Source Of Motivation Research Articles

Motivation in caregiving among mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities in Iran: A qualitative study

BackgroundThe motivation of caregivers plays a crucial role in the treatment, follow-up, and care of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Previous studies have focused on the older people and end-stage diseases, while giving less attention to the motivation of mothers caring for children with special needs. This study aimed to explore the motivations of mothers caring for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities in Iran.MethodsThis study employed a qualitative approach, guided by the Self-Determination Theory. Purposeful sampling was initially used, followed by theoretical sampling until data saturation was achieved. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 26 mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Mayring’s seven-step directed content analysis approach was utilized for coding and categorization. The research adhered to ethical standards and ensured data trustworthiness through credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability measures.ResultsThe findings revealed that mothers’ caregiving motivations could be classified into four main categories: (I) intrinsic, (II) identified-extrinsic, (III) introjected-extrinsic, and (IV) external-extrinsic. Additionally, twelve sub-categories were identified within these four main categories.ConclusionThe findings revealed that mothers demonstrated varying levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in caring for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. By recognizing and enhancing the diverse sources of motivation, healthcare providers and policymakers can better support mothers in their caregiving roles, ultimately contributing to improved outcomes for both the mothers and their children.

NILAI OPTIMISME DI FILM ALI DAN RATU-RATU QUEENS

In the film "Ali and the Queens," optimism plays a role in shaping the narrative. This story explains the journey of a disabled person, who dreams of becoming a famous fashion designer. Despite facing many obstacles, Ali did not lose his faith and dreams. Optimism is reflected in the way Ali faces challenges. Even though many people around him doubted his abilities, Ali remained persistent and believed that he could achieve anything he wanted. This is a very positive message, that nothing is impossible if one has a strong determination in oneself. This research aims to contribute to an understanding of how cinematic elements can act as an effective tool in communicating messages of optimism in films. The research method applied is qualitative data analysis on scenes of optimism using a cinematic approach. The research data consists of carefully selected scenes from the film "Ali and Ratu-Ratu Queens". Meticulous shooting ensures that each scene can be captured well, allowing the audience to feel the emotions being conveyed. The research results show that the combination supports the message of optimism in the film. The audience can feel the spirit of Ali's character's struggle in facing life's obstacles because the atmosphere created cinematically provides strong support for the film's narrative. The implications of this research activity are: 1) resilience in facing challenges, 2) the environment for an optimistic attitude, 3) business as a source of inspiration and motivation, 4) the formation of identity and character.

Evaluating strategies to recruit health researchers to participate in online survey research

BackgroundEngaging researchers as research subjects is key to informing the development of effective and relevant research practices. It is important to understand how best to engage researchers as research subjects.MethodsA 24 factorial experiment, as part of a Multiphase Optimization Strategy, was performed to evaluate effects of four recruitment strategy components on participant opening of an emailed survey link and survey completion. Participants were members of three US-based national health research consortia. A stratified simple random sample was used to assign potential survey participants to one of 16 recruitment scenarios. Recruitment strategy components were intended to address both intrinsic and extrinsic sources of motivation, including: $50 gift, $1,000 raffle, altruistic messaging, and egoistic messaging. Multivariable generalized linear regression analyses adjusting for consortium estimated component effects on outcomes. Potential interactions among components were tested. Results are reported as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).ResultsSurveys were collected from June to December 2023. A total of 418 participants were included from the consortia, with final analytical sample of 400 eligible participants. Out of the final sample, 82% (341) opened the survey link and 35% (147) completed the survey. Altruistic messaging increased the odds of opening the survey (aOR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.35–2.69, p = 0.033), while egoistic messaging significantly reduced the odds of opening the survey (aOR 0.56, 95%CI 0.38–0.75, p = 0.08). The receipt of egoistic messaging increased the odds of completing the survey once opened (aOR 1.81, 95%CI: 1.39–2.23, p < 0.05). There was a significant negative interaction effect between the altruistic appeal and egoistic messaging strategies for survey completion outcome. Monetary incentives did not a have a significant impact on survey completion.ConclusionIntrinsic motivation is likely to be a greater driver of health researcher participation in survey research than extrinsic motivation. Altruistic and egoistic messaging may differentially impact initial interest and survey completion and when combined may lead to improved rates of recruitment, but not survey completion. Further research is needed to determine how to best optimize message content and whether the effects observed are modified by survey burden.

Decoding tourist perceptions and behavioral intentions to use electric vehicles for sustainable tourism with the lens of technology continuance theory

Purpose This study aims to explore tourist perceptions and behaviors toward electric vehicles (EVs) in the Delhi National Capital Region using the technology continuance theory. Design/methodology/approach An online survey involving 226 respondents uses structural equation modeling to analyze correlations among factors, including perceived enjoyment, facilitating conditions, ease of use, satisfaction, cost, image and performance. Findings This study reveals that enhancing perceived enjoyment and facilitating conditions can improve the user-friendliness of EVs. Additionally, reducing perceived cost, enhancing image and improving perceived performance can increase the perceived usefulness of EVs. Perceived ease of use strongly influences user satisfaction, while perceived usefulness and satisfaction positively impact users’ attitudes and intentions to use EVs. Although factors such as experience, environmental consciousness, age and gender influence perceptions, focusing on enjoyment, facilitating conditions, cost, image and performance can significantly enhance user satisfaction and intention to use EVs. Research limitations/implications The findings underscore several actionable recommendations for businesses and policymakers to boost EV adoption at tourist destinations. The potential benefits of EV adoption, such as improved environmental sustainability, enhanced technological image and increased tourist satisfaction, can serve as a source of inspiration and motivation. Enhancing user experience by prioritizing comfort and convenience in EV design is crucial. Addressing cost concerns through incentives and cost-effective pricing strategies can make EVs more appealing. Marketing campaigns highlighting environmental benefits and technological advancements can improve EV image and performance perception. Prioritizing tourists’ satisfaction and support services is essential, along with educational campaigns to increase awareness. Infrastructure development, including expanding charging networks, and supportive policies like tax incentives, can further encourage EVs adoption, accelerating the transition to sustainable transportation. Originality/value This research contributes to understanding tourist perspectives on EV adoption within the context of sustainable tourism and technology adoption.

Sistem Pendidikan Agama Islam di Dunia Barat: Sebuah Tinjauan Kualitatif

Today, in western society, religion is more prominent in an individual sense. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into how religious education can be implemented in Islamic communities by looking at events occurring in the western world today. Even though capitalism and secularism continue to try to expand their influence throughout the world, humans still try to maintain the religious feeling that has been there since birth. Even in an individual context, religious attitudes and behavior begin to take on new meaning. Of course, the state of society and the serious problems facing humanity play an important role in this. Because religion has always been on of the strongest sources of motivation for individuals an society, and will continue to be so. In addition, the increasing diversity in western society and the development of democratic rights and freedoms throughout the world are also factors that positively influence the development of religion.

The development of mathematics expectancy-value profiles during the secondary–tertiary transition into STEM fields

BackgroundTo master the secondary–tertiary transition into fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), academic self-beliefs play a pivotal role, especially those related to learning mathematics. The framework of expectancy-value theory has been used widely in primary and secondary education and partly in tertiary education to assess the self-beliefs of students in terms of expectancy of success and perceived value of mathematics. Based on this framework, we measured how the intrinsic value, the attainment value, the utility value, and the cost of learning mathematics as well as the expectancy of success when learning mathematics developed during the secondary–tertiary transition of students into STEM fields. Data were collected in a quantitative repeated-measures questionnaire study with two measurement points (measurement point 1: n = 710, measurement point 2: n = 487, listwise: n = 409). We conducted a latent profile analysis to identify the prevalent patterns of mathematics self-beliefs, called profiles, at each of the two measurement points. We studied the relation of these profiles to prior education, achievement at school, and achievement at university. By performing a latent transition analysis, we determined the probabilities of transitioning from the initial profiles to the posterior profiles.ResultsOur analysis revealed four distinct prevalent profiles at each measurement point, ranging from highly favorable (i.e., high expectancy, high value, low cost) to highly unfavorable with respect to learning mathematics. The profiles with favorable manifestations remained stable over time, while those with undesirable manifestations deteriorated further. We observed a sharp increase in cost across all profiles. Prior achievement correlated strongly with profile membership.ConclusionsThe expenditure of time and energy increased sharply during the secondary–tertiary transition, independently of the students’ initial motivational patterns. The perceived utility of mathematics for potential future careers was shown to be a significant source of motivation. The role of mathematics in future careers should thus be made visible in university teaching. Keeping the detrimental development of initially undesirable motivational profiles in mind, university teachers should create ample opportunities for students to gain a sense of accomplishment.

Instruments measuring motivation to learn Arabic as a second language: evidence of validity and reliability

As studies of second language (L2) learning and motivation typically focus on English as a foreign language (EFL), L2 motivation for Arabic has been less studied. Instruments measuring two sources of L2 Arabic motivation, identity-related motivation, and motivation arising from the L2 learning environment (L2LE), were developed and piloted among L2 Arabic learners. Pilot study results showed strong motivation due to Islamic identity and desire for cultural exposure, but also revealed speaking anxiety in the L2LE. In this study, the objectives were to determine: a) What evidence exists for or against the validity of the subscale measurements from these instruments? and b) how this evidence can be used to explain what appear to be contradictions in the pilot study results. In this mixed-methods study, instruments were administered twice to learners at an L2 Arabic learning institute in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and a sample was interviewed. Quantitative analysis showed evidence of instrument reliability, and analysis of interview data revealed several findings. First, consistent with pilot data, we found that learners, who were all Muslim, were motivated to learn L2 Arabic as part of desiring cultural and social exposure in KSA and to become closer to Islam. Interview data revealed that these learners aimed to adopt the customs and lifestyle of those in KSA as part of becoming closer to Islam, some of which they did through social interaction. Second, L2 Arabic learning of Classical Arabic (CA) at the institute was impeded by the learners’ lack of knowledge of the conversational Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) dialect, which made practical communication with those in KSA difficult. Recommendations are made for instrument improvement, as well as a strategy to incorporate some MSA instruction into the CA curriculum.

The effect of growth mindset on motivation and strategy use in Hong Kong students’ integrated writing performance

Growth mindset (GM) theory conceptualizes that one’s ability can be improved with effort (Dweck, Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development, Taylor & Francis, 1999) from a social-cognitive perspective. Self-determination theory (SDT) emphasizes the motivational source of learning, i.e. autonomous motivation (AM) and controlled motivation (CM). The two motivational theories can both lead to strategy use (SU) in writing contexts. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of motivation, this study investigated GM, AM, CM and SU through an integrated writing task. Participants were 465 secondary-four students in Hong Kong. Structural equation modelling showed that GM indirectly promoted writing performance through the mediation of AM and SU. Besides, neither motivations exerted direct effect on writing performance, whereas both did so via the mediation of SU. The findings unveiled the importance of GM in Hong Kong secondary school students’ writing performance since it contributed to AM and SU. Regarding pedagogical implications, we encourage the proliferation of GM in every-day classroom.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED PROFILE OF THE POTATO GROWERS AND THE KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF BENEFICIARY FARMERS ABOUT POTATO PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

The present study was undertaken in KVK at Deesa of Banaskantha district. Out of 14 talukas Banaskantha District seven talukas falls under the jurisdiction of KVK, Banaskantha-I (Deesa). Among the seven talukas four taluka was purposively selected on the basis of maximum numbers of activities carried out by KVK. From each selected talukas three villages were selected purposively on the basis of maximum numbers of beneficiary farmers. A comprehensive list of the beneficiary potato growers of each adopted village was obtained from KVK. From this list, ten beneficiary potato growers from each village were selected randomly for the study. Thus, 120 beneficiary potato growers were selected for the study. To know the impact of KVK, the same numbers of non beneficiary potato growers were selected randomly from same villages. Thus, altogether 120 beneficiary and 120 non beneficiary potato growers were selected for the study. Thus, total 240 potato growers were selected. Among the selected variables, the variable viz., education, extension participation, source of information, scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation and attitude had exerted positive and highly significant relationship while farming experience, size of land holding, occupation, yield and social participation had positive and significant relationship. Whereas, age exerted negative and non-significant relationship and annual income had positive and non-significant relationship with knowledge level about potato production technology.

ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOUR AND MOTIVATIONAL SOURCES OF ORNAMENTAL NURSERY OWNERS

The ornamental nursery owners are small- or large-scale entrepreneurs who raise and market their ornamental plant commodities. The ornamental nursery is an enterprise undertaken by a nursery owner to gain self-employment and earn some profit. The present study was conducted using an ex-post facto research design in four talukas of the Navsari district of South Gujarat namely Khergam, Chikhli, Gandevi and Vansda during the year 2022-23. From each selected taluka 25 respondents were randomly selected. Thus, for the present study total of 100 sample size was obtained. The study was conducted to find out the entrepreneurial behaviour and motivational sources for the ntrepreneurial behaviour of ornamental nursery owners of the study area. The entrepreneurial behaviour of ornamental nursery owners was assessed from risk orientation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, management orientation, innovativeness and decision-making ability. The study revealed that the majority of ornamental nurseries had a medium level of entrepreneurial behaviour. The study also revealed that the majority of ornamental nursery owners had a medium level of risk orientation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, management orientation, innovativeness and decision-making ability. Additionally, the study revealed that among the six components of entrepreneurial behaviour management orientation contributed the highest in calculating entrepreneurial behaviour, followed by scientific orientation, risk orientation, achievement motivation, decision-making ability and innovativeness based on their mean percentage ranking. The study further revealed that less than half of the ornamental nursery owners had progressive nursery owners, followed by self and neighbours/friends/relatives as their motivational sources for entrepreneurial behaviour.

THE PARADOXICAL NATURE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE COMPANY: A THEORETICAL FOUNDATION AND KEY CONCEPTS

Organizational Change Management (OCM) is a crucial and really important process for companies that seek to adapt and succeed in a modern and dynamic world. However, despite the importance of Organizational Change Management and the numerous models and frameworks available, a significant proportion of change initiatives fail to achieve their desirable results. This problem instantly emphasizes the need for fresh ideas and innovative ways to address the complexities of organizational change in the modern world. First of all, this article explores the paradoxical theory of change as an alternative for better understanding and more efficient management of change that will be useful for various organizations. It reviews the theoretical foundations of this approach, rooted in Gestalt therapy and other relevant literature. Apart from that, the publication defines key concepts such as polarities and tensions, explaining how these seemingly contradictory forces are natural and necessary elements of dynamic systems. By embracing these tensions, organizations can foster adaptability, drive innovation, and enhance resilience. Secondly, the article also considers the concepts of the Real and Ideal Self in the context of organizational change, displaying how these two states' tensions can be a source of resistance or motivation. Understanding and managing these tensions is unarguably crucial for utilizing them as sources of energy and creativity, ultimately leading to more organizational transformations that would be more successful. What is more, this article provides practical insights on how to apply the paradoxical theory to some of the real-life situations. This shows the importance of balancing stability and change, autonomy and control, and exploration and exploitation in business corporations. Taking everything into consideration, by adopting these paradoxical components, organizations can create a holistic and more effective approach to change management, achieving lasting success and sustainability in the modern ever-evolving environment, which is vital for modern and successful business.

The role of self-esteem on motivational aspects of Greek blind athletes competing in individual and team sports

Physical activity and sports can be considered important sources of motivation for people with visual impairments; however limited attention has been given to blind peoples' involvement in sports and to the intra-personal variables such as self-esteem and motivation that affect their sport participation. The purpose of the present study was a) to explore the relationship between self-esteem and intrinsic motivation in blind athletes, and b) to assess the levels of self-esteem and intrinsic motivation and identify differences in intrinsic motivation and self-esteem as a function of gender and sport type (individual-team sports). Participants were 78 (27 females) Greek blind athletes (30.29 ± 1.18 years of age) competing in team (N = 44) and individual (N = 34) sports. Participants completed the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory questionnaire (IMI) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) questionnaire. The findings revealed that high values on self-esteem could predict blind athletes' perceived competence (p = .001) and strengthen their intrinsic motivation while enabling them to regulate pressure and tension (p < .05). However, female athletes appeared to be more pressured than males (p < .05), and interestingly, team sport athletes scored higher in intrinsic motivation than individual sports athletes (p < .05). The findings provide useful insights regarding the role of self-esteem in blind athletes' motivational profiles and draw attention to the role of perceived competence in blind athletes' sporting experiences, emphasizing that team sport context may serve as a fertile ground for enhancing intrinsic motivation.

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy with Adolescents: Endings and their Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics and Symptoms

ABSTRACT Child and adolescent psychopathology prevalence is a topic of discussion worldwide, affecting 14% of this population globally. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is one approach for the treatment of those conditions. However, besides qualified provision of psychodynamic psychotherapy being hard to reach, dropout is also a relevant issue, occurring in up to 72% of cases. The present study aimed to assess the predictive role of sociodemographic, family, and symptom variables in relation to treatment endings (i.e. non-adherence, dropout, completion) for 747 adolescents who received psychodynamic psychotherapy, through multinomial logistic regression and binary logistic regression. Family income, source of referral, motivation, and baseline clinical complaint were significantly different among ending types. Dropout cases presented higher rule-breaking behavior and externalizing problems scores when compared to treatment completers. Patients with higher family income, motivation for treatment, and presenting internalizing symptoms were more likely to be treatment completers.

Daily state of motivation as the effect of appreciation in a diary study.

Grounded in self-determination theory, the present study aimed to investigate whether daily changes in employee motivation depend on whether employees receive appreciation from various sources at work, using a 7-day diary design. Beyond general knowledge about the effects of appreciation as an important source of motivation, there is still a lack of knowledge about the intrapersonal effect of appreciation on different types of regulation/motivation in terms of self-determination theory over time. The sample consisted of 104 employees in full-time employment. More than half were women (72%) and the mean age was 43.25 years (SD = 10.53). They completed trait-level measures and then daily records, in which they reported their motivation and whether they received appreciation. Sources of appreciation were leaders, followers, and clients. Multilevel random coefficient modeling showed that employees reported higher levels of motivation on days when they received appreciation from different sources, independent of gender, trait-level motivation, and the Big Five. Furthermore, introjected regulation moderated the positive association between daily motivation and daily appreciation by the client, and appreciation did not have a lagged effect for subsequent days. The current study has both practical and theoretical implications. The results show that employee motivation can be supported through simple but effective steps through appreciation regardless of the source, although appreciation may be more important for employees with introjected regulation than for others.

THE RISE AND FALL OF WORKING STUDENTS AMIDST COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The researchers aim to identify the different underlying struggles to the working students when the covid-19 became a pandemic that resulted into lockdowns and shutdown of different educational institution. Qualitative approach is being used in this research in which involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It is applicable to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research. We have ten (10) participants which are all qualified to be one. We the researchers formulated an virtual interview anchored on the research questions. We gathered themes, and sub-themes through Thematic Content Analysis which assist the descriptive qualitative data presentation. The two major themes are the struggles of the working students and coping mechanisms. The sub-themes are financial struggle, time management, resilient working student, personal strength, and family as a support network. Majority of the respondents had experienced financial and time management struggle during the covid-19 pandemic. The majority of them also reiterated that their source of motivation is their family. With all the challenges they have encountered, they remained motivated through the help of their different support system like their family. Hence, the study demonstrates the struggles as part of the process of a working student. KEYWORDS: the rise and fal, working students, amidst covid-19 pandemic

Influence of medical didactic training on the self-efficacy and motivation of clinical teachers.

Due to increasing workload and rising expectations for both undergraduate and speciality training in medicine, teaching in a clinical environment can be challenging. The "Train the Trainer" course, developed by CAL (Chirurgische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Lehre, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie (DGCH)), aims to assist clinical teachers in their task. This study investigates the effect the course has on participants' self-efficacy and teaching motivation. Prior to attending the course, participants anonymously completed a 50-question pre-course questionnaire using standardised questions to gather information on biographical data teaching experience, and validated tools measuring teaching motivation and self-efficacy (PRE). Directly after completing the course, participants evaluated it using a 25-question post-course questionnaire (POST1). At least 12months after the course, participants received a follow-up questionnaire (POST2) by mail. This 44-question form aimed to gather biographical data, review the teaching methods participants had used since their training, and reassess their teaching motivation and self-efficacy. Between June 2016 and October 2019, 20 TTT courses were held across six German medical faculties. Data were gathered from 241 participants. After the course, 182 POST2 questionnaires were mailed, 61 of which were returned (equals a 39 % return rate). The findings revealed significant increases in teacher self-efficacy (p=0.0025), identified regulation (p=0.0000), and career motivation (p=0.0044). In contrast, there was a significant decrease in introjected regulation (p=0.0048). When comparing the participants to a reference sample selected from literature, significant differences emerged in intrinsic motivation (p=0.0000) and amotivation (p=0.0025). Course participants already showed strong intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy before taking the course. After completing it, their confidence to meet specific teaching demands based on their abilities had increased. Notably, changes in motivational dimensions identified and introjected regulation point towards a shift in motivational sources, indicating a more self-regulated approach towards participants' teaching activities. Further research is needed to determine how much of this change was due to course participation.

Hybrid Quantitative Questionnaire with Open-Ended Questions for Rapid Analysis and Qualitative Research Publication: A Conceptual Paper

In the process of addressing the challenge of meeting the criteria for completing the exploration of the Problem Statement and submitting a Research Paper for quantitative students to obtain their degree, one approach that can be adopted is the integration of a hybrid quantitative questionnaire alongside open-ended inquiries. Following the completion of the Pilot-Test, analyzing the open-ended question using Thematic Analysis, not only enhances the depth of understanding but also accelerates the overall research timeline, thereby facilitating the creation of more effective and comprehensive strategies for addressing complex societal issues, discovering Problem Statement, rapid analysis, and rapid qualitative research publication. It is the aspiration of the author that this particular methodology will serve as a source of motivation for aspiring Doctorate and PhD candidates in meeting the requirements for their academic advancement and successful graduation.

Pengharapan Akan Kedatang Yesus Kembali Di Dunia Ini

The hope in the return of Jesus Christ is a central concept in Christian theology that has been a source of comfort, strength, and motivation for Christians for centuries. This concept refers to the belief that Jesus Christ, as the son of God, will return to this world to complete his plan of salvation and begin a new era marked by justice, peace, and eternity. This abstract provides a brief overview of the hope in Jesus' return, including its theological foundations in the Bible, various theological interpretations, and its practical implications for personal life and the Christian community. Through understanding this hope, Christians are given a call to live in faithfulness, obedience, and constant preparation, and to share the message of salvation with my world. The hope of the return of Jesus Christ is not only the focus of worship and spiritual reflection, but also the driving force for just social action and comprehensive love in a world filled with suffering and need.

Super-twisting sliding mode controller for energy storage system of a novel multisource hybrid electric vehicle: Simulation and hardware validation

The rapid depletion of fossil fuels, oil, and natural gas due to their excessive use is a source of motivation for finding alternative solutions. Global warming is also an important issue caused by the emission of harmful gases. Consequently, extensive research has been conducted on Fuel Cell-based Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) to address the twin challenges of resource depletion and harmful emissions. This study presents a novel model comprising of four sources i.e. Fuel Cell (FC), Photo Voltaic panel (PV), battery, and Supercapacitor (SC). The Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in which hydrogen is used as fuel is the primary source whereas the other three sources act as secondary sources. These sources are interconnected via DC converters to a DC bus. To regulate this Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS), a Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Controller (ST-SMC) has been developed, ensuring global stability through the application of Lyapunov criteria. In addition, the proposed controller is compared with a conventional Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) and Integral Sliding Mode Controller (ISMC). Both simulation (MATLAB/Simulink 2021b) and hardware tests (MicroLabBox dSPACE RTI1202) confirm the system's stability, resilience, and efficient functionality across various dynamic scenarios. Comparative analysis between the three demonstrates the superiority of ST-SMC over the SMC and ISMC, as verified by the results.

A Textual Study of Inspirational Autobiography Wings of Fire of APJ Abdul Kalam

This research paper aesthetically focuses on Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam’s (Kalam was the 11th president of India, 2002 to 2007) early struggle for education, success and analyses how his autobiography Wings of Fire turns out to be a source of motivation for millions of people not only in India but also across the globe. The struggle of Kalam as a student and of success as a scientist is a remarkable story for millions of people. His autobiography is replete with many inspirational episodes and teachings for transforming nation and its people. The present study highlights Kala’s lessons for people to be humble, receptive, self-reliant, and resourceful and above all a true heart in course of life.