Source Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Challenges in Standardizing Global Emission Factors for Peatlands

Peatlands have a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, acting as significant carbon sinks, but become a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when peat extraction is taking place. This article presents a comprehensive overview of peatland ecosystems, emphasizing their classification across various climatic zones and the complex set of different characteristics that determine contribution to GHG emissions. Currently, inconsistency exists in definition of emission factors used between countries leading to varied approaches in estimating peatland emissions and posing significant challenges in the comparison and aggregation of global data on peat extraction related GHG. The aim of the study is to analyse the disparities in emission factors and calculation methodologies employed by different countries. Data from national GHG emission reports are submitted under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Emissions report data calculations and emission factors can be based either on nationally determined data or on data specified in the IPCC guidelines. Consequently, emission factor data for four countries - Latvia, Finland, Sweden and Germany - are collected and processed, which were compared with IPCC guideline data. The data were compared in two ways: by equating units of measurement and by modeling. The results show there is a pronounced difference between the emission factors of each country, however, all these factors are lower than the maximum values specified in the IPCC guidelines. It was also determined that comparing the total emission factors with the modeled results, no significant difference is observed between these results. The study concludes that emission factors are predetermined differently for each country, and it is not possible to specify the differences among assumptions for parameters included in the determination of the emission factors. The results suggest there is a need for development of more transparent accounting of emissions with regard to the diverse environmental and anthropogenic factors influencing peatland ecosystems. Factors like composition, depth of peat, water table levels, and local land-use practices further compound this variability in emission accounting. Addressing these challenges is crucial for enhancing the accuracy and reliability of GHG emission reporting under international frameworks like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol.

Projected environmental and public health benefits of extended-interval dosing: an analysis of pembrolizumab use in a US national health system

Health care is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, leading to climate change and public health harms. Changes are needed to improve the environmental sustainability of health-care practices, but such changes should not sacrifice patient outcomes or financial sustainability. Alternative dosing strategies that reduce the frequency with which specialty drugs are administered, without sacrificing patient outcomes, are an attractive possibility for improving environmental sustainability. We sought to inform environmentally sustainable cancer care by estimating and comparing the environmental and financial effects of alternative, clinically equivalent strategies for pembrolizumab administration. We conducted a retrospective analysis using a cohort of patients from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) in the USA who received one or more pembrolizumab doses between May 1, 2020, and Sept 30, 2022. Using baseline, real-world administration of pembrolizumab, we generated simulated pembrolizumab use data under three near-equivalent counterfactual pembrolizumab administration strategies defined by combinations of weight-based dosing, pharmacy-level vial sharing and dose rounding, and extended-interval dosing (ie, every 6 weeks). For each counterfactual dosing strategy, we estimated greenhouse gas emissions related to pembrolizumab use across the VHA cohort using a deterministic environmental impact model that estimated greenhouse gas emissions due to patient travel, drug manufacture, and medical waste as the primary outcome measure. We identified 7813 veterans who received at least one dose of pembrolizumab-containing therapy in the VHA during the study period. 59 140 pembrolizumab administrations occurred in the study period, of which 46 255 (78·2%) were dosed at 200 mg every 3 weeks, 12 885 (21·8%) at 400 mg every 6 weeks, and 14 955 (25·3%) were coadministered with infusional chemotherapies. Adoption of weight-based, extended-interval pembrolizumab dosing (4 mg/kg every 6 weeks) and pharmacy-level stewardship strategies (ie, dose rounding and vial sharing) for all pembrolizumab infusions would have resulted in 24·7% fewer administration events than baseline dosing (44 533 events vs 59 140 events) and an estimated 200 metric tons less CO2 emitted per year as a result of pembrolizumab use within the VHA (650 tons vs 850 tons of CO2, a relative reduction of 24%), largely due to reductions in distance travelled by patients to receive treatment. Similar results were observed when weight-based and extended-interval dosing were applied only to pembrolizumab monotherapy and pembrolizumab in combination with oral therapies. Alternative pembrolizumab administration strategies might have environmental advantages over the current dosing and compounding paradigms. Specialty medication dosing can be optimised for health-care spending and environmental sustainability without sacrificing clinical outcomes. None.

Employ Mathematical Modeling to Summarize, Analyze, And Predict the Relationship Between Carbon Dioxide and Temperature, Location, And Other Factors.

Fluctuations in the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are affected by a variety of factors, both natural and artificial. Natural factors, such as volcanic eruptions and changes in the intensity of solar radiation, can cause fluctuations in greenhouse gases. However, in recent years, human activities have surpassed natural factors and have become a major driver of climate change. During the industrial revolution, the widespread use of fossil fuels, large-scale deforestation and emissions from factories caused irreversible damage to ecosystems. Rising global temperatures are destroying natural ecosystems around the world and are a potential threat to human survival. In this paper, we systematically examine and analyze the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions, explore the factors contributing to air pollution, and evaluate the specific impacts of these changes on global warming. We analyze the relationship between global warming and different factors (economic development, clean energy, and CO2 emissions) by using both one-way linear regression models and multiple linear regression models. A quadratic linear regression model shows that solar energy is the most promising renewable energy source. Meanwhile, using the global GDP as a criterion, we have shown that economic growth contributes to CO2 emissions. However, due to the governments having valued economic development more, the upward growth trend of the economic development curve is intensified, while the downward growth trend of the global average temperature is slowed down. Finally, we developed a multivariate linear regression model to evaluate whether using new energy sources could help mitigate global warming. Based on the previous analysis, we focus on the factor of CO2 emission. By using the linear regression model, we obtained the projected values of CO2 emissions, clean energy usage and global GDP in 2050, and the CO2 emissions in 2050 are 36.59439 billion tons, which meet the goal of carbon neutrality.

Comprehensive analysis on three-phase imbalance management technology of low-voltage distribution network

Energy production and use is one of the major sources of global greenhouse gas emissions. To combat climate change, many countries and organizations are pushing to reduce the use of fossil fuels, and the use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro is growing rapidly. The conversion of these renewable energy into electricity requires a large amount of power electronics. Power electronics have higher energy conversion efficiency, greater adjustability and control, and smaller size and weight than traditional generators. These characteristics make power electronic equipment have a wide range of application prospects in the field of energy conversion and power control. There may be cost, reliability, debugging, and three-phase imbalance issues. Based on the harm of three-phase imbalance to the economic operation and safe and stable operation of distribution network, the importance of three-phase imbalance in low-voltage distribution network is expounded, and the relationship between three-phase unbalance current and power factor is elaborated on the construction of three-phase imbalance. Reduce the harm of three-phase imbalance to the distribution network and reduce the loss of distribution network lines.

Investigation of potential sites for coal-to-nuclear energy transitions in the United States

To achieve deep decarbonization in the U.S., the rapid deployment of clean energy resources is crucial. Coal Power Plants (CPPs), a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, are being phased out in many countries, including the U.S. As part of this transition, there is a need to repurpose retired CPPs to alternative clean sources, -- one possibility is nuclear energy. This study systematically evaluates the potential for Coal-to-Nuclear (C2N) energy transitions in the U.S using the Siting Tool for Advanced Nuclear Development (STAND). Through an extensive analysis of 245 operational CPPs in the U.S., categorized into two groups based on their nameplate capacity, a comprehensive siting assessment has been provided in this paper. The findings reveal a varied feasibility landscape: for smaller sites (Group-01), the most suitable CPP, “R M Schahfer” in Indiana, scored an overall feasibility objective function value of 84.31, while “SIUC” in Illinois was the least suitable at 51.52. For larger sites (Group-02), feasibility scores ranged from 47.29 at “New Madrid” in Missouri to 76.62 at “AES Petersburg” in Indiana. Safety, socioeconomic factors, and proximity attributes are significant determinants in feasibility scoring. The diversity in nuclear restrictions and energy prices across sites significantly influenced their suitability for nuclear deployment. The study also highlights the importance of regional attributes. It provides a targeted approach for policymakers, utilities, and energy modelers in prioritizing C2N transitions, marking a critical step toward the United States’ deep decarbonization goals.

Environmental Influence of Gas Flaring: Perspective from the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Gas flaring (GasF) is an important aspect of the combustion mechanisms in the burning of related, undesirable, or surplus fluids (gases in particular) that are released during the ordinary or unexpected overpressuring process in several industrial activities, specifically in the petroleum resource (PTR) industries. It is also one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions which cause climate change (CMC). In addition to the generation of noise and heat, it makes substantial adjacent areas uninhabitable and, hence, causes detrimental consequences to the entire ecosystem as well as waste energy and results in economic losses. Reducing GasF is a critical issue due to its ensuing complications; consequently, there is a tenacious need to measure GasF via the study of its composition, distribution, and capacity, as well as the utilization of appropriate GasF recovery/removal procedures. The present review study will, thus, attempt to assess the impacts of GasF on the environment vis-à-vis the possible nexus between GasF/CMC using the perspective of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria which is rich in PTR, with relevant information drawn from existing publications. The roles of government, policymakers, and relevant stakeholders as well as suggestions and recommendations that will assist in the extenuation approaches and technologies of the influence of GasF on the environment are also discussed.

The Impact of High-Standard Farmland Construction Policies on the Carbon Emissions from Agricultural Land Use (CEALU)

Agricultural activities are the second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions, and carbon emissions from agricultural land use (CEALU) have become a hot issue across the world. Although there are some studies on the impact of high-standard farmland construction policies on carbon emissions, they focus on quantitative analysis and do not give sufficient consideration to the relationship between HSFC and CEALU. Therefore, in this study, by relying on provincial panel data of China for the period 2005–2017, the effect of the high-standard basic farmland construction policy on carbon emissions from agricultural land use per unit area and its regional differences were quantitatively analyzed using the difference-in-difference (DID) model. The results showed that: (1) China’s CEALU per unit area presented a fluctuating upward change, but the growth rate slowed down during the period 2005–2017, from 392.58 kg/ha to 457.72 kg/ha, with an average annual growth rate of 1.31%; (2) the high-standard farmland construction (HSFC) policy led a significant carbon emission reduction effect in agricultural land use and reduced the CEALU per unit area by 10.80% on average. With the promotion of this policy, its carbon emission reduction effect in agricultural land use presented an overall increasing change; (3) the carbon emission reduction effect of the high-standard farmland construction policy in agricultural land use was significant in central China, but non-significant in eastern China and western China.

Enabling CO2 neutral metallurgy for ferrochromium production using bio-based reducing agents

The metallurgical industry is a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This study explores the replacement of fossil-reducing agents with potentially CO2-neutral bio-based reducing agents. Since reducing agents remove oxygen bonded with metal oxides present in the ore, they are a necessity for the production of metallic elements. The investigated metal is chromium, a major part of stainless steel, and therefore a highly relevant element for the transition from a fossil-based energy system to a renewable one. The state-of-the-art smelting reduction and pre-reduction process followed by subsequent smelting using various reducing agents are investigated in this article. The obtained products, metallurgical efficiencies, energy consumption and off-gas generation were compared. While the products produced with bio-based reducing agents are comparable with the reference trials using metallurgical coke regarding the major components in the metal, the concentration of detrimental phosphorus is significantly higher using bio-based reducing agents. The metallurgical efficiency of the process is comparable to the usage of bio-based reducing agents and coke. However, the energy consumption and the generation of off-gas is higher, when coke is replaced by bio-based reducing agents.

Carbon emissions trading in ground transportation: Status quo, policy analysis, and outlook

Ground transportation, which includes the road and rail sectors, is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. An emissions trading system (ETS) is one of the environmental policies for controlling carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion during transport activities. To investigate the status of existing ETS interventions on ground transportation emissions, a comprehensive literature review is conducted, including policy evaluation and comparison, scheme optimization and design, and specific transport behavior interventions. The results show that existing upstream policies are insufficient in stringency and effectiveness, while policy implementation for downstream interventions remains limited. To address these shortcomings, this study proposes a downstream ground transportation emissions trading system (GTETS), incorporating the Internet of Things and blockchain technology. As well as road and rail transportation emissions, the system includes the emissions-related activities of individuals and transportation companies, and its Web3-based technologies provide effective and efficient monitoring, reporting, and verification.

Does environmental knowledge and performance engender environmental behavior at airports? A moderated mediation effect

PurposeDrawing on the reasoned action theory, this study aims to examine the impact of environmental knowledge (EK) and environmental sustainability performance (EP) on environmental behavior (EB) mediated by environmental attitude (ATT). Furthermore, to examine the moderating effect of environmental advertising (ADD) on the indirect relationship between EP and EB, mediated by ATT on the one hand, and EK on EB, on the other hand, mediated by ATT.Design/methodology/approachThe data were gathered within an international context for passengers from North African countries (NAC) (Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Morocco and Sudan) using primary quantitative data from online and self-administered questionnaires. A total of 1,052 questionnaires were collected from passengers who traveled through Egyptian airports. The collected data were analyzed through covariance-based structural equation modeling.FindingsThe findings indicated that ATT moderates the relationship between environmental knowledge and behavior. In addition, ATT mediates the airports' environmental behavior and environmental sustainability performance. Moreover, ADD moderates the indirect association between EP and individuals' environmental knowledge and behavior through the mediated effect of ATT.Research limitations/implicationsThis research output will help extend the theory’s scope by conceptualizing its abstract ideas using research variables and applying them in NAC countries. This can be a milestone for altering individuals' behavior toward the environment in airports.Practical implicationsThis study aims to assist airport authorities in the development of standards for enhancing environmental performance. Enhancing environmental issues is of utmost importance, especially in the context of airports, which have been a subject of significant environmental concern. This study examined the environmental practices of airport passengers in NAC, given their significant role as the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions on the African continent. The present approach has the potential to be utilized in modifying airport conduct and enhancing stakeholder engagement, specifically within the context of NAC.Social implicationsThe objective of this study is to enhance the relationship between nature and humans by endeavoring to modify human attitudes toward the environment. The objective of this initiative is to bridge the current disparity in the socio-environmental connection by fostering environmental consciousness among individuals who utilize airport facilities. The objective will be accomplished by the construction of a theoretical framework that integrates crucial elements acknowledged for their substantial influence on altering human attitudes, thus fostering a greater sense of environmental consciousness and ultimately improving societal well-being.Originality/valueSince the global supply chain prioritizes environmental transportation systems, this study provides a conceptual framework for airport authorities to develop and create policies to push air passengers' behavior toward environmental practices in NAC.

Analysis of current state, gaps, and opportunities for technologies in the Malaysian oil palm estates and palm oil mills towards net-zero emissions

Malaysia is the second largest producer and exporter of palm oil. Though several works have explored achieving emissions reduction in the palm oil sector, there existing gaps in analysing pathways for achieving net-zero emissions. Moreover, there are limited studies that evaluate the potential of palm oil biomass utilisation pathways based on emissions reduction capabilities, the cost of emissions reduction, and the technology readiness for implementation. Therefore, this study analysed decarbonisation pathways for the upstream and midstream segments of the palm oil sector in Malaysia, encompassing oil palm plantations and palm oil mills. Various sources of greenhouse gas emissions in oil palm plantations and palm oil mills were identified and estimates of emissions were determined as theoretical emissions. The current emissions were established based on the current best practice in the plantation and mill. Several biomass conversion technologies for the recovery of palm-based by-products and conversion into value-added products to decarbonise the palm oil sector and evaluated strategies to attain net-zero status are considered. In this work, the analysis considered both the existing technologies that are adopted by plantations and mills as well as the emerging technologies that have scope for implementation. With the proposed approach, the current emissions level for crude palm oil (CPO) production in Malaysia is estimated as 1121.49 kg CO2-eq/t CPO. In current industry practice, empty fruit bunch (EFB) is underutilised as mills are typically located at rural areas with lack of suitable transportation. Besides, the lack of accessibility to the grid also limits the potential of converting EFB into electricity as supply for national grid. This work examined various pathways for EFB utilisation under different scenarios evaluating their contribution potential towards net-zero target in an energy self-sustained CPO production. As shown in the results, converting EFB to briquettes and pellets are able to achieve the net-zero objective. Furthermore, EFB-biochar and EFB-syngas pathways also exhibit the potential to accomplish the net-zero target. Note that this work also assessed the technologies’ readiness levels, identified challenges in implementation, and proposed several recommendations.

Navigating the Path to Efficient and Just Transition to Carbon Neutrality: A Case Study of Agricultural Practices in Foya District, Liberia

The importance of shifting towards carbon-neutral agriculture is increasingly recognized globally, particularly in developing countries. This study focuses on Foya District in Liberia, examining the relationship between traditional farming methods and emerging sustainable practices, and evaluating the carbon footprint of local agricultural activities. To address this, a novel framework called the Adaptation Strategies Index and Problem Confrontation Index (ASI-PCI) has been proposed to evaluate the hurdles local farmers face in adapting to climate change, along with their adaptive behaviors and strategies. The ASI of 564 highlights the use of drought-resistant crops, while the PCI of 566 indicates significant challenges due to extreme climate events. Key sources of greenhouse gas emissions identified include deforestation, land use changes, and rice cultivation. Quantitative data reveals that 63% of farmers engage in rice cultivation, 39.3% in deforestation, and 27.7% in land use changes, contributing to carbon emissions. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis showed that education level positively influences farmers' strategies for carbon-neutral agriculture (P <.001), validating the initial hypothesis. The study explores strategies to reduce emissions, such as introducing drought-resistant crops, implementing irrigation systems, adopting mixed cropping practices, and promoting agroforestry. The study emphasized the pivotal role of women in participating in local farming initiatives, highlighting the group's potential for better carbon-neutral agriculture practices. It underscores community engagement's importance in identifying barriers to adopting carbon-neutral practices. The insights gained aim to guide rural communities in the region and beyond, providing a framework for policymakers, stakeholders, and practitioners to develop pathways toward carbon neutrality that support local economic stability and development.

Extractive Industries as a Source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Possibility of its Natural Sequestration under the Climatic Conditions of Central and Northern Eurasia

Extractive Industries as a Source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Possibility of its Natural Sequestration under the Climatic Conditions of Central and Northern Eurasia

Inventory and Distribution Characteristics of Carbon Emissions from Agricultural Sources in Henan Province from 2011 to 2020

Agriculture is an important part of Henan's economic development, and agricultural production is also an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, the activity level data of agricultural carbon emissions in 18 cities in Henan Province were collected. Based on the calculation method provided by the Guidelines for Compiling Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories and referring to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, agricultural CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions were carefully estimated. An agricultural greenhouse gas inventory was compiled for Henan Province from 2011 to 2020. Then, based on the spatial distribution and emission intensity, the carbon emissions of each city in Henan Province in 2019 were further analyzed. The results show that carbon emissions decreased from 57,603,500 tons in 2011 to 44,517,300 tons in 2020, with an average annual decrease rate of about 2.66%. The total agricultural carbon emissions in Henan showed a downward trend, and agricultural land was the dominant factor of carbon emissions, accounting for about 47% of the total carbon emissions over the years.

A Framework for Assessing Food Baskets Based on Water and Carbon Footprints

The composition of food baskets can significantly influence the water consumption rate and society’s environmental impact. This study evaluates the sustainability of Iran’s food and nutrition security by evaluating five food baskets using water and carbon-footprint indices. These food baskets are the common Iranian food basket (CIFB), the vegetarian food basket (VFB), the Ministry of Health desired food basket (MHDFB), the Swiss Society for Nutrition food basket (SSNFB), and the Mediterranean food basket (MFB). This study also examines the role of Iran’s agricultural sector under the Paris Climate Change Agreement (COP21). The TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making method was used to identify the most desirable food basket. The results of this study show that the VFB could be the most desirable alternative to the CIFB. Replacing the CIFB with the VFB causes a 10% and 21% lower water and carbon footprint, respectively. From a 30-year perspective (around 2050), choosing the VFB would reduce the blue water footprint by 19.7 BCM and the gray water footprint by 3.6 BCM compared to the CIFB. According to the provisions of COP21 regarding Iran’s voluntary program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the agricultural sector will be one of the sources of greenhouse gas emissions that will face an upward trend. Hence, to adhere to this voluntary commitment, these emissions should be reduced by changing the CIFB to the VFB or reducing emissions in other sectors, such as industry. Choosing the VFB can reduce 10.7 million tons of CO2 emissions, which can be a significant step for the agricultural sector in Iran in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Overall, considering the characteristics of farm products (water and carbon footprints) in Iran, a country located in a semi-arid climate, the VFB is recommended.

Forecasting the Mitigation Potential of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Shenzhen through Municipal Solid Waste Treatment: A Combined Weight Forecasting Model

As a significant source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the municipal solid waste sector’s greenhouse gas emission mode remains unknown, hampering effective decision-making on possible greenhouse gas emission reductions. Rapid urbanization and economic growth have resulted in massive volumes of municipal solid trash. As a result, identifying emission reduction routes for municipal solid waste treatment is critical. In this research, we investigate the potential of municipal solid waste treatment methods in lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Shenzhen, a typical Chinese major city. The results showed that the combined treatment of 58% incineration, 2% landfill, and 40% anaerobic digestion (AD) had the lowest greenhouse gas emissions of about 5.91 million tons under all scenarios. The implementation of waste sorting and anaerobic digestion treatment of organic municipal solid waste after separate collection can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by simply increasing the incineration ratio.

A new grey adaptive integrated model for forecasting renewable electricity production

Fossil fuel consumption is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. The Russia–Ukraine conflict has led to energy price volatility. Therefore, affordable energy poses a significant threat. The development of renewable energy to meet consumption demands has attracted researchers’ attention in worldwide. In this study, a novel grey adaptive integrated model is proposed to balance the fitting and generalization abilities for renewable energy generation trends. First, feature selection was performed using the mutual information filter method for influencing factors and the wrapper method. Second, FGM(1,1) was used to mine the data features, and AGMC(1,n) was used to extract multivariate time-series relationships. Finally, an adaptive integrated model with a Gaussian kernel function was proposed in order to assign weights. It balances the results of the two forecasting models to avoid the underfitting/overfitting problem generated by excessive data volatility and the abrupt shift of the influencing factors. The study results have shown that the proposed integrated model solved the underfitting and overfitting problems to a certain degree. Its performance is better than single model. We analyze the forecasting results and propose corresponding suggestions for the government and enterprises separately.

РАЗВИТИЕ ИНСТИТУТОВ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ НА ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ АПК НА ОСНОВЕ ESG-КОНЦЕПЦИИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН)

Currently, companies around the world are faced with the task of not only increasing their own efficiency and competitiveness, but also complying with the principles of sustainable development. The relevance of this task is determined by increasing climate change and social problems, which force stakeholders to put forward new demands for environmental responsibility and social commitment of business. The ESG concept is a modern concept of doing business based on the principles of sustainable development. It should be noted that the application of ESG in agribusinesses is particularly specific due to the dual role they play in society and the economy: on the one hand, being large sources of greenhouse gas emissions and consumers of natural resources, on the other hand, ensuring food security and promoting development rural areas. The object of the study is the system of sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Tatarstan. The purpose of the study is to characterize the potential of the ESG concept for the development of sustainable development institutions in the agricultural sector of the Republic of Tatarstan and to identify the most effective practices for strengthening the integration of ESG principles into the activities of agro-industrial enterprises. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature on the topic of ESG and sustainable development in the agro-industrial complex, statistical analysis, general scientific methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the possibilities of applying the ESG concept at enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Tatarstan, identifying and systematizing factors that promote or hinder sustainable development in this area.

Assessing the impact of climate action mitigation strategies from livestock production: A review – Solution for greenhouse gases mitigation

Abstract The main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are enteric fermentation from ruminants and manure management. An integrated strategy-combination approach incorporating nutrition and manure management is necessary to dramatically reduce GHGs and the carbon footprint of milk production. The aim of this review was to assess the effect of climate action mitigation strategies on the GHG production of ruminant animals. This review was based on the different references, which are textbooks, journals, proceedings, conferences, and abstracts accessed through Agricola, Agris, CAB Abstracts, Embase, MEDLINE, and the Web of Science. The research findings were done by using dairy cattle, sheep, and goat; the numbers of animals used in each experiment were given the majority of attention, and decisions were also made based on the method used to quantify methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide. Enteric CH 4 per unit of milk was reduced by 6–8% when higher-starch corn silage was used in place of barley or alfalfa silage. Cows fed seaweed (1.77–2%, on dry matter [DM] basis) experienced a linear drop in enteric CH 4 emission from 383 to 400 g/d. Supplementation of vegetable fats (6%) and coconut oil (12 g/day) to ruminant diets can decrease CH 4 emissions by 21–40% and 50–61.2%, respectively. Similarly, the addition of 21.5 g nitrate/kg DM reduces CH 4 yield (17%) in sheep. Bovaer can reduce methane emissions (30%) for dairy cows. Feed processing and additives are alternative strategies to minimize GHG production in ruminants, but further studies on additives and their residual effect on livestock output is needed.

Carbon Emission and Footprints of Hospitality Industries in Akure Metropolis, South Western Nigeria

Climate change and global warming have been identified as major threats to the development of existing ecosystem services and local livelihoods. Mitigating greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions has become an urgent global policy trajectory with countries acceding to related Treaties and setting national targets. This forms the basis for undertaken this study with a view to assess and report on the Green House Gas (GHG) emission of some hospitality industries in Akure, Nigeria. Using qualitative methodology, the carbon footprint of thirty hotels was assessed. The hotels were selected based on star ratings and categories. Purposive sampling was used to select the respondents based on management heads of the hotels while the result was presented qualitatively using thematic analysis. Results revealed that the sources of GHGs emissions are constituted by human activities including consumption of electricity, fuel combustion, waste generation and laundry services, of which waste and fuel combustion are the highest factor. Reports also showed that the bigger the hotel in term of star rating and category the higher the carbon and GHG emissions. The evaluated hotels emit significant amount of greenhouse gases each year which is detrimental to environment health, The study recommended further research to assess the applicability of the identified strategies for enhancing environmental performance of hospitality industry and to quantify GHGs emissions from cooling appliance within the hospitality industry in the study area.