Source Of Feedback Research Articles

Anticipation in Sharp Shooting: Cognitive Structures in Detecting Performance Errors

ObjectivesExpert motor performance of closed skills requires refined monitoring of external visual reference points and internal body signals. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether shooters at different skill can detect performance variations by attending to varied sources of signals. DesignA mixed factorial design was used to examine the study’s objectives. Specifically, awareness to performance in sharp shooting was examined via visual access or occlusion of visual feedback performed by skilled and less skilled shooters. MethodThirteen pistol shooters performed 60 rounds of live pistol shooting. A linear distance between the actual and estimated shots (LEE) was used as a dependent measure. Aiming the pistol was sustained for one of two-time intervals (2s and 6s) before allowing shooting. Half of the trials were performed under an occluded vision condition. Estimations of the shots’ outcome and retrospective verbal reports were recorded immediately after completion of the task. ResultsThe analyses revealed that less skilled shooters' estimation of performance was significantly hampered when they estimated performance errors in the occluded vision condition. Furthermore, skilled shooters reported access to more complex sources of knowledge and feedback for detecting performance errors than less skilled shooters. ConclusionsError-detection can be considered as an anticipatory skill in a self-paced sport in which the complexity of feedback resources available for detecting performance errors changes with acquired skill. This skill develops through skill acquisition and refinement.

Do You See What I See? Reflections on the Relationship Between Transparency and Trust.

The prospect of a more transparent society sounds promising. Advocates of transparency envision a future in which public trust in institutions and peoples' trust in one another run high because all information worth viewing is readily available and open to scrutiny. As health professionals, administrators, and educators work to enact this vision, careful consideration must be given to complex processes through which transparency occurs. Using examples from the 2019 Academic Medicine Trainee-Authored Letters to the Editor, this Invited Commentary describes two ways of framing transparency. The first, and most common, characterizes transparency as the transmission of information and focuses primarily on the accuracy, objectivity, and comprehensiveness of this information. The second identifies transparency as a social process comprising communicative acts that involve three components: the content, the viewer, and the medium. By calling attention to the relationships, interactions, and materials involved when information is shared, the latter, more social perspective illuminates potential gaps in the current framing of transparency as an ideal and a valued source of knowledge and feedback for health professionals. Calling attention to the complexities of informational transparency, particularly as part of health professions education, may be an important step in efforts to fulfill the goals that likely lie at the heart of transparency efforts-namely, the desire to develop and nurture healthy relationships grounded in honesty and trust.

What Is the Influence of Peer Feedback and Author Response on Chinese University Students’ English Writing Performance?

ABSTRACTEnhancing writing pedagogy in university‐based courses for students of English as a foreign language has been a long‐term goal of educators and researchers. Most recent work, however, has relied on qualitative methodologies that limit our capacity to generalize findings. In this quantitative study, the authors adopted a quasi‐experimental control group design to investigate effects of peer feedback and author response on university students’ writing performance in a context of English as a foreign language. A total of 198 sophomores majoring in English took part in a 15‐week research study. The authors conducted a repeated‐measures analysis of covariance to examine the effects of a traditional teacher feedback instructional group compared with an experimental peer feedback group. Results showed that the peer feedback group showed a significantly greater writing performance gain than the traditional teacher feedback group. Furthermore, follow‐up analyses focusing on the experimental group that relied on a series of multiple regressions showed that both the quality of students’ feedback and the quality of their author responses were significant and stable predictors of students’ writing performance. Results also showed that the quality of students’ author responses had a slightly larger impact on writing performance than the quality of students’ feedback. This study provides clear evidence of the power of formative peer feedback as an approach to support learning that both empowers students and addresses widely cited problems that arise when the instructor is the only source of feedback in a writing course.

Mathematical Analysis of a Prototypical Autocatalytic Reaction Network.

Network autocatalysis, which is autocatalysis whereby a catalyst is not directly produced in a catalytic cycle, is likely to be more common in chemistry than direct autocatalysis is. Nevertheless, the kinetics of autocatalytic networks often does not exactly follow simple quadratic or cubic rate laws and largely depends on the structure of the network. In this article, we analyzed one of the simplest and most chemically plausible autocatalytic networks where a catalytic cycle is coupled to an ancillary reaction that produces the catalyst. We analytically analyzed deviations in the kinetics of this network from its exponential growth and numerically studied the competition between two networks for common substrates. Our results showed that when quasi-steady-state approximation is applicable for at least one of the components, the deviation from the exponential growth is small. Numerical simulations showed that competition between networks results in the mutual exclusion of autocatalysts; however, the presence of a substantial noncatalytic conversion of substrates will create broad regions where autocatalysts can coexist. Thus, we should avoid the accumulation of intermediates and the noncatalytic conversion of the substrate when designing experimental systems that need autocatalysis as a source of positive feedback or as a source of evolutionary pressure.

Low-order multiphysics coupling techniques for nuclear reactor applications

The accurate modeling and simulation of nuclear reactor designs depends greatly on the ability to couple differing sets of physics together. Current coupling techniques most often use a fixed-point, or Picard, iteration scheme in which each set of physics is solved separately, and the resulting solutions are passed between each solver. In the work presented here, two different coupling techniques are investigated: a Jacobian-Free Newton-Krylov (JFNK) approach and a new methodology called Coarse Mesh Finite Difference Coupling (CMFD-Coupling). In this work, both techniques were applied to the low-order CMFD system of equations. This allows for the multiphysics feedback effects to be captured on the low-order system without having to perform a neutron transport solve.The JFNK and CMFD-Coupling approaches were implemented in the MPACT neutron transport code, which is being developed for the Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors (CASL). These methods were tested on a wide range of practical reactor physics problems, from a single 3D fuel pin to a massively parallel 3D full core problem. When coupled neutronics-thermal hydraulics problems were investigated with both JFNK and CMFD-Coupling, it was concluded that CMFD-Coupling outperformed JFNK in terms of both accuracy and runtime for every problem. When applied to large full core problems with multiple sources of strong feedback enabled, CMFD-Coupling reduced the overall number of transport sweeps required for convergence.

Air- and Bone-Conducted Sources of Feedback With an Active Middle Ear Implant.

Active middle ear implants (AMEI) have been used to treat hearing loss in patients for whom conventional hearing aids are unsuccessful for varied biologic or personal reasons. Several studies have discussed feedback as a potential complication of AMEI usage, though the feedback pathway is not well understood. While reverse propagation of an acoustic signal through the ossicular chain and tympanic membrane constitutes an air-conducted source of feedback, the implanted nature of the device microphone near the mastoid cortex suggests that bone conduction pathways may potentially be another significant factor. This study examines the relative contributions of potential sources of feedback during stimulation with an AMEI. Four fresh-frozen, hemi-sectioned, human cadaver specimens were prepared with a mastoid antrostomy and atticotomy to visualize the posterior incus body. A Carina active middle ear implant actuator (Cochlear Ltd., Boulder, CO) was coupled to the incus by two means: (1) a stereotactic arm mounted independently of the specimen and (2) a fixation bracket anchored directly to the mastoid cortical bone. The actuator was driven with pure-tone frequencies in 1/4 octave steps from 500 to 6000 Hz. Acoustic sound intensity in the ear canal was measured with a probe tube microphone (Bruel & Kjær, Nærum, Denmark). Bone-conducted vibration was quantified with a single-axis laser Doppler vibrometer (Polytec Inc., Irvine, CA) from both a piece of reflective tape placed on the skin overlying the mastoid and a bone-anchored titanium screw and pedestal (Cochlear Ltd., Centennial, CO) implanted in the cortical mastoid bone. Microphone measurements revealed ear-canal pressures of 60-89 dB SPL, peaking in the frequency range below 2 kHz. Peak LDV measurements were greatest on the mastoid bone (0.32-0.79 mm/s with mounting bracket and 0.21-0.36 mm/s with the stereotactic suspension); peak measurements on the skin ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 mm/s with the bracket and 0.03 to 0.13 mm/s with stereotactic suspension. AMEI produce both air- and bone-conducted signals of adequate strength to be detected by the implanted device microphone, potentially resulting in reamplification. Understanding the relative contribution of these sources may play an important role in the development of targeted mitigation algorithms, as well as surgical techniques emphasizing acoustic isolation.

Criminal Courts as Inhabited Institutions: Making Sense of Difference and Similarity in Sentencing

An inhabited institutions perspective views institutions from the bottom up, as “inhabited” by individual and organizational actors who have agency, rather than as static, top-down structures. Criminal justice structures and policies, such as those that govern courts and their sentencing decisions, are dependent on court participants. From this perspective, several conclusions emerge. First, theory and methods in the study of courts and sentencing are out of balance: theories emphasize interpretation, culture, and processes, while empirical inquiries focus largely on statistical studies of aggregates and outcomes. Second, the inhabited institutions perspective blurs the lines between the discretions of specific participants such as prosecutors and judges. Rather than attempt to parse the discretion of individual actors, we should study the interactions that jointly produce discretionary decisions. Third, we should focus on specific organizational mechanisms that produce both uniformity and variation between courts. Finally, variation between courts in sentencing practices should be understood not as a nuisance in top-down imposition of sentencing policies, but as a valuable but underappreciated source of policy feedback and learning.

Testing massive star evolution, star formation history, and feedback at low metallicity

Stars that start their lives with spectral types O and early B are the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae, long gamma-ray bursts, neutron stars, and black holes. These massive stars are the primary sources of stellar feedback in star-forming galaxies. At low metallicities, the properties of massive stars and their evolution are not yet fully explored. Here we report a spectroscopic study of 320 massive stars of spectral types O (23 stars) and B (297 stars) in the Wing of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The spectra, which we obtained with the ESO Very Large Telescope, were analyzed using state-of-the-art stellar atmosphere models, and the stellar parameters were determined. We find that the stellar winds of our sample stars are generally much weaker than theoretically expected. The stellar rotation rates show broad, tentatively bimodal distributions. The upper Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (HRD) is well populated by the stars of our sample from a specific field in the SMC Wing. A few very luminous O stars are found close to the main sequence, while all other, slightly evolved stars obey a strict luminosity limit. Considering additional massive stars in evolved stages, with published parameters and located all over the SMC, essentially confirms this picture. The comparison with single-star evolutionary tracks suggests a dichotomy in the fate of massive stars in the SMC. Only stars with an initial mass below ∼30 M⊙ seem to evolve from the main sequence to the cool side of the HRD to become a red supergiant and to explode as type II-P supernova. In contrast, stars with initially more than ∼30 M⊙ appear to stay always hot and might evolve quasi chemically homogeneously, finally collapsing to relatively massive black holes. However, we find no indication that chemical mixing is correlated with rapid rotation. We measured the key parameters of stellar feedback and established the links between the rates of star formation and supernovae. Our study demonstrates that in metal-poor environments stellar feedback is dominated by core-collapse supernovae in combination with winds and ionizing radiation supplied by a few of the most massive stars. We found indications of the stochastic mode of massive star formation, where the resulting stellar population is fully capable of producing large-scale structures such as the supergiant shell SMC-SGS 1 in the Wing. The low level of feedback in metal-poor stellar populations allows star formation episodes to persist over long timescales.

In-canopy sensors for state estimation of precision guided airdrop systems

Guided airdrop systems have traditionally used position and velocity information from a GPS receiver as their only source of feedback. The use of additional sensors in the guidance units is challenging because sensors in the guidance unit are in close proximity to powerful electric motors. Furthermore, there is a large amount of relative motion between the guidance unit and the parachute as they are coupled by a flexible network of rigging lines. By placing sensors in the parachute itself, it is possible to obtain accurate estimates of the canopy motion and orientation with low-cost sensors requiring minimal calibration. Specialized in-canopy sensor pods were developed to provide distributed sensing throughout a parachute canopy and a sensor fusion algorithm was developed to combine the raw data from these sensor pods into useful canopy state estimates. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated first in simulation, and then with flight test results on full-scale airdrop systems. The rich feedback signal available from in-canopy sensors can provide improved datasets for more detailed system identification as well as enabling novel guidance, navigation and control approaches which will lead directly to improved landing accuracy.

Is coworker feedback more important than supervisor feedback for increasing innovative behavior?

A growing body of research explores human resource management practices that encourage employees to innovate. In this study, we examine the links between different sources of feedback (supervisor and coworker) and employees’ innovative behavior. Drawing on social exchange theory and the job demands‐resources theory, we first propose that work engagement and psychological contract breach mediate the relationship between supervisor feedback and employees’ innovative behavior. Second, we propose a moderated mediation model in which coworker feedback attenuates the relationships between supervisor feedback and employees’ innovative behavior through the mediating mechanisms of both work engagement and psychological contract breach. Using three waves of multisource data from 300 Chinese employees and their 64 supervisors, we found a dual‐mediation pathway by which employees’ work engagement and perceptions of psychological contract breach mediate the influence of supervisor feedback on innovative behavior. Our results also show that coworker feedback can be used to supplement the lack of supervisor feedback when required. Organizations are advised to ensure that employees obtain regular feedback from multiple sources because such feedback can promote employees’ work engagement and perceptions that the organization is upholding its side of the psychological contract, which fosters employees’ innovative behavior.

Point of interest recommendation based on social and linked open data

Location-based services (LBSs) are part of our daily lives due to the huge spread of mobile devices. Such services enable us to access relevant and up-to-date information about our current surroundings at any time and everywhere. The adoption of a data-driven semantic layer coexisting with the traditional Web could help further improve LBSs, allowing them to overcome the barriers imposed by closed databases that do not take advantage of the large amount of public data available on the Internet. In this article, we propose a personalized recommender system of points of interest (POIs) located near the user’s current position, which makes use of the gold mine represented by linked open data (LOD). The target user profile is constructed and updated using two differente sources of feedback. The former is obtained by analyzing her activity on social media (i.e., Facebook). The latter is attained by inviting the user to express her interests and preferences as ratings of a sample of selected images representing specific categories of POIs. Experimental tests performed on real users allowed us to verify the good performance in terms of perceived accuracy and normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG). Statistical tests also enabled us to verify the significance of all the obtained results.

Milestone Implementation's Impact on Narrative Comments and Perception of Feedback for Internal Medicine Residents: a Mixed Methods Study.

Feedback is a critical element of graduate medical education. Narrative comments on evaluation forms are a source of feedback for residents. As a shared mental model for performance, milestone-based evaluations may impact narrative comments and resident perception of feedback. To determine if milestone-based evaluations impacted the quality of faculty members' narrative comments on evaluations and, as an extension, residents' perception of feedback. Concurrent mixed methods study, including qualitative analysis of narrative comments and survey of resident perception of feedback. Seventy internal medicine residents and their faculty evaluators at the University of Utah. Faculty narrative comments from 248 evaluations pre- and post-milestone implementation were analyzed for quality and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competency by area of strength and area for improvement. Seventy residents were surveyed regarding quality of feedback pre- and post-milestone implementation. Qualitative analysis of narrative comments revealed nearly all evaluations pre- and post-milestone implementation included comments about areas of strength but were frequently vague and not related to competencies. Few evaluations included narrative comments on areas for improvement, but these were of higher quality compared to areas of strength (p<0.001). Overall resident perception of quality of narrative comments was low and did not change following milestone implementation (p = 0.562) for the 86% of residents (N = 60/70) who completed the pre- and post-surveys. The quality of narrative comments was poor, and there was no evidence of improved quality following introduction of milestone-based evaluations. Comments on areas for improvement were of higher quality than areas of strength, suggesting an area for targeted intervention. Residents' perception of feedback quality did not change following implementation of milestone-based evaluations, suggesting that in the post-milestone era, internal medicine educators need to utilize additional interventions to improve quality of feedback.

WHAT THE TEACHERS WANT – The Potential for Peer Coaching

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Introduction: Faculty development offerings are appreciated by physicians who teach as part of their lifelong learning strategy. However, traditional formats of faculty development present challenges for participation. These teachers also appreciate feedback on their educational activities but are frequently limited by receiving only feedback from learners, which while valuable, have their limitations. Program: A peer coaching program was developed in order to provide teachers with another source of feedback. Limitations and important considerations of such a program are described. Conclusion: Although limitations exist, this peer coaching program has potential as a faculty development program that addresses needs and barriers of physician teachers.

Work integrated learning internships in transnational education

Purpose Research into employability initiatives such as work integrated learning (WIL) in transnational education (TNE) is scarce, and the alumni voice in TNE is largely unreported. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to TNE research by investigating the value of internship electives in the TNE campus location. Design/methodology/approach A grounded theory approach employed semi-structured interviews with local business undergraduate alumni in Vietnam. Findings Internships were instrumental to local graduate employment transitions. University support of WIL internships was a valuable differentiator in the Vietnamese university context, where internships lack formal support mechanisms. Alumni regarded internships as transformational learning journeys, rather than simply as pathways to post-graduate jobs. Research limitations/implications The scope of the study was Vietnam. Findings imply the importance of incorporating local stakeholder perspectives into TNE, particularly regarding WIL. Practical implications Universities that operate in transnational environments must meet local stakeholder needs by providing authentic, industry-related learning activities. The findings support the integration of WIL internships into TNE programmes in Vietnam and further research relevant to other TNE contexts. Originality/value The study contributes to underdeveloped TNE research around employability in general, and more specifically about the particular value of internships in TNE campus locations. Alumni stakeholders constitute uniquely valuable feedback sources based on their shared experience as TNE students, interns and graduate employees in local work environments. Their insights enable universities to facilitate locally relevant learning outcomes.

Restorative effects of awe on negative affect after receiving negative performance feedback

The present study investigated the discrete positive effects of awe on negative job affect (NJA) arising from receiving negative performance feedback from a work supervisor or a co-worker. The participants were 131 business professionals and students at a large university in Kenya (females = 46%; age range 25 to 65 years). They participated in an experiment in which the emotion of awe was manipulated in an imagined situation where the participants received negative performance feedback from either a work supervisor or co-worker. Regression analyses of the data indicated that awe predicted a lower negative affect for negative feedback. Moreover, the indirect effects of the source of feedback on negative affect modulation were more significant for feedback received from co-workers than from supervisors. The positive emotion of awe may help one cope with negative performance feedback in a work setting.

Cosmological simulations of dwarfs: the need for ISM physics beyond SN feedback alone

The dominant feedback mechanism in low mass haloes is usually assumed to take the form of massive stars exploding as supernovae (SNe). We perform very high resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations of five dwarf galaxies to z = 4 with our mechanical SN feedback model. This delivers the correct amount of momentum corresponding to the stage of the SN remnant evolution resolved, and has been shown to lead to realistic dwarf properties in isolated simulations. We find that in 4 out of our 5 simulated cosmological dwarfs, SN feedback has insufficient impact resulting in excessive stellar masses, extremely compact sizes and central super-solar stellar metallicities. The failure of the SN feedback in our dwarfs is physical in nature within our model and is the result of the build up of very dense gas in the early universe due to mergers and cosmic inflows prior to the first SN occurring. We demonstrate that our results are insensitive to resolution (provided that it is high enough), details of the (spatially uniform) UV background and reasonable alterations within our star formation prescription. We therefore conclude that the ability of SNe to regulate dwarf galaxy properties is dependent on other physical processes, such as turbulent pressure support, clustering and runaway of SN progenitors and other sources of stellar feedback.

Views of physiotherapists from a low resource setting about physiotherapy at a distance: a qualitative study

Objective: This study was designed to explore the perceptions of Nigerian physiotherapists about tele-physiotherapy.Methods: Focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to collect data. Two FGDs, involving six purposively selected physiotherapists from health institutions in Ibadan, Nigeria were conducted. The FGD was moderated using a focus guide and probes were used until data reached a point of saturation. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis.Results: Four themes (Knowledge, sources of information, feedback and usability and benefits) were generated. Participants reported that tele-physiotherapy is similar to telemedicine and it involves the use of modern communication facilities. Their sources of information were majorly from seminars, colleagues and published scientific articles. They reported that tele-physiotherapy helps to improve access to healthcare services especially in circumstances where physical access to health care facilities is limited and it is effective. Inadequate infrastructures, internet fraud, quackery, lack of confidentiality could limit the use of tele-physiotherapy in Nigeria.Conclusion: Physiotherapists in Nigeria have a positive perception about the practice of physiotherapy at a distance. It is hoped that this translates to the implementation of tele-physiotherapy in Nigeria clinical practice. However, investment in critical infrastructure is needed to transform its potential into a credible source of physiotherapy service.

High-order thalamic inputs to primary somatosensory cortex are stronger and longer lasting than cortical inputs

Layer (L) 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) are sparsely active, spontaneously and during sensory stimulation. Long-range inputs from higher areas may gate L2/3 activity. We investigated their in vivo impact by expressing channelrhodopsin in three main sources of feedback to rat S1: primary motor cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, and secondary somatosensory thalamic nucleus (the posterior medial nucleus, POm). Inputs from cortical areas were relatively weak. POm, however, more robustly depolarized L2/3 cells and, when paired with peripheral stimulation, evoked action potentials. POm triggered not only a stronger fast-onset depolarization but also a delayed all-or-none persistent depolarization, lasting up to 1 s and exhibiting alpha/beta-range oscillations. Inactivating POm somata abolished persistent but not initial depolarization, indicating a recurrent circuit mechanism. We conclude that secondary thalamus can enhance L2/3 responsiveness over long periods. Such timescales could provide a potential modality-specific substrate for attention, working memory, and plasticity.

Provision of feedback to medical teachers on their educational performance: perspectives of internal medicine teachers.

PurposeTeachers’ evaluation and giving feedback on their educational performance has been a great concern of all medical universities, especially in clinical settings. The opinion of teachers (as feedback recipients) about the feedback process and its usefulness is very critical for the feedback to be effective. This study aimed to identify the perspectives of internal medicine teachers on receiving feedback about their educational performance.Materials and methodsIn a qualitative content analysis study, from October 2016 to July 2017, 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with the internal medicine teachers selected purposefully. Recorded and transcribed interviews were analyzed using an inductive content analysis approach.ResultsThree themes emerged: “Feedback elements”, “Feedback outcomes”, and “Effective feedback strategies”. The first includes two categories: human and background elements. “Human elements” consists of three subcategories including “Sources of feedback”, “Feedback provider”, and “Feedback recipient”. “Background elements” includes three subcategories which are the underlying conditions in the feedback process: “Performing performance”, “Data collection”, and “Giving feedback”. The third theme contains three categories: “Developing a systemic approach to feedback”, “Appropriate educational policies for teacher recruitment and promotion”, and “Using others’ experiences”.ConclusionThe current study represents clinical teachers’ opinions about the feedback elements, issues affecting the feedback process, and their recommendations for effective feedback. All these helped the researchers to develop a feedback cycle, which starts with “performing the performance” and continues with “performance data collection”, “data analysis and interpretation”, “feedback presentation”, and “feedback follow-up”. The researchers recommend the feedback officials to study teachers’ opinions obtained in the current study and use the feedback cycle to provide more effective feedback.

Neurons in FEF Keep Track of Items That Have Been Previously Fixated in Free Viewing Visual Search.

When searching a visual scene for a target, we tend not to look at items or locations we have already searched. It is thought that this behavior is driven by an inhibitory tagging mechanism that inhibits responses on priority maps to the relevant items. We hypothesized that this inhibitory tagging signal should be represented as an elevated response in neurons that keep track of stimuli that have been fixated. We recorded from 231 neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF) of 2 male animals performing a visual foraging task, in which they had to find a reward linked to one of five identical targets (Ts) among five distractors. We identified 38 neurons with activity that was significantly greater when the stimulus in the receptive field had been fixated previously in the trial than when it had not been fixated. The response to a fixated object began before the saccade ended, suggesting that this information is remapped. Unlike most FEF neurons, the activity in these cells was not suppressed during active fixation, had minimal motor responses, and did not change through the trial. Yet using traditional classifications from a memory-guided saccade, they were indistinguishable from the rest of the FEF population. We propose that these neurons keep track of any items that have been fixated within the trial and this signal is propagated by remapping. These neurons could be the source of the inhibitory tagging signal to parietal cortex, where a neuronal instantiation of inhibitory tagging is seen.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT When we search a scene for an item, we rarely examine the same location twice. It is thought that this is due to a neural mechanism that keeps track of the items at which we have looked. Here we identified a subset of neurons in the frontal eye field that preferentially responded to items that had been fixated earlier in the trial. These responses were remapped, appearing before the saccade even ended, and were not suppressed during maintained fixation. We propose that these neurons keep track of which items have been examined in search and could be the source of feedback that creates the inhibitory tagging seen in parietal cortex.