Source Of Polyphenols Research Articles

Exploring Conventional and Green Extraction Methods for Enhancing the Polyphenol Yield and Antioxidant Activity of Hyssopus officinalis Extracts.

Hyssopus officinalis L. (HO) is, as one of the most prevalently utilized plants, used in traditional medicine to cure various diseases as well as the in food and cosmetic industries. Moreover, HO is a rich source of polyphenols with potent antioxidant properties. However, the studies on the extraction of such compounds from HO are scanty and sparse. This study aims to optimize the extraction of polyphenols and maximize the antioxidant activity in HO extracts. A comprehensive experimental design was employed, encompassing varied extraction parameters to determine the most effective ones. Alongside conventional stirring (ST), two green approaches, the ultrasonic treatment (US) and the pulsed electric field (PEF), were explored, either alone or in combination. The extracted polyphenolic compounds were identified with a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). According to the results, the employment of ST along with an ethanolic solvent at 80 °C for 150 min seems beneficial in maximizing the extraction of polyphenols from HO, resulting in extracts with enhanced antioxidant activity. The total polyphenol was noted at 70.65 ± 2.76 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (dw) using the aforementioned techniques, and the antioxidant activity was noted as 582.23 ± 16.88 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g dw (with FRAP method) and 343.75 ± 15.61 μmol AAE/g dw (with the DPPH method). The as-prepared extracts can be utilized in the food and cosmetics industries to bestow or enhance the antioxidant properties of commercial products.

Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Polyphenols from the Theobroma cacao L. Fruit: Yield vs. Environmental Friendliness.

The cacao fruit is a rich source of polyphenols, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which possess significant health benefits. The accurate identification and quantification of these bioactive compounds extracted from different parts of the cacao fruit, such as pods, beans, nibs, and cacao shells, require specific treatment conditions and analytical techniques. This review presents a comprehensive comparison of extraction processes and analytical techniques used to identify and quantify polyphenols from various parts of the cacao fruit. Additionally, it highlights the environmental impact of these methods, exploring the challenges and opportunities in selecting and utilizing extraction, analytical, and impact assessment techniques, while considering polyphenols' yield. The review aims to provide a thorough overview of the current knowledge that can guide future decisions for those seeking to obtain polyphenols from different parts of the cacao fruit.

Dietary Intake of Polyphenols and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found in plants, foods, and drinks, occurring in small quantities and showcasing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities. The primary polyphenols consist of flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and lignans. However, there is currently no comprehensive quantitative analysis of epidemiological data on overall death rates. This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to identify the exposure-response relationship between dietary polyphenol intake and all-cause mortality. The literature was reviewed from its earliest study to May 2024, utilizing six distinct electronic databases. No specific criteria were used to choose participants based on the recruiting environment, their general health condition, country, or ethnicity. The inclusion criteria for studies were as follows: a longitudinal design, exposure to dietary polyphenols, all-cause mortality as the outcome, and hazard risk (HR) as the impact measure. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the methodological rigor of the study. The hazard risks (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by pooling data using common effects models. A protocol has been registered on PROSPERO with the identification number CRD42024545524. The meta-analysis comprised seven cohort studies that involved 178,657 adult people aged 18 years and older. These studies examined the relationship between total dietary polyphenol consumption and the risk of all-cause death. The recruitment settings exclusively used community-based approaches, with a preference for Europe (71%) in terms of geographic distribution. The study's quality was assessed to be moderate to high. The meta-analysis showed consistent evidence that increased dietary exposure to polyphenols reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by 7% (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.91-0.95, I2: 48%). Pooled data from the available evidence consistently show that individuals exposed to an antioxidant diet rich in polyphenol sources may be at lower risk of all-cause mortality.

LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS characterization of phenolic compounds from Victorian shorebound red seaweeds and their antioxidant capacity

Seaweeds are considered a promising source of phytochemical compounds, including polyphenols. The Australian shoreline hosts a diverse array of seaweeds; however, the phenolic profile and the antioxidant potential of most species remain unclear, necessitating further exploration. To this end, ten red seaweeds were collected, identified using molecular testing, and their phenolic compounds were extracted using acidified ethanol and subjected to ten in vitro assays. The Relative Antioxidant Capacity Index (RACI) was calculated for each sample to compare the overall results. The results indicated that Phacelocarpus peperocarpos exhibited the highest overall phenolic and antioxidant potential, followed by Callophyllis sp. and Rhodophyllis sp.. A total of 365 phenolic compounds were screened, comprising 85 phenolic acids, 164 flavonoids, and 118 other polyphenols. Correlation analysis displayed a positive correlation between phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and the identified phenolic compounds. Overall, this study sheds light on the polyphenol content and antioxidant potential of ten red seaweed species from Queenscliff, Victoria, through various in vitro assays and LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS characterization. The findings indicate that Australian red seaweeds are a promising source of polyphenols and exhibit considerable antioxidant properties, underscoring their potential in providing substantial health benefits and functional food products.

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of yerba mate leaves for the development of active additives in sports nutrition products

AbstractThis study aimed to develop yerba mate extracts (YME, Ilex paraguariensis) as active ingredients for a UVC‐light‐preserved (892 mJ/cm2; 50°C) sports drink (SD) and the sports gel derived from it (SG). Aqueous ultrasound‐assisted extractions (US; 20 KHz, 750 W) of yerba mate leaves were performed at varying temperatures (T: 20, 40, and 50 °C) and acoustic energy densities (AED: 0, .11, and .23 W/mL). Total polyphenol (TPC) extraction kinetics were characterized using the Spiro and Jago, Linares, and Peleg models. The Spiro and Jago model accurately described the extraction kinetic curves. An empirical correlation was found between its rate constant and the variables T and AED, reaching its maximum value at 50°C–.23 W/mL, with no further TPC extraction beyond 4 minutes (4.20 g GAE/L). For comparison purposes, the conditions 20°C/.23 W/mL/7 min (3.33 g GAE/L) and 100°C/0 W/mL/5 min (control) were also structurally and physiochemically compared. During the extraction, intraparticle diffusion was one of the major mechanisms limiting the extraction rate. With AED and T, the intraparticle coefficient increased significantly. The US‐assisted process generated extracts with greater wettability, hygroscopicity, more natural color, and similar content of relevant xanthin alkaloids and polyphenols, compared to the control. SEM micrographs revealed that the US‐assisted extract's porosity increased with AED and T. The UV‐C processing of SD was successfully validated through microbial challenge assays. YME (20°C/.23 W/mL/7 min) addition turned SD and SG greener and raised their flavonoid content (SD: 5.2‐fold and SG: 19.6‐fold) and TPC (SD: 5.5‐fold and SG: 5.3‐fold). The DPPH and ABTS total antioxidant activity for SD and SG increased by 3.1–3.4‐fold and 16.8–57.9‐fold, respectively. SD‐YM and SG‐YM were well‐accepted and described in a consumer field test. The developed YMEs can be a natural source of xanthine alkaloids and polyphenols, thereby replacing the synthetic additives typically employed in sports nutrition products.Practical applicationsThe growing consumer belief in natural extracts' ability to promote health and wellness is driving the global market for botanical extracts. Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St Hill) is a healthier alternative to coffee and tea, with higher antioxidant capacity and proven health benefits. The proposed extraction method eliminates the need for high temperature and prolonged treatments, preserving the nutritional value of yerba mate leaves. Furthermore, it eliminates waste generation, perfectly aligning with sustainable practices. The optimized US‐assisted extraction resulted in high‐quality physicochemical extracts with significant functional activity. Amateur athletes are increasingly looking for products to enhance their performance that are both natural and effective. In this context, the developed extracts can serve as natural additives for sports nutrition products, which typically include synthetic caffeine and other compounds aimed at enhancing alertness, arousal, and energy.

Determination of Phenolic, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Oil Rose Products

Rose and rose products are used as raw materials in many sectors including cosmetics, food and medicine. The Rosa damascena Mill. rose genotype, which is intensively cultivated in the Isparta region of Türkiye, is an important export product. The flower of the plant is main source of raw materials for rose oil, herbal teas and cosmetic products due to its high essential oil and polyphenols contents. In this study, Rosa damascena, Rosa centifolia, Rosa alba L., Rosa alba ‘Semiplena’ genotypes were grown in Yalova, which is an alternative region in terms of agro-climatic conditions from Isparta and its surroundings where rose oil cultivation is carried out in Türkiye. Within the scope of the study, total phenolic matter, total antioxidant activity (DPPH and CUPRAC) and total flavonoid contents of flowers (whole flowers), rose water and wastewater of the genotypes were determined. It is important to identify alternative rose genotypes to R. damascena in Türkiye and their potential for cultivation under different climatic conditions. The highest phenolic content (4115 mg gallic acid equivalent GAE 100 g-1) and DPPH antioxidant activity (4893 mg trolox equivalent TE 100 g-1) values were obtained in R. damascena genotype at the first harvest period. The highest CUPRAC antioxidant activity (34237 mg TE 100 g-1) values were obtained in R. centifolia genotype at the first harvest period. In the second harvest period, the highest phenolic content, DPPH antioxidant activity and CUPRAC antioxidant activity values were determined in R. centifolia genotype. Antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid contents of dried rose flowers were higher than in rose water and wastewater. Rose petals were found to have the potential to be used as an important antioxidant source, while total phenolic matter and antioxidant activity values were found to be low in rose water and wastewater. The harvest period was found to be major factor in oil rose flowers, which can be an important polyphenol source.

Effect of accelerated extraction and sonication on the antioxidant capacity of wood and bark extracts of wet-hearted silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)

The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant capacity of hydrophilic extracts of different tissues of wet-hearted silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) logs. Wet heart is a wood defect of silver fir and lowers the value of wood. The exploitation of extractives could increase utilization and financial returns. The bark, sapwood, heartwood and knotwood were investigated by using two green extraction methods: ultrasound assisted extraction (US) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), with aqueous ethanol as solvent. Total extractive content (TEC), total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant capacities (FRAP, DPPH, ABTS) from the extracts were determined and compared. The highest contents of total hydrophilic extractives were measured in knotwood (23.07%, ASE) and bark (10.31%, ASE), and the lowest values were determined for sapwood (2.00%, ASE) and heartwood (3.56%, ASE). The ASE method resulted in significantly higher TPC (0.65–10.58%) than the US (0.46–9.19%) method. Nevertheless, the simplicity of instrumentation and costs can make US also a potential candidate for future extraction and utilization. The highest antioxidant capacities were measured in knotwood (FRAP: 159.75 mg AAE/g, ABTS: 316.15 mg TE/g, DPPH: 189.23 mg TE/g) and bark (FRAP: 159.75 mg AAE/g, ABTS: 126.81 mg TE/g, DPPH: 74.52 mg TE/ g) extracts, prepared with ASE, which complements well the existing literature data on silver fir extractives. The knotwood and bark of wet-hearted silver fir is an abundant source of antioxidant polyphenols, whereas sapwood and heartwood are poor in these extractives and potentially unsuitable for the valorization by the extraction of natural antioxidants.

Pigmented corn as a gluten-free source of polyphenols with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in CaCo-2 cells

A high number of varieties from corn (Zea mays L.) have been consumed for long time all over the world, however pigmented varieties are recently gaining renewed attention due to their beneficial effects and polyphenolic content.The natural lack of gluten makes corn suitable for consumption by celiac population, who need to control their inflammatory state through an appropriate gluten-free diet. The biological effects of polyphenols from pigmented corn are poorly investigated in the context of celiac disease. In this work, we analyzed through HPLC-DAD the phenolic composition of two Italian purple and red varieties (“Scagliolo Rosso” and “Rostrato di Rovetta”, respectively) comparing their effects in human intestinal epithelial cells (CaCo-2 cells). The possible impact of gastro-intestinal digestion following oral consumption was assessed as well.The phenolic profile showed the presence of phenolic acids in both varieties, while anthocyanins were identified in Scagliolo Rosso only. After simulated digestion, the level of polyphenols did not significantly change and paralleled with an increased scavenging activity. In CaCo-2 cells, stimulated by a proinflammatory cocktail containing gliadin-derived peptides (IL-1β, IFN-γ, digested gliadin), pigmented corn extracts inhibited the release of CXCL-10 and sICAM-1, with mechanisms partially ascribed to NF-κB impairment. At the same concentration (200 μg/mL), ROS production and catalase depletion were reverted through Nrf-2-independent mechanisms.Our data suggest that polyphenols from pigmented corns might help in controlling the inflammatory and oxidative state of people with celiac disease at intestinal level, at concentrations potentially achievable through a gluten-free diet.

Do polyphenols affect body fat and/or glucose metabolism?

Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions with 51% of the population expected to be obese by 2030. Recently, polyphenols have been highlighted as an effective approach to managing obesity and associated risks. Polyphenols are a large class of bioactive plant compounds classified into two major categories: flavonoids which are distinguished by the fundamental C6-C3-C6 skeleton and non-flavonoids. This systematic review evaluated the effect of different polyphenol sources in overweight and obese people with and without type 2 diabetes. The primary outcome was lipid profile and the secondary outcomes were blood glucose, HbA1c (%), HOMA-IR, weight, and body mass index. A search was undertaken in PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Wiley for randomized control trials that assessed different sources of polyphenols in overweight and obese people with or without type 2 diabetes. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool. The search yielded 935 studies, of which six randomized control trials met the inclusion criteria. Five studies found no significant difference in lipid profile between the control and intervention groups in triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. However, one study showed significant differences in triglycerides (p = 0.04) and HDL cholesterol (p = 0.05) between the two groups with no significant difference in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. There were no significant changes in blood glucose observed in the included studies, with only two studies reporting a significant difference in A1c between the groups. Four studies found no difference in HOMA-IR, while one study showed a significant decrease in HOMA-IR in the intervention group compared to the control group. Three studies reported no difference in BMI or weight between the two groups. The data associated with the specific health benefits of polyphenols and their sources in people with overweight, obese, and type 2 diabetes are still limited, so further research is required to support their use and prove their benefits.

Dietary intake of plant polyphenols: Exploring trend in the Czech population.

This study aimed to determine trend in polyphenol consumption in the Czech Republic during the last three decades. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of the beneficial effects of polyphenols in several body systems. Data from the Phenol-Explorer 3.6, a specialized database of polyphenolic substances, were assigned to the resources of the Czech Statistical Office on the consumption of food and beverages in the Czech Republic for the years 1989-2022. The average daily intake of polyphenols was determined by multiplying the average annual consumption of each type of food by the polyphenol content obtained from the database; results were given in milligrams of polyphenols per inhabitant and day. Since the food items in the data sources are not identical, it was necessary to create an extensive model of food categories. The current value of polyphenol intake is 1,673 mg per day per inhabitant; however, this level most likely reflects methodological underestimation. The favourable increase in dietary polyphenol intake in the Czech population - doubling, to be precise - which we observed from 1989 to 2007, has been replaced by the opposite trend in the last 15 years. The current intake of polyphenols corresponds to the level that was already achieved in 2004. Hydroxycinnamic acids (from the group of phenolic acids) are the most prevalent dietary polyphenols, followed by flavanols (from the group of flavonoids). The most frequent source of polyphenols in the Czech population are non-alcoholic beverages such as coffee, tea and juices, followed by fruits, cereals, and vegetables, respectively. Current trend of dietary polyphenol intake in the Czech population is slightly decreasing. This tendency, lasting since 2008, is indisputably negative. Plant polyphenols offer opportunities for inexpensive interventions in health promotion.

Optimizing extraction methods by a comprehensive experimental approach and characterizing polyphenol compositions of Ecklonia radiata

Brown seaweed Ecklonia radiata harbors valuable polyphenols, notably phlorotannins, prized for their health benefits. This study optimized phlorotannin extraction via conventional solvent extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods, utilizing variable concentrations of ethanol. Employing fractional factorial designs, key variables were identified. Steepest ascent/descent method and central composite rotatable designs refined optimal conditions, enhancing phlorotannin and polyphenol yields, and antioxidant capacities. Under optimized conditions, phlorotannin contents reached 2.366 ± 0.01 and 2.596 ± 0.04 PGE mg/g, total polyphenol contents peaked at 10.223 ± 0.03 and 10.836 ± 0.02 GAE mg/g. Robust antioxidant activity was observed: DPPH and OH radical scavenging capacities measured 27.891 ± 0.06 and 17.441 ± 0.08 TE mg/g, and 37.498 ± 1.12 and 49.391 ± 0.82 TE mg/g, respectively. Reducing power capacities surged to 9.016 ± 0.02 and 28.110 ± 0.10 TE mg/g. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses revealed enriched antioxidant compounds. Variations in polyphenol profiles were noted, potentially influencing antioxidant capacity nuances. This study illuminated the potential of E. radiata potential as a polyphenol source and offers optimized extraction methods poised to benefit various industries.

Development of Pomegranate Aloe Vera Juice: Pomalo

Abstract: Pomegranate juice is a good source of polyphenols and has good antioxidant potential, whereas, the studies on pomegranate juice have shown that it possesses antiatherogenic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties. The literature also reported the major decrease in atherosclerotic lesion region in immune-deficient mice and intima media thickness in cardiac patients on medications, due to consumption of pomegranate juice. Whereas, in patients with type 2 diabetes, a reduction in lipid peroxidation was observed and in hypertensive patients, a systolic blood pressure and serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity was determined. Therefore, the study showed the potential cardioprotective advantages of pomegranate juice and suggests the inclusion of this juice in a diet for a healthy living. the composition of aloe vera and its role in development of functional foods. The colorless and watery gel-like consistency are the characteristics of aloe vera gel that makes it better option for blend beverages. The functional characteristics render aloe vera with broad range of application in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food sectors. The presence of antioxidants and hormones (auxins and gibberellins) in aloe vera, are responsible for preventing chronic diseases and wound healing properties by inducing the cell propagation, thus providing anti-inflammatory action, respectively. Saponins and salicylic acid present in it, provides antibacterial and antiseptic activity. The literature also reveals that emidine and aloin are the compounds present in aloe that act as antiviral, antibacterial and analgesic agent. Whereas, it also contains vitamins E, C and minerals such as, copper, selenium and zinc, along with enzyme brady kinase, fatty acids and sugar, essential and non-essential amino acids, 12 anthraquinones phenolic compounds. The most abundant monosaccharide and polysaccharides found in aloe vera are Mannose-6-phosphate, and glucomannans, respectively.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) aqueous extract improves hyperglycemia, testicular inflammation, apoptosis, and tissue structure induced by Streptozotocin via oxidative stress inhibition

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-known hyperglycemic metabolic condition identified by oxidative stress and biological function disruption. Kiwifruit is a valuable source of polyphenols and vitamin C with great antioxidant, nutritional, and health-promoting effects. Therefore, this study was initiated to explore the antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic effects of kiwifruit aqueous extract (KFE) against oxidative injury and testis dysfunction in rats with diabetes. Twenty-four male Wistar Albino rats (160–170 g) were divided into four groups: Group 1 served as the control, Group 2 supplemented orally with kiwifruit extract (KFE; 1 g/kg/day) for one month, Group 3 was treated with a single streptozotocin dose (STZ; 50 mg/kg ip), and Group 4 where the diabetic rats were administered with KFE, respectively. According to the results, the GC-MS analysis of KFE revealed several main components with strong antioxidant properties. In diabetic rats, lipid peroxidation and hyperglycemia were accompanied by perturbations in hormone levels and sperm characteristics. Antioxidant enzymes, glutathione content, aminotransferase, phosphatase activities, and protein content were decreased. Furthermore, histology, immunohistochemical PCNA expression, and histochemical analysis of collagen, DNA, RNA, and total protein. were altered in rat testis sections, supporting the changes in biochemistry. Furthermore, diabetic rats supplemented with KFE manifested considerable amendment in all the tested parameters besides improved tissue structure and gene expressions (NF-kB, p53, IL-1β, Bax, IL-10, and Bcl2) relative to the diabetic group. In conclusion, KFE has beneficial effects as it can improve glucose levels and testis function, so it might be used as a complementary therapy in DM.

Overview of the Metabolite Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Seven Major and Minor Cereal Crops and Their Milling Fractions.

Cereal grains play an important role in human health as a source of macro- and micronutrients, besides phytochemicals. The metabolite diversity was investigated in cereal crops and their milling fractions by untargeted metabolomics ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) of 69 samples: 7 species (barley, oat, pearl millet, rye, sorghum, triticale, and wheat), 23 genotypes, and 4 milling fractions (husk, bran, flour, and wholegrain). Samples were also analyzed by in vitro antioxidant activity. UHPLC-MS/MS signals were processed using XCMS, and metabolite annotation was based on SIRIUS and GNPS libraries. Bran and husk showed the highest antioxidant capacity and phenolic content/diversity. The major metabolite classes were phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acyls, and organic acids. Sorghum, millet, barley, and oats showed distinct metabolite profiles, especially related to the bran fraction. Molecular networking and chemometrics provided a comprehensive insight into the metabolic profiling of cereal crops, unveiling the potential of coproducts and super cereals such as sorghum and millet as sources of polyphenols.

Antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant effects of sulfated galactan from Halymenia dilatata: In vitro and in vivo analysis

Seaweed has raised great interest as an excellent source of bioactive components, including vitamins, minerals, polysaccharides, polyphenols, and unique secondary metabolites which reveal broad-spectrum biological activities. In particular, the complex polysaccharides from brown, red and green seaweed possess numerous therapeutic properties. The galactan is routinely used in biomedical research. This study investigates the bioactive properties of sulfated galactan (Hd-SG) derived from the red macroalgae Halymenia dilatata, including its anticancer, antibacterial, anti-biofilm and antioxidant activity. The isolated Hd-SG exhibited potent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 75 μg/ml. It was found that Hd-SG had antibacterial activity against Vibrio alginolyticus, a coastal aquaculture pathogen, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 300 μg/ml. Toxicology analysis revealed that the isolated Hd-SG was not toxic to zebrafish embryos, even at higher concentrations (100 μg/ml). Moreover, zebrafish embryos treated with Hd-SG at a concentration of 100 μg/ml exhibited a 118.8% reduction in oxidative damage caused by H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared to the H2O2 alone treated embryos (562%). In summary, this study demonstrated that the sulfated galactan of H. dilatata has a wide range of therapeutic properties, making it a viable option for biomedical and aquaculture preventive medicine.

Valorization of pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) leaves as a source of polyphenols by ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction: Comparison with other extraction methods and bioactivity evaluation

This study aimed to valorize pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) leaves as a rich source of polyphenols through the application of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction (ILMAE). Initially, the ILMAE process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), resulting in a total polyphenols yield of 27.84 ± 0.33 mg GAE/g DW under the optimal conditions: [BMIM]Br concentration of 0.57 mol/L, extraction time of 14 min, microwave power of 460 W, extraction temperature of 77 °C, solvent-to-material ratio of 30 mL/g, and three extraction cycles. Compared to conventional methods such as maceration extraction (ME), heat reflux extraction (HRE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), the ILMAE method exhibited a significantly higher PLTP yield. Furthermore, the PLTP extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activity against DPPH• and ABTS+• radicals, as well as a significant inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase activity. This work demonstrates that ILMAE is a green and efficient strategy for the valorization of pawpaw leaves.

A polyphenol fraction from Rosa multiflora var. platyphylala reduces body fat in overweight humans through appetite suppression - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Rosa species are rich sources of polyphenols with physiological functions. In this study a polyphenol-rich Rosa multiflora (var. platyphylala) petal extract (RoseFit™) was investigated for weight loss in humans. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, double-blind clinical trial seventy overweight male and female subjects (20-50 years) with body mass index (BMI) 25-30kg/m2 were randomly allocated to the active treatment group (RoseFit) and placebo group in a 1:1 ratio. The subjects received 300mg capsules twice daily for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy outcome measures included body weight, BMI, and body composition, as determined using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Secondary measures consisted of serum lipid profile and appetite marker (leptin and ghrelin) analyses. Safety analyses included biochemical and hematological assessments. At the end of the study, a marked reduction in body weight (-1.20 ± 2.62kg, p < 0.05) and BMI from baseline was observed in the RoseFit group. In addition, the body fat % (RoseFit = -1.69 ± 2.59%, placebo = 0.96 ± 3.21%; p < 0.001) and fat mass (RoseFit = -1.75 ± 1.80kg, placebo = 1.61 ± 3.82kg; p < 0.001) were significantly abated in RoseFit group. Importantly, the lean mass was maintained during the intervention. RoseFit ingestion significantly increased the serum leptin levels compared to the placebo (4.85%; p < 0.05). Further, RoseFit group showed reduction in the hunger hormone ghrelin level (2.27%; p < 0.001) from baseline to the end of study, compared to the placebo. The subjective evaluation of appetite using visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaires further confirmed the appetite-suppression effects of RoseFit. The lipid profile significantly improved in RoseFit-treated subjects. No serious adverse events were observed during the study, indicating the tolerability of RoseFit. Supplementation with RoseFit significantly impacts body weight management and can thus be a potential nutraceutical ingredient for sustainable weight loss. CTRI/2019/10/021584 dated 09/10/2019.

The Chemical Profiles and Antioxidant Properties of Live Fruit or Vegetable Vinegars Available on the Polish Food Market.

Live vinegar is a product formed through a two-step fermentation process of a sugar substrate that has not been subjected to filtration or pasteurization. This is considered to preserve all nutrients and biologically active microorganisms, making it a product with a valuable composition and beneficial properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of the selected vinegars available on the Polish food market. The material in the study consisted of four live (naturally turbid, unfiltered, unpasteurized) fruit or vegetable vinegars: apple, pear, rhubarb, and lemon. Spectrophotometric, HPLC, and GC methods were used. Among the vinegars tested, lemon vinegar had the highest vitamin C content-15.95 mg/100 mL. Apple vinegar proved to be the best source of polyphenols and flavonoids (TPC-191.97 mg GAE/L, TFC-70.22 mg RE/L). All of the vinegars contained dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, and myricetin. The acetic acid content of the tested vinegars ranged from 29.180 to 38.125 mM/L. The pH values ranged from 3.14 to 3.41. In conclusion, the most promising nutraceutical with potentially beneficial health-promoting properties seems to be apple vinegar.

Total phenolic content of microwaved, pan-heated and stewed, herbs and spices

Culinary herbs and spices help improve food flavour in cuisine all over the globe and possess some of the richest sources of polyphenols in edible plant foods which are linked to human health benefits. Food processing can affect these constituents and therefore may impact the health benefits these plants may confer. This study aimed to assess the impact of 3 commonly used domestic cooking methods on the total phenolic content, assessed via the total phenolic content (TPC) assay, on 15 culinary herbs and 12 spices, fresh and dried (50 samples total). Herbs and spices uncooked (aqueous extracts), microwaved with water (4 min), pan-heated without medium in a non-stick pan (5, 10, 15 and 20 min) and stewed with water (30, 60 and 120 min) were tested (n = 3) for TPC, expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE). TPC for uncooked plants were ranked from very low (below 50 GAE mg/100g) to very high (over 4000 GAE mg/100g). Dried herbs and spices were significantly higher in TPC than their fresh counterparts (P < 0.01). Despite exceptions to the general trend, overall microwaving increased the TPC by 18% compared to uncooked extracts (P < 0.01). Pan-heating in a non-stick pan caused a significant decrease in TPC, averaging 14% (p < 0.01), similar between the 4 lengths of times. Stewing significantly increased the TPC (p < 0.01) by 26% at 30 min, 39% at 60 min and 46% at 120 min. Therefore, polyphenol bioaccessibility in culinary herbs and spices decreased with dry pan-heating but increased with microwaving and stewing with water.

Profiling and optimized extraction of bioactive polyphenolic compounds from young, red-fleshed apple using eco-friendly deep eutectic solvents

Red-fleshed apple cultivars with an enhanced content of polyphenolic compounds have attracted increasing interest due to their promising health benefits. Here, we have analysed the polyphenolic content of young, red-fleshed apples (RFA) and optimised extraction conditions of phenolics by utilising natural deep eutectic solvents (NDES). We also compare the antioxidant, neuroprotective and antimicrobial activities of NDES- and methanol-extracted phenolics from young RFA. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) was used for phenolics identification and quantification. Besides young RFA, ripe red-fleshed, young and ripe white-fleshed apples were analysed, revealing that young RFA possess the highest phenolic content (2078.4 ± 4.0 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g), and that ripe white-fleshed apples contain the least amount of phenolics (545.0 ± 32.0 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g). The NDES choline chloride-glycerol containing 40 % w/w H2O gave similar yields at 40 °C as methanol. In addition, the polyphenolics profile, and bioactivities of the NDES extract from young RFA were comparable that of methanol extracts. Altogether, our data show that NDES extracts of young RFA are a promising source of bioactive polyphenolics with potential applications in diverse sectors, e.g., for functional food production, smart material engineering and natural therapies.