Source Of Household Income Research Articles

Mushrooms in the Mountains: Assessing the Role of Fungi on the Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EbA) Practices in Nepal Himalaya

To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), thereby meet the post 2020 global biodiversity targets and increase resilience to climate change, nature-based approaches such as ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) is suggested as a promising and integrated adaptation strategy. EbA comprises adaptation strategies that value the role of ecosystems in reducing social vulnerability to climate change. Among the different biological groups on earth, fungi play not only an important role to maintain the biogeochemical cycle/nutrient cycle in ecosystems (supporting and regulating services), but also contribute to the socio-economic and cultural benefits of societies (provisioning and cultural services). Here, we present our knowledge and scientific understanding on how these neglected groups of biodiversity-fungi are crucial for ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approach based on our field experience, review and associated expertise on caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), and other wild mushrooms found in Nepal. Several species of fungi are used by local communities as food, medicines, and environmental income. Fungi are important sources of household income for mountain communities in Nepal providing a cushion during shocks and disasters and supporting food security, health care, education and building shelter. For the holistic EbA approach, it is essential to strengthen local institutions as well as indigenous local knowledge which could be an important policy intervention for the identification, conservation, and sustainable management of ecologically, socially and economically useful fungal species.

Social class and income distribution

This paper aims to analyse the relationship between household income sources and household economic welfare over a medium-term period spanning different political-economic cycles in Argentina. It bases on the convergence between social class studies and welfare regimes analysis. We used a quantitative methodological strategy based on microdata from the Permanent Household Survey (EPH for its acronym in Spanish) of the National Institute of Statistics and Census (Indec for its acronym in Spanish), Argentina. The class scheme known as EGP/Casmin was constructed. The income sources for the different years were harmonised into labour and non-labour sources, differentiating the latter between market income and welfare income. The relationship between social class and income sources was analysed descriptively. A decomposition analysis by income sources and social class of the Gini economic inequality index was applied at the household level. Among the main conclusions of the paper, the strong dependence of households of all social classes on labour income for their social reproduction is highlighted, even in periods of strong dynamism in the field of social policies, such as the governments framed within the “progressive turn” or “pink tide”.

Influential factors in agrarian households' engagement in rural tourism development

To understand the most significant factors that influence agricultural households' decision whether or not to work in rural tourism in China, this study applies Elinor Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) extension model. It also constructs a model of influence consisting of five key variables: land consolidation, market characteristics, institutional arrangements, farming household's understanding of tourism, and household information. Based on a binary logistic regression model, the results indicate that market characteristics and cognition have direct positive influences, and the source of household income has a negative influence, on farmers' willingness to be involved in providing tourism services. Results also indicate that there is no difference between farmers who work in tourism and those who do not in terms of risk assessment, but there are significant differences among other factors. Finally, some implications are provided to optimize rural tourism development.

Remittances and multidimensional energy poverty: Evidence from a household survey in Bangladesh

This paper explores the impact of remittances on multidimensional energy poverty in Bangladesh by employing a nationally representative Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES)-2016 with a sample size of 46,080 households. Remittance is one of the sources of household income that can be utilized for energy services. Energy poverty is generally described and quantified at the household level, exposing potential household characteristics in terms of energy costs and benefits and access to energy services. Controlling for the relevant characteristics of investigated households, mixed-effect linear regression, two-stage least square, and generalized ordered logistic regression reveal that households with remittance income have a significantly lower level of multidimensional energy poverty in Bangladesh. The outcomes of this work advocate that an upsurge in remittance inflow engenders a strong contribution toward alleviating energy poverty in Bangladesh and likely in other developing nations. National programs should be established for devising policies to promote migrant workers, lowering energy costs at the household level, and investing remittance income into modern energy technologies to ensure and enhance access to clean energy sources.

Traditional Subsistence Farming of Smallholder Agroforestry Systems in Indonesia: A Review

Agroforestry has been practiced for decades and is undoubtedly an important source of income for Indonesian households living near forests. However, there are still many cases of poverty among farmers due to a lack of ability to adopt advanced technology. This literature review aims to identify the characteristics and factors causing the occurrence of agricultural subsistence and analyze its implications for the level of farmer welfare and the regional forestry industry. The literature analysis conducted reveals that small land tenure, low literacy rates, and lack of forest maintenance are the main causes of the subsistence of small agroforestry farmers. Another reason is that subsistence-oriented agroforestry practices are considered a strong form of smallholder resilience. All of these limitations have implications for low land productivity and high-sawn timber waste from community forests. To reduce the subsistence level of farmers, government intervention is needed, especially in providing managerial assistance packages, capital assistance, and the marketing of forest products. Various agroforestry technologies are available but have not been implemented consistently by farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an integrated collaboration between researchers, farmers, and regionally owned enterprises (BUMD) to increase access to technology and markets. Although it is still difficult to realize, forest services, such as upstream–downstream compensation and carbon capture, have the potential to increase farmer income.

Analisis Program Peningkatan Ketahanan Pangan Rumahtangga Petani Ikan Nila Di Kecamatan Pringgarata

This study aims to: 1) analyze the income sources of tilapia famer’s household , 2) describe the income distribution pattern of farmers' households, 3) describe the distribution pattern of farmer household expenditures, and 4) analyze the level of food security of farmer households. This research uses a descriptive method. Research with descriptive method designed in the form of survey research. Data was collected using triangulation techniques, namely by combining three research techniques together, namely: (1) interview techniques (interviews) with respondents; (2) field observations (field observations); and (3) literature study (desk study). The research area is Pringgarata District, Central Lombok Regency. From the 11 villages, a village was chosen, namely Pringgarata village. Furthermore, data collection on farmer households was carried out. The farmer households that became the research sample were selected by random sampling as many as 15 farmer households. Farmer households here are farmer households who have jobs as tilapia fish cultivators. The results of the study concluded that first, the sources of household income for tilapia fish cultivators in Pringgarata village varied. Likewise, the household expenditure of farmers also varies. Second, the distribution pattern of farmers' household income is sourced from tilapia cultivation and outside tilapia cultivation. Activities outside of tilapia cultivation such as farming (rice, secondary crops, vegetables), trading, workshops, labor. The average household income of farmers for one season or 6 months is IDR 28,548,000, -,. Third, the distribution pattern of farmer household expenditures in Pringgarata village is divided into food and non-food expenditures. The average household expenditure of farmers during one season is IDR 7,610,600, for food is IDR 3,683,100, and for non-food is IDR 7,610,600, - and fourth, household food security of tilapia fish cultivators in Pringgarata village. belong to food-secure households.

Is rural household debt sustainable in a financially included region? Evidence from three districts of Kerala, India

ABSTRACT This paper explores whether institutional change brought about by financial inclusion results in sustainable debt management by households. We analyze household indebtedness and its various dimensions using primary data collected from 600 households across 3 districts of rural Kerala in India. We find that more than half of the sample households are indebted. Using flow and stock analysis, we assess the repayment capacity of households. While the flow analysis based on interest and income comparison shows that debt is sustainable, the stock analysis indicates an alarming debt situation considering the illiquid nature of land assets. Both agricultural and non-agricultural households appeared to be caught in a debt trap. Our econometric analyses show that socio-economic factors like education and age of the household head, main source of household income and household asset value without land, are significant determinants of household level indebtedness.

Investigating the performance of agricultural sector on well-being: New evidence from Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso’s economy is based mostly on agriculture. Despite this sector’s substantial contribution to economic development, the majority of the population continues to live below the poverty line, and poverty is even more pronounced in rural areas where subsistence farming is the main source of income. The present research intends to assess the effects of the agriculture sector on the wellbeing of society in Burkina Faso from 1970 to 2017 using a Vector Autoregressive technique. The results reveal that agriculture sector has an adverse influence on well-being in both short- and long-run when household consumption expenditure (HCE) used as a proxy of well-being. While this sector uncovered a productive impact on well-being measured by education (EDU) in both short- and long-run. An increase in the agriculture value-added induces an extend in the short-run and a reduction in the long-run of life expectancy (LEXP) in the Burkina Faso. The variance decomposition results show that the agricultural sector will contribute about 57.33% to explain variation in the household final consumption expenditure while industry and service sectors will only contribute about 2.03% and 4.42% respectively. However, the value-added from the industrial sector affects significantly (47.37%) the variation of life expectancy at birth in Burkina Faso. In addition, Granger’s causality test has demonstrated a unidirectional causal impact from agriculture value-added to household income. The same causal links were also discovered, respectively from the agricultural and service sectors to life expectancy. This study emphasizes the necessity to concentrate stakeholders including farmers, policymakers and experts on agri-business strategies and programs, investment in farm commodity processing in the growing country concerned. The farmers may thus change from subsistence to agri-business, therefore accelerating the industry’s growth and creating more jobs for the working population and diversifying the country's household income sources.

Pemberdayaan Lahan Pekarangan Masyarakat Di Desa Kelambir V Kebon

Community housing in Klambir Lima gardens Village on average has a yard. Most of the community's yards have not been utilized as a planting area for various agricultural commodities. Besides being able to meet the needs of their own family, they also have the opportunity to increase household income sources. The method used in this activity is carried out in 3 stages, namely the initial stage is the initial survey method, socialization is carried out with a direct approach to the community (persuasive approach) in the form of deliberation, discussion, question and answer and holding counseling directions about service activities that will be carried out and the next method is practice demonstration. Community service activities carried out are expected to provide benefits to the community by empowering community yards. The benefits felt by the surrounding community are that the community can cultivate agricultural crops in their yards, the community gets information related to how to cultivate plants.

Meat Consumption and Sustainability

Meat has become a controversial topic in public debates, as it involves multiple sustainability dimensions. Here, we review global meat consumption trends and the various sustainability dimensions involved, including economic, social, environmental, health, and animal welfare issues. Meat has much larger environmental and climate footprints than plant-based foods and can also be associated with negative health effects. Technological options can help to increase the sustainability of meat production, but changes in consumption are required as well. At least in high-income countries, where people consume a lot of meat on average, notable reductions will be important. However, vegetarian lifestyles for all would not necessarily be the best option. Especially in low-income countries, nutritious plant-based foods are not available or affordable year-round. Also, livestock production is an important source of income for many poor households. More research is needed on how to promote technological and behavioral changes while managing sustainability trade-offs.

Horticultural Crop Cultivation based on Verticulture with Utilization of Waste Materials in Jati Village, Sumberlawang Sub-district, Sragen Regency

<span>Meeting food needs is one of the main problems for a country. Cultivation of horticultural crops with verticulture techniques is one form of activity that can be a way to meet food needs. The crop yield can be used for personal consumption and sold as a source of additional income for households. The verticulture is made from waste which are used as containers or pots and then planted with chili and mustard plants. This activity aims to improve skills, creativity, meet food needs and use empty land that can add aesthetic value. Participants consisted of 27 heads of neighborhood, the women's association for family welfare development (Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga, PKK) and Youth Organizations in Jati Village, Sumberlawang District, Sragen Regency, Sragen, with 46 participants of various ages. The activity was guided and carried out by the UNS 65 KKN team with enthusiasm and enthusiastically welcomed by the participants. The evaluation was carried out by interviewing several participants. The response showed that the activity was carried out well and the knowledge conveyed was also well received. Based on the results of these interviews, it can be seen that around 85% of participants can understand the socialization and practice of verticulture cultivation well.</span>

Assessing the Impact of Illegal Small-Scale Mining (Galamsey) on Cocoa Farming and Farmer Livelihood: A Case Study in the Amansie West District of Ghana

Cocoa and gold are significant contributors to the gross dormestic product of Ghana which makes both commodities key parts of the Ghanaian economy. Unfortunately, in Ghana, most cocoa-growing communities are the hub of illegal small-scale mining commonly known as galamsey. It is alleged that cocoa farmerssell their farmlands for galamsey; however, given that cocoa farming is the primary source of income for many households in rural Ghana. This research aimed at investigating the motivations for galamsey and how the practice impacts cocoa farming and the environment as well as farmer livelihood. The study was undertakenin Amansie West District in the Ashanti Region of Ghana where both cocoa farming and illegal mining operations coexist. The data for the study was collected using structured questionnaires. Cocoa farmers were purposively selected as respondents in two cocoa-growing communities. Data were obtained from 90 purposively sampled respondents through snowballing. Data collected were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Scientist software. The results revealed that cocoa farmers face challenges due to galamsey such as; labour shortages, water pollution, competition for land amongst others. Also, cocoa farms, especially those downslope, get flooded whenever it rains as a result of uncovered galamsey pits near farms and cause black pod disease, early dropping of immature pods and stunted growth which ultimately reduce the output of cocoa farms. Farmers revealed that this affected their source of income adversely since the majority of them mainly depend on cocoa farming for their livelihood. They also reported a loss of green space and land degradation as some environmental hazards posed by galamsey. Information gathered from tenant farmers revealed that it is mostly landowners who give out their lands for galamsey. The major reasons that encourage galamsey were identified as higher short-term income, financial problems (40%) due to unemployment, and poor cocoa yield (26%).

West African Pidgin as a tool for socio-economic development

AbstractThis paper highlights the important role of Pidgin in economic development in West Africa. We use a unificationist model of dependence relations to explain the nexus between West African Pidgin (WAP) and the region’s socio-economic development. The study draws on the formidable role that Pidgin plays as the language of communication in the thriving informal cross-border markets along the Nigerian-Cameroonian border. The use of Pidgin is a special case of the general phenomenon of indigenous languages that serve as vehicular languages of the informal economy in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper argues that the existence of WAP as a language of informal economic activities in this region fosters cooperation and social cohesion that plays a role in the expansion of informal cross-border trade, which is a primary source of household income for the people. The research reveals a sociolinguistic dimension to the expansion of informal economic activities that are a prerequisite to wealth creation and poverty elimination. This finding also suggests that Pidgin can be harnessed for an efficient transition from the informal to the formal economy. Therefore, the paper advocates a region-wide language policy that recognizes Pidgin as a factor in the region’s economic growth and development.

Forest benefits and willingness to pay for sustainable forest management

The Desa'a forest in Tigray is a national forest priority area managed by the government. Government authorities grant access to local communities as the forest is the source of income for many households. To allow the forest provide such economic needs and ecological functions, its sustainability needs to be ensured. We studied the effect of a demand-relevant economic attribute and two policy–relevant ecological attributes to examine preference for alternative forest management mechanisms. We find positive preference for the supply of forest products and soil and water conservation. Marginal WTP is higher for the most sustainable levels, indicating households' preference to forest management mechanisms that ensure supply of forest products for longer periods and significantly reduce soil erosion and water loss. On the other hand, observed heterogeneity implies differences in preferences and tradeoffs between economic benefits (forest products) and ecological improvements (soil and water conservation). Overall, the positive preference for these important attributes emanates both from realizations of economic benefits and ecological services from the forest, suggesting the importance of incorporating such competing preferences (interests and needs) in forest management plans.

Analyzing the Impact of Household Income Sources on Consumer Behavior in China – Based on Mental Accounting

With the continuous development of the economy and society in China and the improvement of people’s living standards, the consumption behavior and consumption structure of families in China have undergone significant changes. As an important source and basis of consumption, income has an influence on consumption behavior. Based on the mental accounting theory in behavioral economics, this paper uses the data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to examine the differential impact of different sources of income on the consumption demand of households in China from the micro level. In terms of theory, based on the basic assumption and fact of elasticity of consumer demand, the model directly assumes that there is mental accounting effect in household consumption behavior; that is, the marginal propensity to consume from different sources of income has a significant difference. By establishing a regression model to analyze the influence of different sources of income on consumption, the mental accounting effect of consumption among households in China is verified. According to the theoretical hypothesis and empirical tests, this paper provides policy suggestions for the government. The government should increase people’s disposable income. Increasing the proportion of transfer income and property income can diversify people’s sources of income and promote consumption as well as economic growth. Finally, the social security system should be improved to promote the consumption level of low-income families.

Goat Breeding: A Possible Sustainable Way to Manage Xerophytic Thickets in Southwestern Madagascar

Spiny thickets or xerophytic thickets (XTs) are a type of shrubby vegetation found in the far south and southwest of Madagascar, the driest parts of the island. This type of vegetation, which is rich in endemic animal and plant species, is endangered. Extensive local goat breeding (Capra hircus, for meat and milk production) based on XT browsing is an important source of household income. The aim of this paper is to analyse the possibility of using improved goat breeding as an alternative to wood charcoal (WC) production and slash-and-burn agriculture (SBA), which are unsustainable activities. The literature on (i) the impacts of SBA, WC production, and goat browsing on the XT ecosystem and (ii) the income provided by these three activities is reviewed to determine the sustainability level of improved goat husbandry. SBA and WC production reduced XT biomass and XT cover area, while goat browsing alone, at a stocking rate of one head per hectare, did not affect XT leaf biomass production and shrub regeneration. Furthermore, batch breeding and flushing techniques provided the highest annual income, mainly from the sale of surplus animal products. This improved goat husbandry may be a sustainable alternative to WC production. However, increasing the current stocking rate is necessary to surpass the combined income of WC production and SBA. An estimation of the XT carrying capacity would offer a basis to assess whether this ecosystem would support a higher stocking rate.

Women's Land Ownership and Household Income Diversification Patterns in Malawi

ABSTRACT This study investigates the association between women's land ownership within households and household income diversification in rural communities in Malawi in 1995, a period when households faced several welfare shocks due to weather and policy changes. Evidence suggests that diversification is positively associated with greater resilience of poor rural households, particularly when the diversification is in activities outside of agriculture. While studies have explored the relationship between household asset ownership and income diversification, little is known about the gender dimensions underlying these patterns, including the relationship between men and women's asset ownership and household diversification. Using a unique data set with detailed information on household income sources and individual-level information on land ownership, our study finds that in households where women own at least a small amount of land benefit by having a greater household total income diversification. Additionally, while the number of income sources is similar for couple households and female-headed households after controlling for diverse factors, the types of activities differ between the two. The findings suggest that promoting female land ownership in Malawi could indirectly contribute to households' greater security in the face of unfavourable conditions via household diversification of income sources.

Risk of Increasing Income Inequality and Poverty: Analysis by Income Source

The high and persistent level of income inequality limits the opportunities for economic growth and contributes to the persistence of a high poverty rate in Russia. Reducing inequality is integral to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-10); thus, greater focus is needed to reduce income inequality. We assess income inequality based on a representative income and expenditure data collected at the micro level to determine the risk of increasing inequality and poverty in the context of specific socio-demographic groups and income sources. We look at the contribution of various household income sources to total income inequality, taking into account the differences in the weighting of income components, the unevenness of their distribution, and their correlation with the total distribution of income. The main data source is the project “The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey-Higher School of Economics” (RLMS-HSE) for 2000–2018. Calculation of the elasticity of the Gini index by sources of total income for poor and non-poor households revealed their multidirectional impact on overall inequality. We show that social transfers in poor households do not help to reduce inequality. This indicates the need for closer attention to this phenomenon when making policy decisions connected with social policy. Moreover, the “hidden incomes” appear to be a factor reducing inequality for poor households within the framework of the accepted definitions and the formed sample of households.

Modern Smallholders: Creating Diversified Livelihoods and Landscapes in Indonesia

Encouraging smallholders to diversify their livelihoods has been a long-held policy objective of many governments to create resilient rural communities that can cope with seasonal variations in food production and price fluctuations in commercial markets. Due to the dynamic nature of smallholders’ livelihoods, the relative contribution of different sources to household income often remains unclear. Recent research in Indonesia used a household survey of a stratified sample of smallholders (n = 240) in eight villages (five districts) to obtain data of smallholders’ income and the relative importance of agroforestry. The research analysed income data from the same households (80%) collected in 2013, 2017 and 2020, providing longitudinal data of livelihoods and household income. Results revealed important information about the nature of Indonesia’s rural economy, whereby many smallholders received most of their income from off-farm sources (56% of income). While most smallholders still reported farming as their primary occupation, their families’ livelihoods are diverse and mainly supported by non-farm enterprises. Even the mix of farming enterprises is evolving, with agroforestry a prominent land-use and source of household income in Indonesia (29% of income), indicating that smallholders are intentionally diversifying their land-use and livelihoods. Our research found that conventional agricultural enterprises generated just 14% of household income, yet remains vital for household food security. The high proportion of off-farm income for smallholders has important implications for land management and rural development across Indonesia, as smallholders forgo intensification of their farming systems and instead opt for diversification—and at scale, creating resilient landscapes and livelihoods.

Factors associated with distress among female cancer survivors at the workplace: A cross-sectional study.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the levels of fatigue, social support, spiritual well‐being, and distress of female cancer survivors at the workplace, and identify factors associated with distress.MethodsOne hundred and eighty‐two working female cancer survivors participated from the outpatient ward in two medical institutions in South Korea and they completed questionnaires assessing their general characteristics, fatigue, social support (colleagues and superiors), and spiritual well‐being distress (existential and religious well‐being). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, T‐test, one‐way ANOVA, correlation, and multiple linear regression with SPSS /WIN18 version.ResultsMost of the participants were breast and thyroid cancer (78.5%), married (46.2%), working periods below 10 years (62.7%) and the average age was 49.7 years. Distress positively correlated with fatigue and significant predictors of distress were “type of work” and “main source of household income” among general characteristics, fatigue, religious well‐being, and existential well‐being.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that integrated program including educational and practical factors to reduce fatigue and increase spiritual well‐being (i.e., peace, faith, meaning, et al.) can decrease distress. Whereas, the “ambivalence” of God accompanied by high religious well‐being (i.e., punishment, abandon, blame, and so on) can rather increase distress. The development of an integrated management system of distress at work can be applied as a practical factor to improve job satisfaction, organizational performance, and quality of life.