Sources Of Gender Differences Research Articles

A Test of "Gender" and "Job" Models of Sex Differences in Job Involvement

The sources of gender differences in subjective job involvement are investigated utilizing cross-sectional and panel data from the 1972–73 and 1977 Quality of Employment Surveys. Analyses do not support previous arguments that differences in gender socialization and family responsibilities are the sources of females' lower involvement with a job. Instead, characteristics of the job setting, in particular work autonomy, are more important determinants of job involvement as men and women generally react similarly to their work conditions. Women are found to be more involved with their jobs than men after controlling differences in work autonomy. The findings also indicate women became more involved with their jobs over the period of study whereas men's subjective involvement decreased.

A Test of "Gender" and "Job" Models of Sex Differences in Job Involvement

The sources of gender differences in subjective job involvement are investigated utilizing cross-sectional and panel data from the 1972–73 and 1977 Quality of Employment Surveys. Analyses do not support previous arguments that differences in gender socialization and family responsibilities are the sources of females' lower involvement with a job. Instead, characteristics of the job setting, in particular work autonomy, are more important determinants of job involvement as men and women generally react similarly to their work conditions. Women are found to be more involved with their jobs than men after controlling differences in work autonomy. The findings also indicate women became more involved with their jobs over the period of study whereas men's subjective involvement decreased.

The Economics of Women, Men, and Work.

Chapter 1 Introduction What Economics Is About Uses of Economic Theory The Scope of Economics Individuals, Families, and Households A Note on Terminology Outline of the Book Appendix: A Review of Supply and Demand in the Labor Market Chapter 2 Women and Men: Historical Perspectives The Source of Gender Differences: Nature versus Nurture-The Ongoing Debate Factors Influencing Women's Relative Status Women's Roles and Economic Development The U.S. Experience Chapter 3 The Family as an Economic Unit: Theoretical Perspectives The Simple Neoclassical Model: Specialization and Exchange Disadvantages of Specialization Advantages of Families Beyond Specialization Transaction Cost and Bargaining Approaches Appendix: Specialization and Exchange: A Graphical Analysis Chapter 4 The Family as an Economic Unit: Evidence Time Spent in Nonmarket Work Estimating the Value of Nonmarket Production The American Family in the Twenty-First Century Chapter 5 The Labor Force: Definitions and Trends The Labor Force: Some Definitions Trends in Labor Force Participation Trends in Labor Force Attachment of Women Trends in Hours Worked Trends in Gender Differences in Unemployment Chapter 6 The Labor Supply Decision The Labor Supply Decision Some Applications of the Theory: Taxes, Child Care Costs, and Labor Supply Analyzing the Long-term Growth in Women's Labor Force Participation Recent Trends in Women's Labor Force Participation: Has the Engine of Growth Stalled? Analyzing Trends in Men's Labor Force Participation Black and White Participation Differentials: Serious Employment Problems for Black Men Appendix: The Income and Substitution Effects: A Closer Look Chapter 7 Evidence on Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes Gender Differences in Occupations The Gender Pay Ratio Gender Differences in Union Membership Gender Differences in Self-Employment Gender Differences in Nonstandard Work Chapter 8 Gender Differences in Educational Attainment: Theory and Evidence Chapter Highlights Supply and Demand Explanations: An Overview What Is Human Capital? Evidence on Gender Differences in Educational Attainment The Educational Investment Decision The Rising College Wage Premium Education and Productivity Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions: the Human Capital Explanation Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions: Social Influences and Anticipation of Discrimination Policy Issues: Title IX-Sports, Academics, and the Status of Single-Sex Education Explaining Women's Rising Educational Attainment Chapter 9 Other Supply-Side Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes: On-the-Job Training, Family Gaps, Psychological Attributes and Math Test Scores On-the-Job Training and Labor Market Experience Why do Firms Pay Tuition Benefits? Gender Differences in Labor Market Experience The On-the-Job Training Investment Decision Experience and Productivity Gender Differences in Training Investment Decisions Occupations and Earnings Family-Related Earnings Gaps Gender Differences in Psychological Attributes A Closer Look at Gender Differences in Math Test Scores Chapter 10 Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in Earnings and Occupations: Supply-Side Factors Versus Labor Market Discrimination Labor Market Discrimination: A Definition Analyzing the Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes Empirical Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in Earnings The Declining Gender Pay Gap Empirical Evidence on the Causes and Consequences of Gender Differences in Occupations Appendix: Regression Analysis and Empirical Estimates of Labor Market Discrimination Chapter 11 Labor Market Discrimination: Theory Theories of Labor Market Discrimination: An Overview Tastes for Discrimination Subtle Barriers Statistical Discrimination The Overcrowding Model Institutional Models (including dual labor markets) Feedback Effects Chapter 12 Government Policies to Combat Employment Discrimination Rationales for Government Intervention Equal Employment Opportunity Laws and Regulations Effectiveness of the Government's Antidiscrimination Effort Affirmative Action Comparable Worth Chapter 13 Changing Work Roles and Family Formation Economic Explanations for Family Formation Marriage Divorce Cohabitation: Opposite-Sex and Same-Sex Couples Fertility Chapter 14 The Changing American Family and Implications for Family Changing Family Structure Poverty: Incidence and Measurement Implications for Children's Well-Being Chapter 15 Government Policies Affecting Family Well-Being Policies to Alleviate Poverty Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) Child Support Enforcement Employment Strategies Taxes, Specialization, and Marriage Federal Income Tax Social Security Chapter 16 Balancing the Competing Demands of Work and Family The Competing Demands of Work and Family Rationales for Government and Employer Policies to Assist Workers Family Leave Child Care Other Employer-Provided Family Friendly Policies Chapter 17 Gender Differences Around the World: An Overview Indicators of Women's Economic Status Labor Force Participation Occupations Earnings Educational Attainment Fertility Housework Women's Role in Government and Their Standing Before the Law Cultural Factors Women's Status: An Assessment Economic Development, Globalization, and Women's Status Chapter 18 Gender Differences Around the World: A Closer Look at Specific Countries and Regions A Comparison of the United States to Other Economically Advanced Countries Challenges Facing Women in Developing Countries Countries of the Former Soviet Bloc Countries of the Middle East and North Africa