Interference Sources Research Articles

Obstacle shape determination by mobile robot sensor system using GP2Y0A (Sharp) type IR distance sensors

PURPOSE. When organizing a mobile robot (MR) movement in a non-deterministic environment, the SLAM problem arises, which includes the detection of an obstacle presence by the MR sensor system, the distance to the obstacle and its shape. To solve this problem, an infrared (IR) analog distance sensor is often used, the information flow from which is relatively small and can be processed in real time using low-performance microcontrollers. However, such a sensor can only detect an obstacle and determine а distance to a certain point on its surface. The goal is to develop a method for determining both а distance to an obstacle and its shape. When setting up experiments on the use of an analog sensor of the GP2Y0A (SHARP) type, a problem was revealed associated with the occurrence of not only fluctuation noise in а data communication channel, but also artifacts – anomalous signal values appear with random periodicity. It is necessary to determine the source of such interference, propose a method for estimating its parameters and a way to minimize its influence. METHODS. To determine the shape of an obstacle, a differential method is proposed based on the use of several readings of a scanning IR distance sensor. As an indicator of the “noisiness” of the channel, it is proposed to use the number of sensor signal values that exceed the average signal value by 1σ, 2σ, 3σ, 4σ and 5σ. The use of standard methods for filtering abnormal values of a sensor signal leads to significant delays in a response of the MR control system. This is unacceptable, because at the executive level of a control system it is required to provide a "hard" real-time mode. RESULTS. The article presents the results of experiments showing the conditions for applying the differential method for determining a shape of an obstacle, the source of anomalous signal values is identified and a method for minimizing them is proposed. A method for increasing the practical use range of a nonlinear IR sensor conversion function is also proposed. CONCLUSION. The number and magnitude of abnormal values depend on a communication channel length. When using analog sensors, it is necessary to convert an output signal into digital form using analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) in an integrated design, structurally bringing the ADC as close as possible to the signal source.

Microflow sensing and control using an in-channel birefringent biomembrane.

This study describes the function, optimization, and demonstration of a new class of passive, low-cost microfluidic flow meters based on birefringent chitosan biomembranes analyzed by polarized microscopy. We subjected the membrane to dynamic flow conditions while monitoring the real-time response of its optical properties. We obtained figures of merit, including the linear response operating range (0 to 65 μL min-1), minimum response time (250 ms), sensitivity (2.03% × 10-3 μL-1 min), and minimum sensor longevity (1 week). In addition, possible sources of interference were identified. Finally, we demonstrate the membrane as a low-cost flow rate measurement device for the close loop control of a commercial pressure-driven pump. Preliminary experiments using a basic PID controller with the membrane-based flow rate measurement device showed that stable control could be achieved and the system could reach steady-state behavior in less than 15 seconds. Analysis of fundamental limits to sensor response time indicate the potential for faster steady-state behaviour.

Multi-motor average deviation coupling control strategy based on hyperbolic convergence law high-order sliding mode control using extended state sliding mode observer

This paper aims to develop a multi-motor synchronous drive control system for the direction of the width of the lifting arm of a catamaran. Firstly, we establish a mathematical model of permanent magnet synchronous motor and introduce the composition of AC servo control systems. We then analyze the sources of control interference in multi-motor drive systems. Based on the mean deviation coupling control strategy of multi-motor synchronous control, we design a speed tracking controller and a speed synchronization controller using hyperbolic convergence law high-order sliding mode control. Then, we design an extended state sliding mode observer to estimate the unmodeled dynamics of the system in real time. We prove the global stability of the controller using Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the control model is simulated, and the results confirm the effectiveness of the multi-motor synchronization control method based on the hyperbolic convergence law of higher-order sliding mode control. The control method effectively mitigates the jitter associated with traditional sliding mode control and demonstrates improved synchronization and tracking performance.

Application of Dandelion Optimization Algorithm in Pattern Synthesis of Linear Antenna Arrays

This paper introduces an application of the dandelion optimization (DO) algorithm in antenna arrays. This is the first time that the DO algorithm has been used for optimizing antenna arrays. For antenna array optimization, sidelobe level (SLL) and deep nulls are key technical indicators. A lower SLL can improve the signal-to-noise ratio and reduce the impact of clutter signals outside the main beam. Deep nulls need to be aligned with the direction of interference to eliminate the influence of interference sources. The combination of the two can effectively improve the anti-interference ability of the entire system. Therefore, antenna arrays with ultra-low sidelobes and ultra-deep nulls are currently hot in the field of antenna array design and are also some of the key technologies needed to achieve modern high-performance radar systems. As a new type of evolutionary algorithm inspired by nature, the DO algorithm is inspired by the wind propagation behavior of dandelions in nature. This algorithm iteratively updates the population from three stages of ascent, descent, and landing, ultimately finding the optimal position. It has good optimization ability in solving complex problems such as those involving nonlinearity, discreteness, and non-convexity, and the antenna array pattern synthesis optimization problem belongs to multivariate nonlinear problems. Therefore, the DO algorithm can be effectively applied in the field of antenna array optimization. In this work, we use the following method to obtain an optimized pattern of a linear array with the lowest sidelobe level (SLL), null placement in particular directions, and a lower notch in particular directions: by controlling the antenna array’s element spacing and leaving the phase unchanged to optimize the current amplitudes and by controlling the excitation current and phase fixation of the antenna array and changing the element spacing. In the first and second examples, different algorithms are used to reduce the SLL of the antenna. In the first example, the DO algorithm reduces the SLL to −33.37 dB, which is 2.67 dB, 2.67 dB, 3.77 dB, 2.74 dB, and 2.52 dB lower than five other algorithms. In the second example, the SLL optimized by the DO algorithm is −42.56 dB, which is 5.04 dB and 1.48 dB lower than two other algorithms. In both examples, the DO algorithm reduces the SLL lower than other algorithms when the main lobe of the antenna is not significantly widened. Examples 3, 4, and 5 use the DO algorithm to optimize the amplitude of the current, generating deep nulls and deep notches in specific directions. In Example 3, the DO algorithm obtains a depth of nulls equal to −187.6 dB, which is 66.7 dB and 44.3 dB lower than that of the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) and the chaotic colony predation algorithm (CCPA), respectively. In Example 4, the deep null obtained by the DO algorithm is as low as −98.69 dB, which is 6.67 dB lower than the deep null obtained by the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm. In Example 5, the deep notch obtained by the DO algorithm is as low as −63.1 dB, which is 6.4 dB and 1.9 dB lower than the spider monkey optimization (SMO) algorithm and the grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA), respectively. The data prove that the DO algorithm produces deeper nulls and notches than other algorithms. The last two examples involve reducing sidelobe levels and generating deep nulls by optimizing the spacing between elements. In Example 5, the SLL obtained using the DO algorithm is −22.8766 dB, which is 0.1998 dB lower than the lowest SLL of −22.6768 dB among other algorithms. In Example 6, the SLL obtained using the DO algorithm is −20.1012 dB, and the null depth is −125.1 dB, which is 1.592 dB lower than the SLL obtained by the cat swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm and 19.1 dB lower than the deep null obtained by the GWO algorithm, respectively. In summary, the results of six simulation experiments indicate that the DO algorithm has better optimization ability in linear array optimization than other evolutionary algorithms.

Facilitation and Interference from Partners During the Transition to Parenthood: A Co-Occurrence Analysis of Themes Emerging Over Time within and Between Romantic Partners

ABSTRACT Drawing on foundational assumptions of relational turbulence theory, this study identified the ways romantic partners facilitate or interfere with individual goals and routines during the transition to parenthood and analyzed how categories of facilitation and interference co-occur within individuals and between partners over time. A thematic analysis of data from a longitudinal study of 78 couples at four points during the transition to parenthood revealed four themes of partner facilitation and five themes of partner interference. Then, results of a thematic co-occurrence analysis identified 13 patterns between and across themes of interference and facilitation within individuals and between relational partners. Finally, the themes were evaluated across waves to identify patterns of change in the sources of partner facilitation and interference over time. The findings offer theoretical and methodological advancements and point to supportive strategies for successfully navigating the transition to parenthood.

Modes of assay interference and the effectiveness of serum pretreatment approaches in detection of anti-HLA antibodies

AimsSeveral modes of assay interference common to immunoassays affect solid-phase single-antigen bead-based immunoassays (SAB) used to detect antibodies against human leucocyte antigens (HLA). Best practice recommendations include methods to address...

DEFR-net: A decompose-enhance fourier residual network for fault diagnosis of rotating machine with high noise immunity

The actual operating environment of rotating mechanical device contains a large number of noisy interference sources, leading to complex components, strong coupling, and low signal to noise ratio for vibration. It becomes a big challenge for intelligent fault diagnosis from high-noise vibration signals. Thus, this paper proposes a new deep learning approach, namely decomposition-enhance Fourier residual network (DEFR-net), to achieve high noise immunity for vibration signal and learn effective features to discriminate between different types of rotational machine faults. In the proposed DEFR-net, a novel algorithm is proposed to explicitly model high-noise signals for noisy data filtering and effective feature enhancement based on a hard threshold decomposition function and muti-channel self-attention mechanism. Furthermore, it deeply integrates complementary analysis based on fast Fourier transform in the time-frequency domain and extends the breadth of network. The performance of the proposed model is verified by comparison with five state-of-the-art algorithms on two public datasets. Moreover, the noise experimental results show that the fault diagnosis accuracy is still 85.91% when the signal-to-noise-ratio reaches extreme noise of –8 dB. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is a valuable study for intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machines in high-noise environments.

The Appropriate Age for Learning the Second Language in The Educational Process

Second Language is the language the learner learns at an older age, i.e.; after the first language. The source of that language can be school, home, society, etc. However, learning this language (second language) should not be based on the mother tongue (which is called language transfer), because the mother tongue is an effective source of interference to Learning the second language. Therefore, learning the second language is a process that an individual learns at an older age. From this perspective, what is discussed here is the determination of the age level of second language learning in the educational process. This study seeks to answer the question “what is the appropriate age for children to learn the second language in their learning stage?”. In light of this question, the study discusses the consequences and dimensions of age-related second language learning in the educational process according to the descriptive-analytical approach. The study consists of three chapters. The first chapter is the methodology of the study. While, the second chapter is dedicated for introducing and explaining the terms. The third chapter discusses the determination and type of age level of second language learning by children. Finally, the study reached several important conclusions, with reference to the used sources.

High-Precision Localization of Passive Intermodulation Source in Radio Frequency Transmission Lines Based on Dual-Frequency Signals

With the development of communication technology, the interference from passive intermodulation to the communication system has become increasingly severe. Locating the source of passive intermodulation and then repairing or replacing the device experiencing passive intermodulation is a reliable method. Therefore, this paper proposes a dual-frequency signal localization method based on the principle of phase ranging to accurately locate the passive intermodulation sources in RF cables. This method switches the test signal frequency to obtain the phase of passive intermodulation signals at different frequencies to localize the passive intermodulation source. This paper analyzes the principle of the passive intermodulation localization method based on dual-frequency signals, establishes a localization system for experiments, and finally, analyzes the experimental error to propose an optimization strategy. Through experimental verification, this method can stabilize the positioning error of a passive intermodulation source in a transmission line less than 0.06 m. Meanwhile, this method has high positioning accuracy and the advantages of slight computational complexity, fast positioning speed, and only a small number of requirements on hardware resources. It can work in communication scenarios like satellite and base stations, providing a new technical solution for localizing passive intermodulation interference sources in 5G and 6G communication systems.

Research on Robust Adaptive RTK Positioning of Low-Cost Smart Terminals.

The performance of low-cost smart terminals is limited by the performance of their low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) hardware and chips, as well as by the impact of complex urban environments, which affect the positioning accuracy and stability of GNSS services. To this end, this paper proposes a robust adaptive Kalman filter for different environments that can be applied after data preprocessing. Based on the Kalman filter algorithm, a robust estimation approach is introduced into real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning to make judgments on the abnormal observation values of low-cost smart terminals, which amplifies the variance and covariance of the outlier observation equation, and reduces the impact of outliers on positioning performance. The Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics III (IGG III) function is used for regulation purposes, where prior information is modified and refreshed using the equivalent weight matrix and adaptive factors, thus reducing the impact of system model errors on system state estimation results. In addition, a robust factor is defined to adjust positioning deviation weighting between the pre- and post-test robust estimates. The experimental results show that after robust RTK positioning in the static experiments, the overall improvement in positioning accuracies of the Xiaomi 8, Huawei P40, Huawei mate40, and low-cost M8 receiver reached 29.6%, 31.3%, 32.1%, and 30.7%, respectively. Similarly, after applying the proposed robust method in the dynamic experiments, the overall positioning accuracies of the Xiaomi 8, Huawei P40, Huawei mate40, and the low-cost M8 receiver improved by 28.3%, 32.9%, 35.4%, and 26.2%, respectively. The experimental results reveal that an excellent positioning effect of a smartphone is positively correlated with robust RTK positioning performance. However, it is worth noting that when the positioning accuracy reaches a high level, such as the positioning results achieved using low-cost receivers, the robustness performance shows a relatively decreasing trend. This finding suggests that under the condition of high positioning accuracy, the sensitivity of specific positioning equipment to interference sources may increase, resulting in a decline in the effect of robust RTK positioning.

Analysis and Protection of Electromagnetic Interference in the Industrial Field

With the continuous progress of science and technology, all kinds of electrical and electronic equipment are applied to production and life. However, bad electromagnetic interference will affect the normal operation of the equipment and reduce work efficiency. This paper analyzes the situation and source of electromagnetic interference in the industrial field and introduces several common anti-interference methods. And take corresponding measures according to different types of interference. This paper introduces electromagnetic shielding, filtering, and other technologies, and the application scenarios of various anti-interference methods are analyzed. When the working environment and the nature of interference emission change, the anti-interference strategy should be adjusted accordingly. Implementing these measures will significantly improve the electromagnetic compatibility of the system, reduce the electromagnetic interference phenomenon in the industrial site, and ensure the stable and efficient work of the system. Although electromagnetic interference cannot be eliminated, summarizing and analyzing existing technologies helps to develop new technologies and provides more possibilities for anti-interference.

An adaptive reweighted-Kurtogram for bearing fault diagnosis under strong external impulse noise

In vibration-based fault diagnosis of rotating machinery, strong impulse noise constitutes a widely encountered source of external interference, thereby posing significant challenges to the effective extraction of diagnostic information. In this context, an adaptive reweighted-Kurtogram (ARKurtogram) method is proposed. The bearing transient fault signatures are accurately extracted through two aspects – that is, precise frequency band division and robust band selection indicator. Specifically, we use the dual-tree complex wavelet packet transform (DTCWPT) as the band division tool and propose the sub-bands rearranged and ensemble DTCWPT which addresses the band disorder problem, yields far richer band division patterns and maintains excellent performance of DTCWPT in signal decomposition. Meanwhile, we introduce a robust indicator characterizing periodic fault impulses to accurately select the fault band. In comparison with the classical kurtosis and the advanced reweighted-kurtosis, this indicator is insensitive to strong external impulse noise and its calculation process contains a sliding window averaging approach which makes the calculation entirely automated without human intervention. The validity of the ARKurtogram is investigated with the analysis of vibration signals measured from fault-injection experiments. The comparisons with the classical fast Kurtogram method and the advanced Autogram method highlight the advantages of the method in extracting bearing transient fault signatures from complex signals with strong external impulse noise. It shows high potential in the application of industrial bearing fault diagnosis.

Judicial Independence: A Continued Political Interference in Recent Judicial Proceedings in Uganda

Chapter eight of Uganda's constitution highlights the judiciary's crucial role as the protector of the constitution, with the authority to exercise judicial powers bestowed upon them by the people. The judiciary is essential to upholding the constitutionality of laws, acts of parliament and customs and identifying and addressing inconsistencies. Article 128 Clause 1 of Uganda’s 1995 Constitution emphasizes the importance of maintaining the judiciary’s independence, ensuring it remains a bastion of integrity and fairness. However, recent cases shed light on the consequences of political interference, which is becoming an increasingly worrisome issue in Uganda. Thus, the research focuses on some sources of political interference in Uganda's judicial proceedings and its persistence, including an opaque and politicized process of appointments, pressure applied to judges by the executive branch and powerful interests, and disrespect for court orders by the executive and legislature. The consequences of such interference in the democratic justice system are discussed, and they have led to a decline in the independence of the judiciary, covering the breakdown of public trust in the judiciary, unfair legal judgements, and weakened constitutional principles. The findings highlight Uganda's urgent need for action and an independent judiciary. This study applies doctrinal legal research methodology to discuss the continued political interference in the recent judicial proceedings in Uganda since 2006. The study recommends constitutional reforms to curb the overgrowing political interference in courts’ judicial independence and preserve constitutionalism principles by examining this theme.

Unconsidered but influencing interference in unmanned aerial vehicle cabling system

The increasing complexity of electrical and electronic systems in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has raised concerns regarding unwanted electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to limited compartment space. Recent studies have highlighted the UAV cabling as the primary pathway for interference. This paper presents a novel approach to investigating the effects of interference power, polarization angle, and distance from the interference source on EMI in UAV cable systems. Measurements and simulations were performed to analyze the influence of these factors on the radiation received by the cable. A linear dipole antenna, operating at a frequency of 905 MHz, served as the radiation source, while a single wire cable pair terminated with a 50-ohm resistor was employed as the victim. The findings reveal that the power transmitted by the source, the distance between the cable and the source, and the polarization angle have a significant impact on the electromagnetic interference received by the cable. Notably, a perpendicular orientation of the cable to the interference source (antenna) in the far-field yielded a reduction of up to 15 dBm in EMI. The results underscore the necessity for more sophisticated models and comprehensive measurements to fully comprehend the diverse factors affecting polarization losses in practical scenarios.

Analytical Solution of Eddy Current in Parallel Conducting Strips for Low-frequency Shielding Purposes

In instrumentation systems, shielding is the main issue that judges the performance of the system. The electromagnetic (EM) noise may affect the performance of the instrumentation system if inadequate protection is reached. It is considered the main source of unprotectable interference that may affect these systems in many cases. In this paper, shielding is attained by wrapping the source carrying signal with periodic thin conductive strips separated by slots or openings. This arrangement will protect the sources from the outside EM fields. Shielding factor and shielding efficiency are studied by extracting magnetic fields. For this purpose, an analytical solution based on solving Laplace’s equation for the magnetic vector potential in the region of interest is presented. A closed form of the induced eddy current in the conductive strips is calculated based on Fourier series expansion. Furthermore, numerical simulation using the commercial software MWS CST is employed to validate the analytical solution. The performance of the proposed shielding structure is studied and analyzed in terms of shielding factor and shielding efficiency. The outcomes of both methods are showing very good agreement.

Pattern clustering method of magnetic near‐field radiation emissions based on DBSCAN algorithm

AbstractThe analysis of magnetic near‐field radiation emissions (MNRE) has recently raised more attention in device‐level electromagnetic compatibility testing. Pattern clustering of MNRE for integrated circuits manually is very time‐consuming because of the multi‐dimensional characteristics of MNRE, such as frequency, spatial position, emission intensity, etc. This paper proposes a novel pattern clustering method of MNRE, including strong emission frequency extraction, feature extraction, and density‐based clustering. Ring oscillator and five working states are designed on a Field Programmable Gate Array with 256 Ball Grid Array package, which are used to create a complex multi‐source emission case for verifying the effectiveness of the clustering method. The verification results show that the proposed method can correctly cluster the multi‐source emission patterns. Further, the method is also applied to a Microcontroller Unit with unknown operating states; the results show that the proposed method also can effectively distinguish the unknown emission patterns and locate the unknown interference source. The accuracy of the interference source location is proven by 3D X‐ray microscope inspection.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria: occurrence in skin test cattle reactors from official tuberculosis-free herds.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are considered a relevant cause of non-specific reactions to the most widely applied bovine tuberculosis (bTB) test, the intradermal tuberculin test. In order to establish which NTM species might act as a potential source of such diagnostic interference, a collection of 373 isolates obtained from skin test positive cows from 359 officially tuberculosis-free (OTF) herds, culled in the framework of the bTB eradication campaign in Spain, were identified at the species level through PCR and Sanger sequencing of the 16S rDNA, hsp65 and rpoB genes. Of the 308 isolates for which a reliable identification was achieved, 32 different mycobacterial species were identified, with certain species being most represented: among M. avium complex members (n = 142, 46.1%), M. avium subsp. hominissuis (98; 69.0%) was the most abundant followed by M. avium subsp. avium (33, 23.2%), and M. intracellulare (7, 4.9%). Among non-MAC members (n = 166, 53.9%), M. nonchromogenicum (85; 27.6%) and M. bourgelatii (11; 5.6%) were the predominant species. In addition, mixed results were obtained in 53 isolates presenting up to 30 different genotypes, which could be indicative of new mycobacterial species. Our results represent a first step toward characterizing the diversity of NTM species that could interfere with official diagnostic tests for bTB eradication in Spain.

PFAS ghosts: how to identify, evaluate, and exorcise new and existing analytical interference.

With increasing public awareness of PFAS, and their presence in biological and environmental media across the globe, comes a matching increase in the number of PFAS monitoring studies. As more matrices and sample cohorts are examined, there are more opportunities for matrix interferents to appear as PFAS where there are none (i.e., "seeing ghosts"), impacting subsequent reports. Addressing these ghosts is vital for the research community, as proper analytical measurements are necessary for decision-makers to understand the presence, levels, and potential risks associated with PFAS and protect human and environmental health. To date, PFAS interference has been identified in several matrices (e.g., food, shellfish, blood, tissue); however, additional unidentified interferents are likely to be observed as PFAS research continues to expand. Therefore, the aim of this commentary is several fold: (1) to create and support a publicly available dataset of all currently known PFAS analytical interferents, (2) to allow for the expansion of that dataset as more sources of interference are identified, and (3) to advise the wider scientific community on how to both identify and eliminate current or new analytical interference in PFAS analyses.

The effect of ostracism on prospective memory in problem solving

Successfully generating plans, while seemingly straightforward, can be riddled with external and internal interferences. One important possible source of interference is ostracism, which has been consistently shown to induce negative psychological effects in various executive functions. Therefore, understanding the impact of unforeseen ostracism on planning is vital to a broad spectrum of the population, from university students, whose self-esteem partly derives from social acceptance, to healthcare professionals, whose performance oftentimes relies on peer feedback. An individual's ability to navigate through intended actions is an evaluation of their prospective memory (PM), which is traditionally divided into three consecutive phases: (1) planning, (2) recall, and (3) performance. This study primarily focused on the impacts of ostracism via Cyberball simulation on the first two phases of PM in the Tower of London (TOL), an assessment of executive functioning designed specifically to test planning ability during problem solving. Using Bayesian analysis, the study found substantial evidence of there being no difference in planning success between social exclusion and inclusion conditions. However, an individual's sex had significant effects on their planning success at baseline (i.e., inclusion condition). Surprisingly, there was no difference in performance between male participants and female participants when excluded, suggesting that ostracism may play an equalizing role. In addition, male participants both listed more moves at planning and recalled more moves, which led to no difference between sexes in terms of recall percentage. This study underscores a need to consider various factors such as sex and differing perceptions of ostracism when analyzing and addressing problem solving performance.

Distributed Sensitivity and Critical Interference Power Analysis of Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Navigation Interference for Global Navigation Satellite System Array Antennas.

Current research on the interference of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) array antennas focuses on the single interference effect and the improvement of interference hardware capability, while the multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) interference model and mechanism remain to be fully studied. Aiming at this problem, this paper analyzes the preconditions for the definition of anti-jamming degrees of freedom and the characteristics of super-DOF interference through formula derivation and simulation. First, by analyzing the influence of the number of interfering signals on the angular resolution, the prerequisite of the definition of anti-interference degrees of freedom in the airspace is proposed. Second, the definition of anti-interference degrees of freedom is used to calculate the change rule of the critical power of the interference under different numbers of interfering signals. Finally, the influence of super-DOF interference on the array antenna is analyzed. The results show that the prerequisite for the anti-interference freedom of the array antenna is that the distribution interval of the interfering signal is greater than 15°, taking a four-array element uniform circular array antenna as an example. The critical interference power of the array antenna decreases by about 15 dB when the number of interfering signals exceeds the degrees of freedom of the array antenna's interference immunity, provided that the interference resolution is satisfied. The conclusions of this paper give the critical power change rule of multi-DOF interference and the effect of super-DOF interference, as well as the prerequisites for the setting of interference signals, which can be used, for example, in the deployment of distributed interference sources and the development of anti-jamming algorithms.