used in producing of flavor-enhancing peptides and other compounds to increase the consumer preference and acceptability of processed foods. Recent reviews have highlighted the effects of MR on the functional and biological properties, without elaborating the flavor compounds obtained by the MR. In this review, we have mainly introduced the Maillard reaction-derived flavors (MF), the main substances producing MF, and detection methods. Subsequently, the main factors influencing MF, from the selection of materials (sugar sources, protein sources, enzymatic hydrolysis methods, molecular weights of peptides) to the reaction conditions (temperature, pH), are also described. In addition, the existing adverse effects of MR on the biological properties of protein are also pointed out.

An integrated approach to optimization of fermentation conditions for bioethanol production from local leftover Injera waste using central composite design

Background: Bioconversion of lignocelluloses to biofuel from cheap non-edible materials such as local leftover Injera waste for renewable energy is very important and minimizes environmental pollution. Local leftover Injera is an abundant, inexpensive, reusable waste to the environment, containing a sufficient amount of carbohydrate material, which is the best source of fermentable sugars. Methods: In this study, local leftover Injera was treated followed by drying, acidic hydrolysis, and alcoholic fermentation. Besides, the optimization of the fermentation process was done using a central composite box Behnken design. The process included physical and chemical pre-treatment of biomass, which was then followed by acid hydrolysis as a potential step. The scarification and fermentation methods were analyzed to acquire the maximum yield of ethanol. The local leftover Injera waste was pretreated with sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions. The effect of temperature, substrate concentration, as well pH on bioethanol production was optimized and studied. The optimization process was performed under special condition (temperature=25-40°C, pH=3-5, and substrate concentration=50-200 mg/L). Results: The maximum product of ethanol was achieved at a temperature of 32.718°C, substrate concentration of 125 g/L, and a pH of 4 with a maximum ethanol yield of 42.598%. Conclusion: According to the results, the optimum fermentation conditions for bioethanol production from local leftover Injera waste are the points where the maximum product of ethanol was achieved at a temperature of 32.718°C, substrate concentration of 125 g/L, and a pH of 4.

Effects of Pre-Starter Feeds Prepared Using Different Sugar Sources on Performance, Carcass Parameters, Internal Organ Development, Intestinal Development and Microbial Load in Broilers

The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of pre-starter feed prepared using different sugar sources on the performance, carcass parameters, internal organs and intestinal development, microbial load in broilers. In total, 360 newly hatched chicks divided into 4 treatment groups with 5 replicates. 18 chicks with similar live weights (9 male, 9 female) were used for each replicate. Control or pre-starter feeds (containing %14 saccharose, %14 dextrose, or %7 saccharose+ %7 dextrose) were used for the feeding of the groups. For the feeding of the control group, standard chick starter feed was used for the first 5 days; for the treatment groups, the pre-starter feeds prepared were used. For the rest of the trial period, all groups were subjected to standard feeding. A significant difference was observed among groups with regards to live weight gain and feed conversion rate during the first four weeks of the study; however, this effect disappeared over the last week. In addition, it was determined that any differences observed with regards to carcass parameters other than hot and cold carcass weights, internal organ development aside from proventriculus, intestinal development and microbial load were not significant. It was concluded that the pre-starter feed prepared with saccharose and/or dextrose did not show the expected effect

Association between Food Sources of Free Sugars and Weight Status among Children and Adolescents in Japan: The 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between food sources of free sugars and weight status among children and adolescents aged 2–19 years in Japan (1438 males and 1340 females) from the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan. We estimated the percentage of energy intake (% E) from free sugars from total food sources (FStotal), solid foods (FSsolids), and beverages (FSliquids), using one-day weighed dietary record data. Weight status was determined based on body mass index (BMI) z-scores and the prevalence of overweight and obesity. The mean energy intakes of FStotal, FSsolids, and FSliquids were 5.8%, 4.1%, and 1.8% in males and 6.2%, 4.6%, and 1.6% in females, respectively. After controlling for potential confounding factors, including energy intake, there was no association of free sugars intake from all food sources with BMI z-scores or with the prevalence of overweight and obesity, except for a marginal association between higher FSsolids and lower estimated BMI z-scores in females (p = 0.05). The present findings indicate that among children and adolescents in Japan, who have a relatively low mean intake of free sugars, consuming free sugars from any food source is unlikely to have an adverse effect on weight status.

HYPOGLYCAEMIC AND ANTIHPERGLYCAEMIC ACTIITIES OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF FICUS CARICA IN DIABETIC RATS

The Ficus carica ( fig ) is an important harvest worldwide for its dry and fresh consumption. Its common edible part is the fruit which is fleshy, hollow, and receptacle . The dried fruits of Ficus carica have been reported as an important source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds A short study was undertaken as a preliminary investigation to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of the aqueous leave extract by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) , normoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide in a dose of 120 mg kg induced non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Wister albino rats. Graded doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) of the aqueous leave extract suspended in gum acacia were administered to normal and experimental diabetic Wister albino rats. Effect on glucose tolerance test showed a significant reduction in the blood glucose level of extract treated animals after 1 hr, indicating its hypoglycemic activity. Continuous blood glucose lowering activity was observed till 4 hr of administration in normoglycemic and diabetic rats. The results were compared with standard drug glibenclamide. Also the extract showed a high LD50 value and could be used safetly.

Production of Cocoa Pulp Syrup by Utilizing Local Sugar Sources

The pulp of the cocoa fruit still has not economically viable yet. Its potency to be processed into fruit syrup is expected to increase its value added. Local sugar from palm and canes is still traditionally utilized to produce brown sugar. This study aimed to make fruit syrup by utilizing cocoa pulp and local sugar sources in West Sumatra with several variants (palm sugar, sugarcane, and market white sugar). The effects of sugar concentration on the quality of the syrup were also studied. Sensory evaluation by the hedonic method was performed and statistical analysis data were carried out using SPSS. Microbiological analysis and shelf-life testing also have been done. The results of this study showed that respondents preferred syrup with palm sugar to sugarcane because of its light brown color and distinctive sweetness. The microbiological test reported that the syrup could only be consumed for less than the 5th day in a sealed glass bottle if it was placed at room temperature. Meanwhile, the syrup placed in the refrigerator (5 0C) could keep until the 5th day

High Consumption of Discretionary Beverages in Young Australian Adults Aged 18–30 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study

Despite health advice and campaigns, discretionary beverages remain a source of added sweeteners (sugar and intense sweeteners) and fat in the dietary intakes of many young adults. This study aimed to determine discretionary beverage consumption amongst 18 to 30-year-olds residing in New South Wales, Australia. Data were collected in 2017/2018 during the MYMeals study in which 1044 participants recorded their food and beverage consumption over a three-day period, using the purpose-designed Eat and Track (EaT) app. Discretionary beverages included all water-based and milk-based drinks with added sugar, intense sweeteners or fats and excluded alcoholic beverages. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the proportion of consumers for different types of beverages, and contribution to overall energy and nutrient intakes. ANCOVA analyses compared the energy and nutrient intakes of consumers and non-consumers, adjusted for gender and age group. Sixty-two percent of participants with complete data (n = 1001) were classified as consumers of discretionary beverages. The most consumed beverages were soft drinks (39.0%) and flavoured tea/coffee (23.1%). The greatest proportion of nutrients contributed by discretionary beverages was total sugars (27.2% of total per consumers). In comparison to non-consumers, consumers of discretionary beverages had higher mean daily intakes of energy (kJ) (8736 versus 7294), and higher percentage energy (%E) from total sugars (16.5 versus 13.3) (p < 0.001) and saturated fat (12.5 versus 12.0) (p < 0.05) but lower protein (18.5 versus 20.5) (p < 0.001). The consumption of non-alcoholic discretionary beverages continues to be a source of significant energy and total sugars among young adults.

Growth, Yield, Quality and Insect-Pests in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as Affected by Differential Regimes of Irrigation and Potash under Stressed Conditions

Land productivity and quality were negatively impacted by both unbalanced fertilization and water-stressed conditions, which has arisen as an important topic of research. In the semi-arid tropics, sugarcane is the main source of sugar and ethanol; however, no potash (K) dose is recommended for the deficient sites in the region, which are further responsible for lower recovery. As a result, in order to standardize the K dose for deficient sites, present experiments carried out during plant (2019–2020) and ratoon (2020–2021) seasons. The statistical design was a split-plot design with main plot treatments comprised of I1 (irrigated) and I2 (stressed) treatments followed by K1, K2, K3, and K4 plots fertilized with 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg K2O ha−1 in subplots. Germination was reported to be 13.7, 25.0 and 32.3% higher during plant and 6.2, 17.3 and 24.4% higher during ratoon season in K2, K3, and K4 plots, respectively. Tiller’s cane−1 was recorded to be significantly affected by potash levels at 241 days after planting (DAP) and 261 and 326 days after harvesting (DAH). Periodic chlorophyll content of the sugarcane leaves was reported not to be affected by irrigation treatments except at 355 DAP and 324 and 357 DAH, where respected values were reported to be 2.06% in the plant season and 1.55 and 2.54% higher in the ratoon season in I1 plots, respectively. During plant season purity and extraction after the 10th month, respective values were reported to be 1.5% lower and 4.03% higher under I1 plots, while only Brix (%) was reported as significant and 2.42% higher in I1 plots during plant season after the 12th month. The incidence of early shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus) and stalk borer (Chilo auricilius) was reported to be significantly higher under stressed conditions (30.4 and 21.5% lower in I1 plots) during the plant season, while early shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus), stalk borer (Chilo auricilius) and top (Scirpophaga excerptalis) incidences were significantly lower in I1 plots to the tune of 19.6, 22 and 9.73% as compared to the I2 plots during the ratoon season. The application of 80 kg K2O ha−1 resulted in significantly higher cane yield and decreased insect-pest occurrence. Even though 120 kg K2O ha−1 promoted different plant and ratoon sugarcane characteristics, they were all statistically equivalent. In I1 plots, benefits increased from K2 to K3 plots by 26.7% during plant and 155% during ratoon seasons but decreased from K3 to K4 plots by 21.0% during plant and 26.1% ratoon seasons. In I2 plots, however, benefits from K2 to K3 plots were reported to be 72.7% during plant and 76.5% during ratoon seasons, which was reduced to 10.5% during plant and 16.7% during ratoon seasons in K4 plots. Results of a two-year study on plant and ratoon canes revealed that 80 kg K2O ha−1 at deficient sites significantly improved the performance of both plant and ratoon canes yields, sugar yields, reduced the insect-pests’ incidence, and finally the benefits of the cane farmers under both irrigation regimes.

The effect of soda taxes beyond beverages in Philadelphia.

Soda taxes are implemented in several cities across the United States (US) with the aim of reducing sugar intake from sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs). Sugar is linked to obesity and to higher risk of diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. Sodas are targeted with these taxes since they are the main source of sugar for consumers in the US. In presence of potential substitutes, the policy can be undermined by consumers changing their sources of sugar. We examine the heterogeneous effects of the 2017 Philadelphia soda tax on purchases of other items containing sugar. We present an empirical evaluation focusing on the potential substitution toward additional sugary foods in Philadelphia and counties bordering Philadelphia. We find an increase in sugar from purchases of sweetened foods of about 4.3% following the introduction of the tax in Philadelphia and of 3.7% in the neighboring localities. The substitution to sugary foods in Philadelphia offsets 19% of the decrease of sugar from SSBs. Additionally, we find that the substitution offsets 37% of the decrease of sugar from SSBs when including counties bordering Philadelphia. These results suggest that while SSB taxes might be effective at lowering consumption of SSBs, substitution patterns may limit the effectiveness of the tax to reduce overall sugar intake.

Enzymatically Hydrolysed Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) as a Fermentable Source of Oligosaccharides and Sugars

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) is highly rich in starches and polysaccharides. Nowadays, the use of common buckwheat in brewing processes and functional product development is gaining popularity as it is gluten-free and therefore suitable for those suffering from coeliac disease. Moreover, enzyme-assisted extraction for common buckwheat releases these oligosaccharides as well as bioactive substances, which can be further used for developing new products. This research aims to compare different enzymatic hydrolysis methods and their effect on roasted common buckwheat flour. The degradation of buckwheat flour using these hydrolytic enzymes was captured using SEM. Oligosaccharide and sugar molecular mass distributions were identified using HPLC-SEC. The extract with the highest fermentable monomeric sugar content was further fermented with ancient lactic acid bacteria starters: Tibetan kefir grains and birch sap. Ferment extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial activity against ten different pathogenic bacteria. The results indicated that the incorporation of enzymes into the extraction process lead to the release of a wide variety of DP3-DP4. Furthermore, the successful fermentation of these extracts with ancient starters revealed promising antimicrobial activity against nine different pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli and L. monocytogenes. In general, common buckwheat is a suitable ingredient for developing beverages and products with high value and has high potential in pharmaceutical applications.

Impact of insecticide application used on sugarcane crop on egg predation in the field

Sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L., has economic importance in Brazil and the world. In addition to its global value as the main source of sugar, energy, and ethanol, it is a raw material for several products. However, phytosanitary problems cause significant losses in the agricultural production of the crop, of which most are only due to the ineffective management of insect pests. We evaluated the impact of the application of insecticides used in sugarcane crops on the predation of eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under field conditions. For this, cards containing 30 eggs of this species were fixed in the middle third of sugarcane plants and exposed to predation by insects present in areas sprayed with insecticides: thiamethoxam; lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam; fipronil and Metarhizium anisopliae, in addition to a control (area without spraying). The dose used for insecticides was the minimum recommended for control of insect pests in the crop. The cards remained in the areas for 24 hours after the insecticides spraying, being collected for evaluation after this period. The cards from areas sprayed with thiamethoxam; lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam and fipronil, the average number of eggs remaining was significantly higher. While in the treatments control and M. anisopliae, there was a significant reduction in the number of preyed eggs, evidencing that the chemical insecticides tested affected the rates of predation in the field, a fact not found with the biological insecticide M. anisopliae.

Biomass‐derived Sugar Ionic Liquid as a Sustainable Organocatalyst: An Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Dihydropyrano Coumarins

AbstractMulti‐component reaction approach was utilized in the synthesis of dihydropyrano coumarins under mild reaction conditions. Biomass derived carbohydrate was used as sugar source for the formation of D‐ribose based sugar ionic liquid. The developed catalyst catalyzed efficient synthesis of these hetero atom functionalized compounds. A wide range of substrates were prepared with substituted aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes. Substitution in phenyl ring did not affect the rate of reaction much. All compounds were obtained in good to excellent yield up to 76–92%. The recyclablity of the catalyst was also examined.

Regional Yield Estimation for Sugarcane Using MODIS and Weather Data: A Case Study in Florida and Louisiana, United States of America

Sugarcane is an important sugar source in America and is mainly planted in the states of Florida and Louisiana. The purpose of this study was to predict the sugarcane yield in these two states from 2008 to 2016. Three statistical sugarcane yield models (i.e., the CNDVI, K–M, and SiPAR models) were applied to predict yield in America, using remote sensing and weather data. To verify the robustness of models, model parameters obtained in places (i.e., Reunion Island and Southwestern China) far away from America were used. The results showed that the SiPAR model outperformed the CDNVI and K–M models for yield prediction. Solar radiation was an important constraint factor to ensure the statistical model’s robustness under different conditions. The CNDVI model had the lowest robustness because of the absence of solar radiation, although it could reflect the yield trend to some extent. The K–M model failed to predict the low sugarcane yield, owing to the lack of consideration of temperature and soil water stresses. Florida had a low sugarcane yield in the west and southwest; however, Louisiana had high sugarcane yield in the same directions. This study demonstrated the robustness of the SiPAR model and investigated the sugarcane yield status in Florida and Louisiana. It can be a reference for similar studies in the future.

Comparative study of diverse pretreatment approaches to degrade lignin from Bambusa balcooa

Bamboo biomass is a potential source of monomeric sugars containing a high cellulose content with a low amount of lignin. However, for efficient hydrolysis, an effective biomass pretreatment technique is required to minimize the lignin content and other barrier components. In the present study, bamboo biomass was treated with different physical, chemical, biological, and combined treatments to reduce the lignin content. Among all the pretreatments, the maximum lignin removal amount (14.5%) was obtained with the combined chemical and biological treatment under 2% NaOH + 1% H2O2 + WDP2 fungal culture (5 plugs) conditions. In addition, the ligninolytic fungus and NaOH pretreatment was primarily effective in removing lignins, whereas the H2O2 pretreatment efficiently minimized cellulose crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to analyze the structural changes of the raw and treated biomass. The structural analysis indicated that all the treatments caused disruption in the biomass structure and reduced the compactness of the biomass, which facilitated the biomass conversion during the hydrolysis process. The findings of the present study indicated effective pretreatment methods in overcoming the recalcitrancy of potential lignocellulosic biomass for maximum hydrolysis.

Are dental professionals ready to deal with medical emergencies in their clinical office? A survey of university hospitals.

This research aimed to assess the availability and need of dental emergency kits in Saudi Arabia university hospitals. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 267 dentists, including undergraduate, dental interns, general dentists, and specialists in 6 university hospitals (private and government colleges). In addition, a closed-ended questionnaire was distributed through emails using the online platform. The data revealed that 49.4% of dentists faced medical emergencies. Out of them, 72.7% said that emergency kits were available in their clinics. Sugar sources and oxygen were most commonly available. On the other hand, 37.8% of dentists handled emergencies independently, 34.5% considered themselves competent with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and 28.8% were confident of using emergency (ER) drugs. The most common medical emergencies were vasovagal syncope and hypoglycemia. The emergency kit in dental clinics is relatively available, and the incidence of medical emergencies is relatively minor. However, the competence and confidence of the dentists in tackling an emergency is low, including handling of emergency (ER), knowledge of CPR, and its performance. Therefore, CPR courses should be improved and promoted more widely for this purpose.

ACID HYDROLYSIS OF CORN COB TO GLUCOSE: A KINETIC STUDY

Corn cob is a renewable, cheap and abundant lignocellulosic material. Being a potential source of fermentable sugars, corn cob can be used as a substrate for value added products such as ethanol. This research work studied the glucose production from corn cob using phosphoric and nitric acids at 1300C, acid concentrations of 1wt%, 2wt%, 3wt%, 4wt% and 5wt% respectively and at time intervals of 18mins, 36mins,54mins,72mins and 90mins respectively. The substrate was characterized for the proximate constituents and the results show that corn cob has high hemicellulosic content. Seaman model and the Twofraction model were used in studying the kinetics of glucose concentration in the hydrolysates, and the Twofraction model gave a better fit with R2 equal to 1. A maximum concentration of 0.038mg/ml of glucose was produced when 5wt% H3PO4 was used as catalyst for the hydrolysis, and a time interval of 42mins, with 0.4% susceptibility to hydrolysis. Whereas for the nitric acid hydrolysis, 0.054mg/ml maximum concentration of glucose was produced using 2wt% of HNO3, at a time interval of 77mins, with 0.6% susceptibility to hydrolysis. Comparatively, nitric acid proved to be a more efficient catalyst for acid hydrolysis of corn cobs.

Development of Stevia rebaudiana Hybrids Through Trigona-Assisted Pollination

Hybridization is an important method to widen variations and to develop novel varieties in plants. The increasing interest in Stevia rebaudiana over the last decade soared by its potential as an alternative source of sugar. In this study, improvement in stevia has been conducted through hybridization using Trigona for the development of stevia hybrids. Trigona, which consists of small to medium-sized bees, is usually found in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. They are common visitors to flowering plants and pose an important function as crop pollinators. A field experiment was conducted using 17 stevia accessions (From Malaysia and Paraguay), and F1 hybrids were morphologically and chemically evaluated. Among the F1 individuals, a wide range of variability with regards to qualitative and quantitative morphological parameters was observed. A selection of F1 hybrids namely MS007HYB1, MS007HYB2, LangatHYB, EireteIIHYB, NilaiHYB1, NilaiHYB2, and NilaiHYB3 was made based on their promising features. Improvements were observed in total stevioside content for MS007HYB1 (45%) and MS007HYB2 (30%), rebaudioside content for MS007HYB2 (4.2%), NilaiHYB2 (3.8%), NilaiHYB3 (3.6%) and LangatHYB (14.4%), and delay in flowering for MS007HYB1 (46 days), MS007HYB2 (46 days), LangatHYB (51 days), EireteHYB (47 days), NilaiHYB1 (49 days), NIlaiHYB2 (46 days) and NilaiHYB3 (46 days) when compared to their respective mother plants.

Influence of Different Sources of Sugar on the Production and Quality of Banana Peel Wine

Influence of Different Sources of Sugar on the Production and Quality of Banana Peel Wine

Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) Susceptibility and Response to Different Experimental Formulations of a Sodium Ascorbate Toxic Sugar Bait.

Attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs) require target insects to locate, orient toward, and feed on an insecticidal sugar solution to control populations. Formulating these baits with different attractants and phagostimulants can increase their efficacy by causing insects to choose the ATSB over competing natural sugar sources, and to ingest more of the bait solution. We tested formulations of a 20% sodium ascorbate (SA) ATSB solution using different sugars, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), gallic acid, and six plant volatile compounds to determine their effect on adult Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles stephensi Liston mortality. Baits formulated with fructose or sucrose had no effect on either species, neither did the addition of ATP. Gallic acid increased the survival of Ae. aegypti. Four of the six volatile compounds increased mortality in at least one species. We also examined An. stephensi response to baits formulated with each of the six volatile compounds. Anisaldehyde significantly increased the number of mosquitoes responding toward the SA-ATSB, but increasing the amount had no effect. Addition of anisaldehyde also significantly increased An. stephensi feeding rates on the SA-ATSB, though mosquitoes will avoid the toxic bait if a nontoxic sugar source is available. Formulation of SA-ATSBs with synthetic blends of attractive compounds can increase bait efficacy and consistency, though further research is needed to assess their performance in the field in the presence of natural sugar sources.