Source Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Triacylglycerols are a Rich Source of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Red King Crab Juveniles (Paralithodes camtschaticus)

Abstract: In the Sea of Japan and the Okhotsk Sea, the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus is the major commercial species of the crab. The crab is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The composition of triacylglycerol (TG) molecular species in freshly collected juveniles of P. camtschaticus has been determined for the first time. By supercritical fluid chromatography with mass-spectrometry, 45 molecular species of TG were identified. Most of the molecular species contained docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), and monounsaturated fatty acid 18:1. Thus, DHA, EPA, and AA received from the diet are used to build phospholipids (PL) and also stored in TG in P. camtschaticus juveniles. Therefore, the crab is a rich source of PUFAs, which are concentrated both in structural PL and in reserve TG.

Research of the Impact of Full Fat Flax Meal from Oilseed Flax Seeds on the Rye Bread Quality

Bakery products can act as a convenient object for modification and development of qualitatively new products with programmable properties on its basis. A flaxseeds processing product – flaxseed flour can be one of the possible sources of dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The research aim is to study the flaxseed flour impact on the rye bread quality. The thesis presents the impact results of non-fat flaxseed flour obtained from the new seeds varieties of oilseed flax of VNIIMK on the organoleptic and physico-chemical quality indicators of rye bread. A man prepared the dough starter culture from the Livendo® LV4 starting culture. The best flavor was in bread containing 15% flaxseed flour of dark-colored flax seeds of the VNIIMK 620 FN variety. The decrease in porosity of bread crumb with dark flaxseed flour was 1; 3 and 5% in variants with 5; 10 and 15% flour, whereas there was a decrease of 6; 7 and 9% in variants with flour from light-colored seeds, respectively, compared with the control. The authors revealed that adding flour from light-colored seeds reduced porosity more significantly than in bread variants with the flour from dark-colored flax seeds added. The volume of bread weighing 100 g varied from 143 to 170 cm3 . Calculations of nutritional and energy value demonstrated that the carbohydrates amount in bread with flaxseed flour is lower compared to the control (without flaxseed flour). Considering the lack of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber in the Russians diet, the bread with non-fat flaxseed flour has prospects for the market introduction.

Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) cake as sustainable dietary additive in slow-growing broilers: effects on performance, meat quality, oxidative stability and gut health

Hemp seed cake (HSC) (Cannabis sativa L.) is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, high-quality proteins and essential amino acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of HSC on growth performance, meat quality traits, fatty acids profile and oxidative status, and intestinal morphology in slow-growing broilers. A total of 180 male slow-growing broilers were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments containing different levels of HSC: 0 (HSC0), 5 (HSC5) or 10% (HSC10). Birds were slaughtered at 49 days of age: breast and thigh muscles were analysed and duodenum mucosa histomorphological features were evaluated. Regardless the level of HSC inclusion, no differences among groups were found for performance and meat quality traits. The thigh and breast fatty acid profile were significantly improved in both HSC groups, with an increase of the long chain fatty acids of n-3 series and decrease of n-6/n-3 ratio. The HSC diets lowered the MDA concentration and lipid hydroperoxides in breast meat. Histomorphometrical analysis revealed a significant increase in villus height, surface area and villus/crypt ratio, with a decrease of crypt depth, suggesting that dietary supplementation with HSC may boost intestinal health status in poultry. In conclusion, dietary HSC did not affect performance, carcass traits and meat quality, while it positively influenced the lipid profile of meat, and improved the oxidative status and gut health, thus representing a valuable and sustainable alternative ingredient in broiler diet.

Characterization of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and their potential roles in the fading of the thallus.

Membrane lipids play essential roles in regulating physiological properties in higher plants and algae. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) is a major thylakoid membrane lipid, and it is an important source of polyunsaturated fatty acids for cells, plays a key role in the biogenesis of plastids, and maintains the function of the photosynthetic machinery. Several studies have indicated that the knockdown of MGDG synthase results in membrane lipid remodeling, albino seedlings, and changes in photosynthetic performance. However, the effects of MGDG synthase (MGD) inhibitors on lipids in macroalgae have not yet been clarified. Here, we characterized the effects of MGD inhibitors (ortho-phenanthroline and N-ethylmaleimide) on the composition of the fatty acids observed in MGDG and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The most abundant MGDG species contained 16:0/18:1 (sn-1/sn-2) fatty acids, and the most dominant DGDG species contained 20:5/16:0 (sn-1/sn-2) fatty acids. Measurements of photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic parameters revealed that photosynthesis of G. lemaneiformis was impaired. Principal component analysis and Spearman's correlation analysis revealed interactions between specific MGDG structural composition patterns and key metabolites involved in photosynthesis, indicating that 20:4/16:0 (sn-1/sn-2) MGDG and 16:0/18:1 (sn-1/sn-2) MGDG affect the structure and function of phycobilisomes and thus the color of G. lemaneiformis. Three genes (GlMGD1, GlMGD2, and GlMGD3) were cloned and identified. The addition of N-ethylmaleimide to G. lemaneiformis did not affect the abundance of GlMGD mRNA, and the abundance of transcripts was significantly decreased by ortho-phenanthroline.

Effect of Germination on Fatty Acid Composition in Cereal Grains.

Sprouted grains are gaining popularity as functional food ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid and fatty acid composition of eight sprouted grains (millet, amaranth, quinoa, wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, and oat). The method used was germination for up to 72 h at temperatures ranging from 19-23 °C. In general, the lipid content increased in the various grains sprouted, providing a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The % oil yield ranged from 1.17 ± 0.02% in sprouted rye to 5.71 ± 0.26% in sprouted amaranth. Germinated oat showed the greatest increase in fat content, 54.3%, compared to the control. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were more prevalent in whole grains (46.9-75.6%) than saturated fatty acids (10.1-25.9%) and increased with sprouting. The primary fatty acids detected in the grains, in order of abundance, were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, linolenic, and stearic acids. Millet sprouts contained the lowest total saturated fatty acids and the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids. Amaranth had the highest amount of saturated fatty acids, while buckwheat contained the lowest quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lowest omega-6/omega-3 ratio was 7 to 1 in sprouted rye and 8 to 1 in sprouted barley.

Composition of galactolipids, betaine lipids and triglyceride‐associated fatty acids of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Zooxanthella (Brandtodinium) nutricula: A glimpse into polyunsaturated fatty acids available to its polycystine radiolarian host

SUMMARYZooxanthella nutricula is a photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbiont of polycystine radiolarians. As such, it is hypothesized to provide fixed organic carbon, including in the form of acylglycerolipids and sterols, to its non‐photosynthetic host. We have previously characterized the sterols of Z. nutricula that may be transferred to its host and, in the present study, have turned our attention to three classes of fatty acid‐containing lipids, chloroplast‐associated galactolipids, betaine lipids, which are non‐phosphorylated phospholipid analogs present in many eukaryotes, and triglycerides. Zooxanthella nutricula was observed using positive‐ion electrospray/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) and ESI/MS/MS to produce the galactolipids mono‐ and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively) enriched in octadecapentaenoic (18:5(n‐3)) and octadecatetraenoic (18:4(n‐3)) acid to place it within a group of peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates in a C18/C18 (sn‐1/sn‐2 fatty acid regiochemistry) cluster, as opposed to another cluster with C20/C18 MGDG and DGDG, where the C20 fatty acid is eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n‐3)) and the C18 fatty acid is either 18:5(n‐3) or 18:4(n‐3). Zooxanthella nutricula was also observed to produce 38:10 (total number of fatty acid carbons:total number of double bonds), 38:6, and 44:7 diacylglycerylcarboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC) as the sole type of betaine lipid. Although it is more difficult to determine which fatty acids are present in the sn‐1 and sn‐2 positions on the glycerol backbone of DGCC using ESI/MS/MS, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)‐based examination indicated the putatively DGCC‐associated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (22:6(n‐3)). Coupled with the C18 PUFAs of MGDG and DGDG, and fatty acids associated with triglycerides (also examined via GC/MS), Z. nutricula could serve as a rich source of PUFAs for its radiolarian host. These data demonstrate that Z. nutricula produces a similar set of PUFA‐containing lipids as Symbiodinium microadriaticum, a photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbiont of cnidarians, indicating a metabolic commonality in these phylogenetically discrete dinoflagellate symbionts with unrelated host organisms.

Trends in dietary intake and food sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids among Korean adults between 2007 and 2018.

This study examined trends in the dietary intake and food sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in Korean adults from 2007 to 2018. In total, 46,307 adults (aged 19-64 years) were selected from the 2007-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained using 24-hour dietary recall. Intake levels and food sources of LC-PUFAs, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA), were evaluated across the survey years and assessed based on compliance with dietary recommendations over the 2007-2018 period. Linear trends in LC-PUFAs intake levels over time were examined through multiple linear regression analysis. From 2007 to 2018, ALA and LA consumption increased from 1.1 g (0.5% of energy) to 1.4 g (0.6% of energy) and from 8.6 g (3.9% of energy) to 10.0 g (4.5% of energy), respectively. EPA intake decreased from 0.14 g to 0.12 g, and EPA+DHA intake showed a decreasing trend. The proportion of individuals who did not meet the recommended intake of EPA+DHA (250 mg/day) increased (64.4 to 68.4%). Regarding changes in food sources of ALA and LA, the contributions from mayonnaise, eggs, and bread increased, while those from plant food sources decreased. Among food sources of EPA and DHA, anchovy, saury, and Atka mackerel showed lower contributions over time. Our findings suggest that strategies to encourage the consumption of EPA and DHA from healthy food sources are necessary to improve cardiovascular health in the Korean population.

New Sustainable Oil Seed Sources of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Journey from the Ocean to the Field

Omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA) play a critical physiological role in health and are nutritionally important for both humans and animals. The abundance of marine-derived resources of the health-benefitting ω3 LC-PUFA is either static or in some cases declining. This review focuses on the development and deregulation of novel oilseed crops producing ω3 LC-PUFA and their market applications. Genetic engineering of ω3 LC-PUFA into sustainable oilseed crops involving multiple-gene pathways to reach fish oil-like levels of these key nutrients has been extremely challenging. After two decades of collaborative effort, oilseed crops containing fish oil-levels of ω3 LC-PUFA and importantly also containing a high ω3/ω6 ratio have been developed. Deregulation of genetically engineered crops with such novel nutritional traits is also challenging and more trait-based regulations should be adopted. Some ω3 LC-PUFA-producing oilseed crops have been approved for large-scale cultivation, and for applications into feed and food. These genetically engineered oilseed crops can and will help meet the increasing market demand for aquaculture and human nutrition. These new oil seed sources of ω3 LC-PUFA offer a sustainable, safe, cost-effective, and scalable land-based solution, which can have critical and positive health, economic, and environmental impacts.

Hyaluronic Acid Poly(glyceryl)10-Stearate Derivatives: Novel Emulsifiers for Improving the Gastrointestinal Stability and Bioaccessibility of Coenzyme Q10 Nanoemulsions.

Fish oils are a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are reported to exhibit therapeutic effects in a variety of human diseases. However, these oils are highly susceptible to degradation due to oxidation, leading to rancidity and the formation of potentially toxic reaction products. The aim of this study was to synthesize a novel emulsifier (HA-PG10-C18) by esterifying hyaluronic acid with poly(glyceryl)10-stearate (PG10-C18). This emulsifier was then used to formulate nanoemulsion-based delivery systems to co-deliver fish oil and coenzyme Q10 (Q10). Q10-loaded fish oil-in-water nanoemulsions were fabricated, and then their physicochemical properties, digestibility, and bioaccessibility were measured. The results indicated that the environmental stability and antioxidant activity of oil droplets coated with HA-PG10-C18 surpassed those coated with PG10-C18 due to the formation of a denser interfacial layer that blocked metal ions, oxygen, and lipase. Meanwhile, the lipid digestibility and Q10 bioaccessibility of nanoemulsions formulated with HA-PG10-C18 (94.9 and 69.2%) were higher than those formulated with PG10-C18 (86.2 and 57.8%), respectively. These results demonstrated that the novel emulsifier synthesized in this study could be used to protect chemically labile fat-soluble substances from oxidative damage, while still retaining their nutritional value.

The influence of heat treatment type on the fat component and heterocyclic aromatic amines formation in minced poultry meat products

In this study the influence of heat treatment type on the change in the fatty acid composition, indices and parameters of fat oxidation, the level of heterocyclic amines formation in the chopped poultry ready-to-eat products enriched with ω‑3 fatty acids and an antioxidant complex were studied. The composition of ingredients and recipes of ready-to-eat products are developed with consideration of the medical and biological requirements for the diets of oncological patients. These ready-to-eat products feature some antioxidant substances in their composition that can bind free radicals, and provide for a reduction in the risk of carcinogens formation during the manufacturing process. The heat treatment was run in several ways, also called as modes — cooking in a microwave oven (MW), cooking in a convection oven in the “convection” mode with preliminary short-term roasting, steam cooking. For comparison, the conventional, i. e. not enriched food sample was used as a control one. The introduction of ω‑3 fatty acids into the food formulation made it possible to change the fatty acid composition towards increasing the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). It was found that the profile of fatty acids was influenced by both the ingredients of the product and the type of its heat treatment. The joint use of a PUFA source and a complex of antioxidants made it possible to obtain a ready-to-eat product with a high level of ω‑3; and to ensure the ratio of ω‑6 group acids: ω‑3 ratio amounts to 1–2:1. Heat treatment of enriched semi-finished products by microwave cooking and by steam cooking showed a lesser effect on the change in the content and composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids — the loss of fatty acids was 1.2% and 2.8%, respectively, while in the “convection” cooking mode with preliminary roasting this loss was equal to 3.5%. It was found that the antioxidant complex in the composition of the food product and gentle heat treatment methods cause less lipid peroxidation and the formation of carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) during the food manufacturing process.

Влияние содержания влаги на качество и количество льняного масла шнекового отжима

Healthy foods and green processing are currently in the focus of scientific attention. Flax is considered a superfood that includes numerous beneficial ingredients. Its oil is a great source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, the heat-sensitive futures of the polyunsaturated fatty acids require low-temperature methods. Screw pressing can produce oils at lower temperatures, but a lower oil capacity makes it less advantageous. Pre-treatment of seeds as a crucial pre-processing stage affects the quality and quantity of oil. This research featured the effect of moisture content in flax seeds on the quantity and quality flax seed oil. 
 The study involved local flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) from the Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan. Standard methods were used to define the quality parameters of oil, i.e., acid value, free fatty acids content, peroxide value, oil recovery, and sediment content. Regression equations were obtained using the method of regression analysis. 
 The highest oil recovery of 40.99% was observed at the moisture content of 9.56%. At 7.55%, the oil recovery dropped by 3.17%. The sediment content in the oil increased at lower moisture contents in the flax seeds (14.62–5.55%). The acid value, peroxide value, and free fatty acid content demonstrated both downward and upward trends when the moisture content increased.
 The moisture content in flax seeds affected the quality and quantity profile of screw-pressed oil. The optimal parameters of oil processing can yield health-beneficial and highly nutritional oil.

105-OR: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy—Is the Source Important?

Introduction: We have shown that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from fish oil (FO) was an effective treatment for diabetes vascular and neural complications. However, is FO the best source of omega-3 PUFA for treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)? Methods: To address this question we used a rat model of type 2 diabetes and a late intervention protocol. After 10 weeks of hyperglycemia, diabetic rats were treated for 12 weeks via diet with omega-3 PUFA derived from a variety of sources including menhaden (fish) oil (MO), krill oil (KO), oils derived from algae that produce primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or combination of EPA and DHA, or commercial ethyl esters of EPA, DHA or combination of EPA and DHA. Primary endpoints were motor (MNCV) and sensory (SNCV) nerve conduction velocity, intraepidermal and cornea nerve fiber density, thermal and cornea sensitivity, and vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles that provide circulation to the sciatic nerve. The omega-3 index, and serum fatty acid levels were also determined. Results: The dose of each omega-3 PUFA supplement was customized to create a healthy omega-3 index. Defined as the sum of EPA and DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids in red blood cells, range for healthy level 8 - 12%. Following 22 weeks of untreated diabetes neural and vascular endpoints were significantly impaired compared to control rats. Treatment with MO provided the greatest improvement for all neural endpoints followed by KO and algal oils or ethyl esters containing a combination of EPA and DHA. Algal oil or ethyl ester of EPA alone was the least effective. The greatest improvement in vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles to acetylcholine was realized following treatment with MO with less benefit from the other omega-3 PUFA sources. Conclusion: These pre-clinical studies suggest that in a clinical trial for DPN the best outcome may be obtained by using FO as the source for omega-3 PUFA. Disclosure M.A.Yorek: Consultant; Novo Nordisk. Funding U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (RX003826-01)

Effect of diets enriched in n-6 or n-3 fatty acids on dry matter intake, energy balance, oxidative stress, and milk fat profile of transition cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-6 PUFA on dry matter intake (DMI), energy balance, oxidative stress, and performance of transition cows. Forty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows with similar parity, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and milk yield were used in a completely randomized design during a 56-d experimental period including 28 d prepartum and 28 d postpartum. At 240 d of pregnancy, cows were randomly assigned to one of the 3 isoenergetic and isoprotein dietary treatments, including a control ration containing 1% hydrogenated fatty acid (CON), a ration with 8% extruded soybean (HN6, high n-6 PUFA source), and a ration with 3.5% extruded flaxseed (HN3; high n-3 PUFA source). The HN6 and HN3 diets had an n-6/n-3 ratio of 3.05:1 and 0.64:1 in prepartum cows and 8.16:1 and 1.59:1 in postpartum cows, respectively. During the prepartum period (3, 2, and 1 wk before calving), DMI, DMI per unit of BW, total net energy intake, and net energy balance were higher in the HN3 than in the CON and NH6 groups. During the postpartum period (2, 3, and 4 wk after calving), cows fed HN3 and HN6 diets both showed increasing DMI, DMI as a percentage of BW, and total net energy intake compared with those fed the CON diet. The BW of calves in the HN3 group was 12.91% higher than those in the CON group. Yield and nutrient composition of colostrum (first milking after calving) were not affected by HN6 or HN3 but milk yield from 1 to 4 wk of milking was significantly improved compared with CON. During the transition period, BW, BCS, and BCS changes were not affected. Cows fed the HN6 diet had a higher plasma NEFA concentration compared with the CON cows during the prepartum period. Feeding HN3 reduced the proportion of de novo fatty acids and increased the proportion of preformed long-chain fatty acids in regular milk. In addition, the n-3 PUFA-enriched diet reduced the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in milk. In conclusion, increasing the n-3 fatty acids concentration in the diet increased both DMI during the transition period and milk production after calving, and supplementing n-3 fatty acids was more effective in mitigating the net energy balance after calving.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs): Sources, Digestion, Absorption, Application and Their Potential Adjunctive Effects on Visual Fatigue.

When the eyes are exposed to the environment, they are easily affected by strong light stimulation and harmful substances. At the same time, prolonged use of the eyes or incorrect eye habits can cause visual fatigue, which mainly manifests as eye dryness, soreness, blurred vision, and various discomforts. The main reason for this is a decline in the function of the eye, especially the cornea and retina on the surface of the eye, which have the greatest impact on the normal function of the eye. Research has found that supplementation with appropriate foods or nutrients can effectively strengthen the eye against external and internal stimuli, thereby alleviating or avoiding visual fatigue. Among these, supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids has been found to be effective at protecting eye health and relieving visual fatigue. This article summarizes the sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (including the main dietary sources and internal synthesis), the mechanisms of digestion and absorption of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the body and the safety of polyunsaturated fatty acid applications. It also reviews the mechanism of action of polyunsaturated fatty acids in aiding the relief of visual fatigue based on the mechanism of impaired function or structure of the ocular surface and fundus in the hope of providing some reference and insight into the development and application of polyunsaturated fatty acids in functional foods for the relief of visual fatigue.

Review: Effect of essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid on the adaptive physiology of dairy cows during the transition period.

Cows fed total mixed rations (silage-based) may not receive as much essential fatty acids (EFAs) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) as cows fed pasture-based rations (fresh grass) containing rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids. CLA-induced milk fat depression allows dairy cows to conserve more metabolisable energy, thereby shortening the state of negative energy balance and reducing excessive fat mobilisation at early lactation. EFAs, particularly α-linolenic acid, exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, thereby modulating immune functions. Thus, combined EFA and CLA supplementation seems to be an effective nutritional strategy to relieve energy metabolism and to improve immune response, which are often compromised during the transition from late pregnancy to lactation in high-yielding dairy cows. There has been extensive research on this idea over the last two decades, and despite promising results, several interfering factors have led to varying findings, making it difficult to conclude whether and under what conditions EFA and CLA supplementations are beneficial for dairy cows during the transition period. This article reviews the latest studies on the effects of EFA and CLA supplementation, alone or in combination, on dairy cow metabolism and health during various stages around parturition. Our review article summarises and provides novel insights into the mechanisms by which EFA and/or CLA influence markers of metabolism, energy homeostasis and partitioning, immunity, and inflammation revealed by a deep molecular phenotyping.

Flaxseed Oil for Omega 3 Fatty Acids Enrichment in Eggs and Performance in Laying Chickens

Background: The beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on growth, health and immune function for human is well established. Supplementation of various n-3 fatty acids into the diet of laying hens is a nutritional attempt to increase the levels of n-3 PUFA in the eggs. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of flaxseed oil (SFO) as a source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the fatty acid composition of egg, laying performance and egg stability upon storage in laying hens. Methods: Laying hens of 30-week age (n=168) were selected and randomly distributed into two dietary groups consisting of 14 replicates each having 6 birds in each replicate. Iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric two diets were prepared with and without FSO. Daily recording of eggs, feed intake and egg collection was carried out throughout the experiment. The eggs were subjected for fat extraction and estimation of fatty acid composition. Result: The higher (P less than 0.05) feed intake and lower (P less than 0.05) egg production in groups fed FSO supplemented diet compared to those groups fed control diet. Further, improved (P less than 0.05) feed conversion ratio among the groups fed control diet compared to those groups fed FSO supplemented diet. Eggs contained higher (P less than 0.05) á-linolenic acid, eicosenoic acid, n3 fatty acids in groups fed FSO supplemented diets compared control diet. The stability parameters did not differ by supplementing FSO compared to groups fed control diet. Therefore, it is concluded that FSO can be supplemented up to 6% for feeding of laying hens for producing higher omega 3 fatty acids in eggs. Further, supplementation of 6% FSO did not affect the egg quality parameters upon storing for 21 days at 4°C. Background: The beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on growth, health and immune function for human is well established. Supplementation of various n-3 fatty acids into the diet of laying hens is a nutritional attempt to increase the levels of n-3 PUFA in the eggs. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of flaxseed oil (SFO) as a source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the fatty acid composition of egg, laying performance and egg stability upon storage in laying hens.

Bioprocess engineering to produce essential polyunsaturated fatty acids from Thraustochytrium sp.

In recent studies, thraustochytrid has emerged as a sustainable substitute to fish oil or polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sources: docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Due to growing health concerns, there is increasing demand for food and health applications of PUFA for several diseases, aquaculture feeds, and dietary products. Thraustochytrium sp. found a sustainable source for considerable PUFA and SFA production and to meet omega PUFA demand globally. This study aims to increase PUFA yield by the maximum possible glucose carbon with an appropriate nitrogen ratio (10:1). The maximum biomass and lipid obtained from 40 g/L glucose, were 7.47 ± 0.3 g/L and 4.63 g/L (60.84 ± 1.4%), respectively. However, maximum relative lipid, DHA and DPA yields were from 30 g/L glucose i.e, 67.6 ± 1.9 % and 963.58 ± 24 and 693.10 ± 24 mg/L respectively with complete glucose assimilation. Thus, this could be a potential source of commercial DPA and DHA producers under the biorefinery scheme.

Submerged cultivation of Nigrospora sp. in batch and fed-batch modes for microbial oil production

Microbial lipids are a valuable source of potential biofuels and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. The optimization of the fermentation conditions is a strategy that affects the total lipid concentration. The genus Nigrospora sp. has been the target of investigations based on its potential bioherbicidal action. Therefore, this study developed a strategy to maximize the biomass concentration and lipid accumulation by Nigrospora sp. in submerged fermentation. Different media compositions and process variables were investigated in shaken flasks and bioreactor in batch and fed-batch modes. Maximum biomass concentration and lipid accumulations were 40.17 g/L and 21.32 wt% in the bioreactor, which was 2.1 and 5.4 times higher than the same condition in shaken flasks, respectively. This study presents relevant information to the production of fungal lipids since few investigations are exploring the fed-batch strategy to increase the yield of fungi lipids, as well as few studies investigating Nigrospora sp. to produce lipids.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Conversion to Lipid Mediators, Roles in Inflammatory Diseases and Dietary Sources.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important components of the diet of mammals. Their role was first established when the essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid were discovered nearly a century ago. However, most of the biochemical and physiological actions of PUFAs rely on their conversion to 20C or 22C acids and subsequent metabolism to lipid mediators. As a generalisation, lipid mediators formed from n-6 PUFAs are pro-inflammatory while those from n-3 PUFAs are anti-inflammatory or neutral. Apart from the actions of the classic eicosanoids or docosanoids, many newly discovered compounds are described as Specialised Pro-resolving Mediators (SPMs) which have been proposed to have a role in resolving inflammatory conditions such as infections and preventing them from becoming chronic. In addition, a large group of molecules, termed isoprostanes, can be generated by free radical reactions and these too have powerful properties towards inflammation. The ultimate source of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are photosynthetic organisms which contain Δ-12 and Δ-15 desaturases, which are almost exclusively absent from animals. Moreover, the EFAs consumed from plant food are in competition with each other for conversion to lipid mediators. Thus, the relative amounts of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in the diet are important. Furthermore, the conversion of the EFAs to 20C and 22C PUFAs in mammals is rather poor. Thus, there has been much interest recently in the use of algae, many of which make substantial quantities of long-chain PUFAs or in manipulating oil crops to make such acids. This is especially important because fish oils, which are their main source in human diets, are becoming limited. In this review, the metabolic conversion of PUFAs into different lipid mediators is described. Then, the biological roles and molecular mechanisms of such mediators in inflammatory diseases are outlined. Finally, natural sources of PUFAs (including 20 or 22 carbon compounds) are detailed, as well as recent efforts to increase their production.

PUFA and carotenoid producing thraustochytrids and their anti-microbial and antioxidant activities

Thraustochytrids contribute to the microbiota of mangrove ecosystem, and they hold promise as a potential source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), antimicrobials and antioxidants for their application in pharmaceutical, aquaculture, and human health sectors. However, the thraustochytrids have not been properly studied in Indian mangrove ecosystems for their PUFAs and biological activities, and hence, the present study was carried to isolate the PUFAs-rich thraustochytrids for their pigments, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This work isolated and identified the thraustochytrids that are capable of producing PUFAs from decomposing leaves of mangroves at Pichavaram, southeast coast of India. Two predominant isolates were identified as Thraustochytrium sp. and Aurantiochytrium mangrovei based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Thraustochytrium sp., produced the biomass of 4.72 g L-1, containing total lipids of 42.36% and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of 32.69% of total lipids, whereas, A. mangrovei produced the biomass of 6.25 g L-1 containing total lipids of 49.81% and DHA of 44.71% of total lipids. Astaxanthin pigment accumulated up to 3.2 µg L-1 in A. mangrovei, whereas the pigment was not detected in Thraustochytrium sp. Further, the biomass extracted in organic solvents was tested for antibacterial activity against seven clinical pathogens along with positive control of ampicillin. Thraustochytrium sp., exhibited the highest antibacterial activity with the zone of inhibition of 78.77% against Staphylococcus aureus and the lowest (20.95%) against Klebsiella pneumonia. Thraustochytrium sp., also showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 µg L-1 inhibiting the growth of S. aureus. The antioxidant activity of A. mangrovei was tested by using six assays and noted the highest free radical scavenging (87.37 ± 1.22%) and the lowest nitric oxide radical scavenging (75.12 ± 2.22%) activities. Hence, it is clear that the extracts of Thraustochytrium sp., and A. mangrovei are promising sources of lead compounds for biopharma and food industries.