Sources Of Financial Support Research Articles

Manifest Destiny’s Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America

May leaves no stone unturned in this definitive study that catalogues every major and minor U.S. filibustering expedition of the 1850s, and even some filibustering projects that never materialized. The first chapter identifies private, non-state-sponsored military expeditions that embarked for Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Subsequent chapters describe the relative ease of recruiting manpower; the significance of filibusterism in the national character of the United States; the multiple reasons for joining filibustering expeditions; efforts by the U.S. government to control the phenomenon; the process of raising money, arms, vessels, and supplies for the expeditions; the failures and often tragic consequences of filibustering efforts; diplomatic and commercial consequences for the United States; the relation of filibusterism to the North-South sectional crisis; and, finally, the legacy of filibusterism.Each of these enormously detailed chapters is based on a mass of documentation from local and federal government sources, private correspondence, and newspapers. The author goes to great lengths to identify the participants of each expedition and to pinpoint their military experience, motivations, and level of involvement. We learn the numbers of participants and, in most cases, the names and condition of ships involved and the amount and sources of financial support. Because most expeditions embarked from New York, Florida, Texas, and California, May makes extensive use of local manuscript collections, law enforcement records, and newspapers. He also consulted records of messages from presidents, State and War Department officials, and military officers, as well as foreign sources when appropriate. The tightly packed endnotes run 106 pages, although unfortunately the volume includes no bibliography. It is hard to imagine any subsequent study uncovering more documentation or adding significantly to this account.The weakness of the organizational scheme is that portions of each filibustering case are covered in different chapters, making it difficult for even the dedicated reader to acquire a complete picture of particular cases. The hundreds of names and organizational details included in the narrative make it even more challenging to follow the thread of individual cases. For example, the career of William Walker, identified by May as “America’s most notorious filibuster” (p. 20), generates approximately two hundred entries in the index.Still, as there are numerous studies of Walker and other filibusters, one must appreciate that this is a book on the phenomenon of filibustering. May provides information about victim countries sufficient to explain their vulnerability and attractiveness to armed adventurers from the outside, but it is not the author’s object to provide comprehensive coverage of the actions of the filibusters or details of conditions in the countries invaded. Rather, the focus is clearly on the individuals who participated in these expeditions and the circumstances in the United States that allowed them to.May’s interpretations appear to be soundly based on the evidence. He leaves little doubt that filibustering, judging by frequency of, and public support for, the expeditions, was central to the national character in the 1850s. Rallies, theatrical performances, public debates, and other public expressions of sympathy justify the author’s claim that this was the heyday of filibustering. On the other hand, May shows that government leaders denounced the expeditions and undertook significant efforts to stop them and prosecute offenders. Filibusters often stated and acted as if Presidents Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, and Buchanan favored their activities or at least winked at violations of neutrality laws. May provides substantial evidence that this was not the case. Presidents understood and supported the nation’s neutrality laws, but inadequate legislation and law enforcement staff, in addition to the general refusal of juries to convict filibusters, frustrated their efforts.While the focus of this study is on the 1850s and U.S.-based expeditions aimed at Cuba, Mexico, and Nicaragua, the author shows that filibustering expeditions were directed toward Canada as well in the early years of the nineteenth century. He also notes that filibustering was not limited to the United States: many European adventurers accompanied expeditions launched from the United States and Europe, and Latin American filibustering expeditions also occurred.This detailed monograph pinpoints motivations and fundraising as no other study has. It uncovers issues largely ignored by previous scholars, particularly the problems caused by filibusterism for recruits, local communities, and government personnel, and connects filibusterism with the war with Mexico and the Civil War. Finally, it amply documents little-known diplomatic controversies arising from filibusterism. The author concludes, correctly, that filibusterism “tarnished the reputation of the United States throughout much of the Western world for a long time afterward” (p. 26).

Accommodating Students

This paper focuses on one aspect of student life, namely housing circumstances. It explores the housing careers and strategies developed by students over the course of their university career, in relation to levels and sources of financial support and aspects of the transition towards independence. It argues that students develop important new skills or adult competencies as they negotiate their way through the housing market, so improving the quality of their accommodation. However, the quality and condition of some student housing was an issue of concern; this was most acutely observed for vulnerable students including those making the first move from the parental home into the private rented sector, and those on limited budgets. There is found to be differential exposure to risk within the student housing market, which is structured by parental affluence and support as well as by the particular labour and housing market contexts of the university locality.

Environmental education, community mobilization and sustainable development in Hong Kong: a comparative perspective

SUMMARY This paper focuses on efforts to promote environmental education and community mobilization around environmental issues in Hong Kong. It is primarily concerned with efforts directed at the broader community (i.e. the population as a whole) rather than with environmental education through formal school and college curricula. The paper draws on a recently completed study commissioned by the Environmental Campaign Committee, the principal source of financial support for such efforts undertaken by environmental NGOs, community groups and educational institutions in Hong Kong. The study examined how and to what effect the Committee had used its financial resources between 1994–1999. It also examined international experience with a view to recommending changes in the overall approach to environmental education and community mobilization initiatives and their funding in Hong Kong. The paper suggests that the existing approach to community-wide environmental education and its funding in Hong Kong have suffered from various weaknesses, most notably the absence of an integrated and goal-oriented strategy, an over-reliance on a ‘top-down’ campaign-based approach, a failure to establish explicit linkages with the concept of sustainable development and to ground initiatives at the local neighbourhood and community levels, and a preoccupation with the financial inputs provided to support this work at the expense of effective monitoring and auditing of project outputs and benefits.

The research situation in abdominal sonography in the gastroenterology departments of university hospitals in the Federal Republic of Germany

Objective of the present study is to provide a current overview of the present state of research in abdominal ultrasound in the gastroenterological departments of university hospitals in Germany. We conducted a survey assessing the number of research projects in progress, sources of financial support, sponsorship by the private sector and publications generated. Reports from 28 of 35 gastroenterological departments responding to the survey indicated that a total of 124 research projects were in progress during the survey period, for an average of 3.5 projects per department. Clinical issues were addressed in 78 studies, technical questions in 33 studies and other questions in 13 studies. Of the 117 publications generated, 50 appeared in German-language journals and 67 in English-language journals. At present, neither the German Research Association (DFG) or the European Union (EU) is financially underwriting an ultrasound research project in the gastroenterological department of any German university hospital. Ultrasound remains the most frequently applied diagnostic imaging technique in gastroenterology. In order to convert the enormous technological progress into improved diagnostic capabilities, there must be a significant expansion in research support for gastrointestinal ultrasound.

A Longitudinal Analysis of Parental Bonds and Relational Competencies during the College Years

ABSTRACT This two-wave longitudinal study spanning the college years examined average change in adolescent-parent bonds, subgroup patterns in change, continuity of bonds, and continuity in the associations between bonds and relational compencies among 247 students attending a large, state-supported southwestern university. Consistent with theoretical approaches emphasizing the enduring nature of family bonds, no average change was found in adolescent-parent relationships during the transition to young adulthood, and correlational evidence indicated continuity in bonds over time. Differences in parental relationships occurred based upon student employment, source of financial support, and distance between home and university. Total correlations between latent constructs representing parental bonds and relational competencies were similar at the two times of measurement; a substantial portion of the T2 relationship between constructs was accounted for by the T, relationship and across-time continuity. An exploratory cluster analysis suggested differential change in parental bonds and competencies for those categorized in a high-scoring cluster on all variables at both time points versus those categorized in a high-scoring cluster at T1 and a low-scoring cluster at T2, and differing patterns of change by gender.

Commercial support and the quandary of continuing medical education.

Commercial funding is a major source of financial support for the continued development and conduct of continuing education activities for physicians. However, we are again beginning to see challenges about who really controls these activities. Questions are being raised about the ethical behavior of physicians, sponsors, and grantors as they relate to compliance with the Standards for Commercial Support and other related documents. The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education, grantors, providers, and physicians are challenged to help each other to comply with the intent, as well as the letter, of the documents. Without an immediate change, the cynicism of the public and the press may begin to drive outside forces to put into place and enforce policies that would be to the detriment of all interested parties.

Crafting smallholder-driven agricultural research systems in Southern Africa

The National Agricultural Research Systems (NARSs) in sub-Saharan Africa have made enormous progress over the past four decades in replacing European with African scientists, increasing the number of scientists and shifting priorities from export to food crops. Nevertheless, most NARSs are having difficulty in producing a steady stream of new technologies for small-scale farms and in generating adequate financial support from their government. Zimbabwe and Malawi are among the first countries in Africa to mount indigenousled reforms of their NARSs. This paper documents the steps taken by the Agricultural Research Council of Zimbabwe to generate a consensus among scientists, farmers and policy makers to reform the National Agricultural Research System by increasing the voice of smallholders and other stakeholders in setting research priorities, making scientists more accountable to smallholders and generating new sources of financial support from user fees and taxes on commodities. Malawi is pursuing a commodity approach to revitalizing its NARSs. The experience of both Zimbabwe and Malawi has shown that there is no blueprint for reforming NARSs in Africa. Donors can assist the reform process by supporting local initiatives to craft smallholder-driven research systems that are staffed with accountable scientists who are adequately financed from local sources.

The hidden economic and societal issues of policies on advanced networking

Much attention has been focused on advancing the state of research networking in Europe. Several countries have made significant strides in their national networks and the European level interconnections of these networks will be improved with the implementation of the trans-European TEN-34 project. As attention turns to funding advanced networks, so the level of financial support that has benefited all countries in the past becomes more focused, with the consequent danger that costs will rise for legacy networks. The Eureka Project EuroCAIRN prepared the foundation work for advanced 34 Mbit/s networking in Europe. The Project's aims expressly require that all of Europe's researchers be able to benefit from advances in networking. It is evident that there will always need to be provision for those countries not ready or not funded to participate at the leading edge to sustain interworking between networks at different levels of technology. Sources of financial support will need to be identified to ensure that the gap in the quality of facilities available to researchers does not widen. Without attention to these issues, European research networking will not present a pan-European pervasive service to all researchers.

University—Industry Collaboration and EC Research Funding

The author looks at how universities and industry are collaborating within the European Union. National governments have only restricted resources to support pure academic research and universities have learned to attract outside funds through working with industry and other partners on joint projects of mutual interest. Academic staff also apply to the European Commission (EC) for research funds. The aim of the EC's Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development has been to strengthen the scientific and technological bases of European industry, enabling it to become more competitive at an international level — this explains in part the thematic and transnational requirements of the Programme. Such constraints may deter or exclude some potential applicants. However, for others, EC funding has provided an additional source of financial support through which, as well as achieving their research and development objectives, they have expanded their working relationship with partners in other countries.

Developing a Daily Money Management Service Model: Navigating the Uncharted Waters of Liability and Viability

This article discusses the development and implementation of a Daily Money Management (DMM) Service within a mature health and social service agency. Although there is increasing recognition of the need for DMM programs, major obstacles to their development include problems of securing adequate financial support and concerns about the liability risks inherent in providing financial services. This article describes an innovative DMM service model developed at Senior Health and Peer Counseling in Santa Monica, California, that has serviced more than 100 elders during its first two years of operation. The article explores the mission, key components and organization of the service model, including the development of a multidisciplinary Technical Advisory Group and a professionally supervised volunteer staff, the service planning and care coordination issues, the risk management protocols, and the need for multiple sources of financial support.

Transitions in fertility research

History reveals that the genesis of progress in fertility research comes chiefly from animal research, and that subsequent applications of this research to humans have touched on many sensitive beliefs, prejudices, religions, and philosophies. Developments in fertility research, when applied to the human, diverge into two sensitive and very complex applied research categories-assisted reproduction and contraception. History also shows that these concurrently progressing research disciplines have undergone vacillating interludes of progress and of being blocked or restricted. Many of the technological improvements considered to be major transitional states in the progress of each of these categories are identified. They include artificial insemination, the invention of the sheath and the intrauterine device, the identification of hormones, and the elucidation of their activities as well as their interdependent relationships, the social acceptance and rejection, early embryo manipulation techniques, enzyme and sperm capacitation, and certain modern techniques involved in assisted fertility. Giant steps occurred in the 1950's with the rapid and seemingly unrestrained upward movement in chemical and clinical research that produced the hormonal contraceptives. This continued into the 1960's with additional advances providing improvements and popular choices such as intrauterine devices. In the following decades, many improvements were realized in both disciplines; however, changes in the legal environment, the litigious attitude of the public, sources of financial support, and basic priorities by industry and governments have caused uncertainty in many areas. The progressive moves seem to have occurred at certain periods when our population was not preoccupied with other matters and tended to pursue intellect and logic. This paper attempts to summarize a portion of the history of discoveries and developments in fertility research within each of the two applied research categories, and thereby to reveal and discuss a few of the underlying factors and the human qualities that impacted on the evolution of fertility research.

Cancer prevention education in United States medical schools

The Cancer Education Survey collected data from 126 of 128 US Medical Schools on the current status of cancer-related educational activities for undergraduate medical students. The study was conducted by a Supervisory Committee of the American Association for Cancer Education, with funding from the American Cancer Society. The survey obtained data concerning institutional characteristics in support of undergraduate medical student cancer education, ie, administrative structures, current cancer-related curricula, sources of financial support, and anticipated changes in these characteristics. Institutions were also queried on specific topics of cancer prevention, detection, and diagnosis that might be taught as identifiable areas of instruction for medical students. Three-fourths of the institutions had a lecture on the principles of cancer screening, and, among those, nearly three-fourths classified it as a part of a required course or rotation. Detection of common cancers is taught in virtually all institutions. The least likely cancer prevention lecture topics are related to prevention and cessation of smoking, a well-verified cancer risk. Also, no consistent pattern emerges that might indicate that association with a cancer center imparts to a medical school a greater emphasis on delivery of cancer prevention topics.

CORPORATE FUNDING: FINDING NEW PARTNERS

Corporate funding is an alternate source of financial support for libraries not to be overlooked. Corporations give grants through corporate foundations, through advertising and marketing budgets, and directly through the corporation's charitable contributions budget. James P. Shannon, former Vice President and Executive Director of the General Mills Foundation, is a leading expert in the area of corporate funding. His book, The Corporate Grant Making Handbook, is scheduled for publication by Jossey‐Bass in April 1991.

Highway finance and the private sector: Issues and alternatives

Private participation in all aspects of transportation has been prevalent throughout the history of the United States. The U.S. approach to transportation finance evolved from European influence. Particularly, the English economist Adam Smith described the role of public works in facilitating national commerce. The notion of user charges or tolls as opposed to general revenue as the source of financial support was offered as a means for constructing and maintaining roads. Highway and transportation development has undergone significant changes in the last few decades. The 1970s ushered in an era of escalating costs of highway development and maintenance. Dependency on imports of foreign oil, global economics, and related events affecting the supply and demand of motor vehicle fuel have had dramatic effects on contemporary means of funding highway programs in the U.S. In responses to this funding dilemma states highway officials began exploring various alternatives for funding transportation improvements. The role of transportation agencies has changed in emphasis since the 1950s. A variety of financial, legal, and logistical issues have forced governments to closely evaluate options for transportation development and finance. State responses to these issues vary. However, there remain a variety of funding alternatives including financing districts, impact fees, tax increment financing, toll financing, and private sector funding.

Profession et pouvoir en sciences sociales aux États-Unis

Norman Bowen, Profession and Power in the Social Sciences in the United States The professionalization of social science in the United States resulted in a utilitarian rather than a pure conception of science. University-based social scientists established knowledge claims based on positivist theories of science, but did so as part of a large strategy aimed at influencing progressive reform, gaining access to government and obtaining reliable independent sources of financial support. Science was indissociable from a belief in American democracy itself. Formalized ties to government research and private foundations allowed for expanded legitimacy and especially considerable influence over the process of the restructuring of the American state in the Twentieth Century. However, social science remained vulnerable to partisan attacks inherent in the American political process, especially periodic anti-communism, and generally defended itself with claims to scientific neutrality.

The Impact of Sodal Networks on the Duration of Post-Migration Job Searches

Social networks are known to play an important role in the migration process. This paper examines the impact of these networks on the duration of job searches after migration in Malaysia. Along with education and length of previous work experience, the impact on the job search duration of the manner by which the migrant finds employment as weIl as the source of financial support, were assessed. Regression analysis revealed that migrants with more work experience as weIl as those who received financial support from friendslrelatives took significantly longer to find employment after migration. There was no difference in the duration of searches between mi grants who relied on friends/relatives to find jobs and others. The reasons for and the implications of these findings are discussed.

Commentary: On the Virtues of Self-Study

The National Science Foundation is part-some would say the centerpiece-of America's vastly successful research system. Hailed as the source of financial support for mostly basic, mostly academic, research creativity, NSF is a symbol of the U.S. federal investment in science. The symbolism counts. For part of NSF's mystique, and the source of much of its moral power, is the system by which it allocates scarce resources to good ideas-peer review. NSF's success in supporting science, however, has attracted so many participants that it has lost efficiency, then clarity, and perhaps, according to some, its mission. Peer review has been the lightning rod for criticisms of a beleaguered funding system. It is burdened with too much responsibility and too few resources to satisfy the formidable demands of our research work force. The system is being overwhelmed by its participants. McCullough (this issue) says it well:

Future Directions for Community-Based Long-Term Care Research

The gap between community-based care requirements and the supply of service supports has been widely recognized. There has been little attention given, however, to the factors affecting the supply. The presumption has been that communities strive with equal effort to meet the demands of their elderly subpopulation. A close look at communities in terms of their urban services reveals that each community makes allocation decisions on the basis of its unique mix of income sources, including both governmental and voluntary, and political characteristics. While more services could be refinanced with federal dollars, individual community characteristics play a major role in determining the ability of localities to attract other sources of financial support.

The Unsolicited Playscript…and Its Almost Inevitable Return

If the playwright is the most written about of all theatre practitioners, he or she is also, financially, the least underwritten. Despite the emergence of a Theatre Writers' Union during the 'seventies, the path for the novice writer into the profession remains as uncertain as ever, and security is tenuous even for the established dramatist. Christine Eccles has worked in the theatre both as a director and as a member of that elusive species, the playreader, and is currently reviewing for Time Out and Plays International. Here, she looks at the various ways in which a script may – or, more probably, may not – reach the stage, and at the few sources of financial support for the aspiring playwright. NTQ will be looking in depth at each of the major areas here outlined in future issues.

Funding Library Automation

A successful automation project combines a sound financial plan with convincing arguments, thoughtful strategies, and sensitive treatment of potential supporters. A proposal that details costs and returns is as essential to raising funds as a well‐ conceived technical plan. Sources of financial support include governing bodies, foundations, granting agencies, businesses, and individuals. Creative alternatives for financing library automation are mentioned.