Source Of Environmental Pollution Research Articles

Техногенные отходы Ковдорского ГОКа — сырье для неформованных материалов

The article is devoted to the development of unshaped materials from industrial waste. Refractory concrete is the most popular, it consists from filler, binder and additives, which is harden under normal conditions and has limited shrinkage at application temperature. Concretes from the technogenic wastes of the Kovdor GOK using magnesium phosphate cement were obtained. As a result of studies, the grain composition of the charge was selected, the ratio of filler and binder to improve the structural properties of concrete was established, the effect of the composition and temperature of thermal treatment of concrete on the physical and technical properties were determined. The replacement of traditional fired refractories with non-fired concretes makes it possible to speed up the construction and repair of thermal units, to adopt fundamentally new technical solutions in the development of furnace designs and leads to an increase in their operational characteristics. Utilization of such waste will lead to a qualitatively new use of non-renewable natural resources, the elimination of sources of environmental pollution and the reclamation of lands occupied by waste.

Temporal variation and risk assessment of heavy metals and nutrients from water and sediment in a stormwater pond, Brazil

Abstract Urban watercourses are under pressure owing to the inflow of environmental pollutants from stormwater and effluent. The concentrations of heavy metals, ammoniacal nitrogen, total phosphorus (TP), and physicochemical parameters were monitored in a sediment pond in the Brazilian Midwest. The correlation between the variables and the degree of sediment contamination was verified using the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF), and Pollutant Load Index (PLI). The general concentrations of the metals were in the order Mn > B > Ba > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni in the water and Mn > Cr > Ba ≥ B > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb in the sediment. The concentrations of Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and TP in the water exceeded the regulatory limits at least one time. The mean concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Ni in the sediment samples were 6.32, 1.63, and 2.61 higher than standard values. The applied geochemical indices indicated a moderate to a very high degree of sediment contamination, suggesting the anthropogenic origin of Cr, Cu, and Ni. Significant Pearson correlations were observed between turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), Ba, Cr, Mn, Zn, and TP. Ponds and urban lakes require maintenance or may become a source of environmental pollutants.

Nitrogen atmospheric deposition driven by seasonal processes in a Brazilian region with agricultural background.

Understanding the seasonal patterns and influencing factors of nitrogen atmospheric deposition is essential to evaluate human impacts on the air quality and nitrogen biogeochemical cycle. However, evaluation of the nitrogen deposition flux, especially in South America agricultural regions, has not been fully investigated. In this paper, we quantified the atmospheric wet deposition fluxes of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), in a region with agricultural and livestock predominance in the Southern Minas Gerais region, Brazil, from May 2018 to April 2019. Deposition fluxes of nitrogen species in the wet season (October-March) were on average 4.8-fold higher than those in the dry season, which revealed significant seasonal variations driven largely by the seasonality of rainfall and agricultural operations. We also found high NO3-/NH4+ ratios (average = 8.25), with higher values in dry season (NO3-/NH4+ = 12.8) in comparison with wet season (NO3-/NH4+ = 4.48), which revealed a higher relative contribution of NOx emissions from traffic sources in dry season. We also estimated the influence of atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen (N-DIN) on environmental ecosystems, being 2.01 kgNha-1year-1 with potential risk of acidification and eutrophication of 30%. Therefore, attention should be paid to the role of wet atmospheric deposition of nitrogen as a source of nitrogen environmental pollution in agricultural regions.

An integrated method for evaluating the energy-saving and economic operation of power systems with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers

Chinese population is numerous. Energy resources are limited. The ownership of per capita resource is far lower than the world average level. China is in the process of industrialization and urbanization, but energy resources are consumed and environmental pollution is serious. The energy crisis and environmental protection has restricted our country economy development and social harmony. As a source of energy consumption and environmental pollution, power industry is one of the important fields of energy saving and emission reduction. The reasonable power dispatch is the breakthrough to reduce the energy consumption and environmental pollution. In this paper, we first introduce some operations on interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets, such as Heronian mean (HM) operator and Dombi operations, etc., and further develop the induced interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Dombi weighted Heronian mean (I-IVIFDWHM) operator. We also establish some desirable properties of this operator, such as commutativity, idempotency and monotonicity. Then, we apply the I-IVIFDWHM operator to deal with the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy multiple attribute decision making (MADM) problems. Finally, an illustrative example for evaluating the energy-saving and economic operation of power systems is given to verify the developed approach.

Processing of tyre data for rolling noise prediction through a statistical modelling approach

Nowadays, tyre/road noise represents one of the main sources of environmental pollution. For this reason, tyre/road noise models are fundamental to support the design of more silent products. In this paper, a statistical modelling approach is discussed, with particular focus on the identification and processing of noise-related tyre/road parameters. At first, the workflow for the development of a statistical tyre/road noise model is described. This strategy is then applied to the prediction of sound intensity levels of indoor tests performed on drum at different rolling speeds. The measurement of input and output data and their processing are discussed and applied to the define a suitable database. The proposed approach is then tested with a neural network. The results show the potential of the presented methodology in terms of selection of descriptive parameters and features’ extraction procedure.

Identification and Assessment of Groundwater and Soil Contamination from an Informal Landfill Site

Landfills are a potential source of local environmental pollution of all kinds, and the gradual destruction of seepage-proof structures in informal landfills will lead to contamination of the surrounding soil and groundwater environment. In this study, an informal landfill site in eastern China is used as the research object. Using technologies such as unmanned vessels and monitoring well imaging to delineate the amount and distribution of polluting media, sampling of the surrounding soil, sediment, groundwater, and surface water for testing, analysis, and evaluation is carried out visually and finely for heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and other indicators. The test results show that volatile phenols are the main contaminant species in the shallow groundwater, chlorinated hydrocarbons and benzene were prevalent in the deep groundwater, hexachlorobenzene and lead in the surface soil, and di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate in the deep soil (5.5 m), with a maximum exceedance of 1.24 times. Nearly 10 years have passed since the waste dumping incident at the landfill, but characteristic contaminants are still detected in the topsoil of the dumping area, which shows the long-term nature of the environmental impact of illegal dumping on the site. The study recommends that when developing a comprehensive remediation plan, the persistence of the environmental impact of the waste should be considered and appropriate remediation measures should be screened.

Ultrasonic sensing of properties of eco-friendly cement mortar

Cement is one of the essential construction materials required to develop concrete and mortar; therefore, it is vital in developing cities' infrastructure and maintaining human civilisation. However, cement production is recognised as a major source of many environmental problems, including air and water pollution. This paper, therefore, focused on the partial replacement (from 0 to 40%) of cement in the mortars with industrial by-products and on the application of ultrasonic waves as a sensing approach to evaluate the mechanical properties of the new cement mortar. The compressive strength of the eco-friendly mortar was measured at ages of 7, 14, and 28 days, and the results showed the best compressive strength of the eco-friendly mortar was 19.8 MPa at 28 days compared to 23.9 MPa of the reference mix. Additionally, a good agreement was noticed between the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and the compressive strength confirming the applicability of the UPV for compressive strength sensing.

Short-term atmospheric pollution monitoring in a selection of European capitals

Air pollution is increasing in the context of uncontrolled emissions from human activities, mostly from industry, transportation and agriculture. Urban agglomerations concentrate most environmental pollution sources, given the high population density and their needs of transportation and energy, both of electrical and thermal types, along with huge quantities of wastes, whose improper management leads to heavy pollutant emissions in atmosphere, but also to pollutant leakage in waters and soil. In general, in each country, at least in Europe, the capital is the most populated city, which also concentrates important industrial sites, leading to poor air quality. This affects the population both on short and long term. Studies have shown that air pollution even induces chronic diseases, not only of respiratory-type, but also of the heart, up till reducing life expectancy. When dealing with urban air pollution, one must also consider the physical-geographical conditions, which may accentuate or, on the contrary, may diminish pollution through an intense air circulation, thus dispersing pollutants.A selection of European capitals was chosen for the study presented here, as related to their air quality which was monitored for short term within the peak of the recent pandemic, in order to have a view and even a reference of the expected reduced pollution status as compared to the normal urban life conditions. The chosen capitals were: Paris, Berlin, Bucharest and Skopje, which are well-spread geographically across Europe and also have different economic statuses, along with different landscape conditions and climate influences, making them appropriate for comparison, differences being expected.

Association of distance to swine concentrated animal feeding operations with immune-mediated diseases: An exploratory gene-environment study

BackgroundConcentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are a source of environmental pollution and have been associated with a variety of health outcomes. Immune-mediated diseases (IMD) are characterized by dysregulation of the normal immune response and, while they may be affected by gene and environmental factors, their association with living in proximity to a CAFO is unknown. ObjectivesWe explored gene, environment, and gene-environment (GxE) relationships between IMD, CAFOs, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of prototypical xenobiotic response genes AHR, ARNT, and AHRR and prototypical immune response gene PTPN22. MethodsThe exposure analysis cohort consisted of 6,464 participants who completed the Personalized Environment and Genes Study Health and Exposure Survey and a subset of 1,541 participants who were genotyped. We assessed the association between participants’ residential proximity to a CAFO in gene, environment, and GxE models. We recombined individual associations in a transethnic model using METAL meta-analysis. ResultsIn White participants, ARNT SNP rs11204735 was associated with autoimmune diseases and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and ARNT SNP rs1889740 was associated with RA. In a transethnic genetic analysis, ARNT SNPs rs11204735 and rs1889740 and PTPN22 SNP rs2476601 were associated with autoimmune diseases and RA. In participants living closer than one mile to a CAFO, the log-distance to a CAFO was associated with autoimmune diseases and RA. In a GxE interaction model, White participants with ARNT SNPs rs11204735 and rs1889740 living closer than eight miles to a CAFO had increased odds of RA and autoimmune diseases, respectively. The transethnic model revealed similar GxE interactions. ConclusionsOur results suggest increased risk of autoimmune diseases and RA in those living in proximity to a CAFO and a potential role of the AHR-ARNT pathway in conferring risk. We also report the first association of ARNT SNPs rs11204735 and rs1889740 with RA. Our findings, if confirmed, could allow for novel genetically-targeted or other preventive approaches for certain IMD.

Characteristics Study of Daily Soil Cover in Pulau Burung Landfill, Penang

Municipal solid waste landfills are major sources of environmental pollution. This study evaluated heavy metal concentrations in soils around Pulau Burung Landfill, Penang, Malaysia, to determine the pollution potential of a landfill. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–20 cm (top), 20–40 cm (center) and 40–60 cm (bottom) around the landfill and at a control site and characterized for various properties and concentrations of Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn). Samples of daily soil cover, collected from the same sites where soil samples were collected, were also analyzed for several of heavy metals analysis. The soils were silty sand, mostly acidic (4.45) with low organic matter content (0.41%) and cation exchange capacity (3.15-3.19 meq/100 g). Other basic physico-chemical and adsorption properties were conducted on soil indicated that soil alone is not effective to be used in the landfill to support the pollutant for a long time. Heavy metals concentrations (as background data) in the soils followed the order Iron (Fe) > Zinc (Zn) > Manganese (Mn) > Lead (Pb) > Arsenic (As) > Chromium (Cr) > Cadmium (Cd) > Copper (Cu) > Nickle (Ni) with samples from around the landfill having higher concentrations especially Iron, (Fe) and Zinc, (Zn). For soil profile contribution, heavy metal enrichment was highest at a depth of 40–60 cm. In short, soil alone cannot retain and minimize the migration of heavy metals in landfill based on the results of this study including removal efficiency test. Monitoring of environments around active landfills needs to be ongoing to mitigate negative impacts on humans and the environment.

Detection, characterization and possible biofragmentation of synthetic microfibers released from domestic laundering wastewater as an emerging source of marine pollution.

Synthetic microfibers are universally recognized as an emerging pollutant in all ecosystems. The present investigation focuses on the evaluation and quantification of synthetic microfiber released from domestic laundering wastewater from different regions of Bhubaneswar city of Odisha state of India. The estimated number of microfibers collected from 500ml of sample varied from 200 to 500 in numbers with an average amount of biomass in the range of 0.4-4g. The surface morphology of the samples was assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis which revealed that the fibers were having a length of approximately 10-30mm and diameter of 10-20μm. Carbonyl (CO) stretching band at 1711cm-1 and Aldehyde (CH) Weak bond at 2917.38cm-1 absorption were recorded from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. As microfibers released from synthetic apparels are major source of environmental microplastic pollution their precise detection could help in controlling this problem.

The Influence of Competency-Based VR Learning Materials on Students’ Problem-Solving Behavioral Intentions—Taking Environmental Issues in Junior High Schools as an Example

With the increasing price–performance ratio of virtual reality equipment, there has been an increase in research on the use of VR in education. The learning content of biology courses for junior high schools often introduces the interaction between organisms and their surroundings. Through the interactive design of VR learning materials, students can enhance their understandings of the impact of human behaviors on the environment. They can become immersed in the virtual world using a virtual camera to explore environmental pollution and record pollution sources, which exist in their surrounding environment. In this study, one-group pre- and post-test designs were adopted to collect and analyze data on students’ reactions before and after implementation of the VR learning course for environmental issues in a junior high school. The questionnaires were analyzed to evaluate the impact on course identity and behavioral intentions of students regarding problem-solving. The results reveal the VR interactive learning course has positive effects on both the course identity and the students’ behavioral intentions for problem-solving.

Topical issues of environmental pollution in the area of municipal cemeteries

Introduction. Taking into account the prevailing urban planning situation, the residential area has almost come close to the burial sites. Justification of the possibility of a safe interposition for the population of residential and “zones with special conditions for the use of territories”, to which the sanitary protection zones (SPZ) are referred, requires scientific and methodological study due to the lack of normative fixation of the procedure. The purpose of the study was the hygienic assessment of burial sites as sources of environmental pollution, the development and practical testing of methodological approaches to substantiating the size of the sanitary protection zone, the admissibility (inadmissibility) of placing normalized, in accordance with the requirements of sanitary legislation, objects in the SPZ cemeteries. Materials and methods. The design and technical documentation were studied, the analysis and assessment of the obtained data on the quality of environmental objects on the territory and boundaries of the SPZ of the cemetery for compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements and hygienic standards was carried out. Results. To substantiate correctly the hygienic requirements for the conditions of burial and the safe operation of cemeteries, excluding the possibility of their negative impact on the health of the population, a comprehensive sanitary and chemical assessment has been developed with the determination of the degree of influence of burials on environmental objects. An algorithm for the formation of the evidence base for the absence (presence) of the negative impact of the fact of the location of residential buildings in the sanitary protection zone of cemeteries is proposed. A step-by-step assessment mechanism has been worked out including identification of hazards, instrumental measurements of the quality of environmental objects, selection of priority pollutants and objects (sources) that pose a threat to public health. Limitations. The research was carried out for the territories of cemeteries, it includes an assessment of the sources of environmental pollution specific to this type of burial. The methods used for this study are used to assess soil, groundwater, and atmospheric air. Conclusion. The proposed procedure, tested in real conditions of a large city, makes it possible to form the criteria and priorities of the evidence base for making a decision on the assessment of the hazard (safety) of the placement of residential buildings and other standardized territories within the boundaries of the existing sanitary protection zones of cemeteries.

Phytoremediation Processes of Sasirangan Textile Industrial Wastewater Treatment using Water Hyacinth

The growth of the textile industry, including the Sasirangan textile industry, is increasing yearly, producing large amounts of liquid waste. Generally, this wastewater is discharged into the environment without treatment, becoming a source of environmental pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce these pollutants. Various methods, not only physical and chemical but also biological methods, are available to remediate wastewater. Phytoremediation has provided an economical, environmentally friendly, and aesthetic solution to remediate wastewater. This study aimed to utilize the Water Hyacinth plant as a phytoremediator and determine its effect in reducing Total Suspended Solid and colors in the liquid waste of the Sasirangan textile industry. This research begins by preparing Water Hyacinth plants. Next, the characterization of Water Hyacinth roots using FTIR and SEM. Finaly, the acclimatization of water Hyacinth, followed by a phytoremediation process for 15 days. Based on the results of the characterization of Water Hyacinth roots with FTIR, it shows that Water Hyacinth roots contain functional groups O-H strain, C-H vibrations, C=O strain, C-H deformation, and C-O stretching. Observations with SEM showed that the roots of Water Hyacinth were extremely unstructured and had pores. However, it has cavities which are pores in cellulose. The significant decrease in Total Suspended Solid was at 9 days of phytoremediation, which was 54 mg/L (71.12% removal). The optimum color reduction within 9 days of phytoremediation was 81.5 PtCo (92.26% removal). The presence of these functional groups and pores, strengthened by the analysis of Total Suspended Solid and colors, showed that Water Hyacinth could reduce levels of Total Suspended Solids and colors in the Sasirangan textile wastewater.

Valorization of fruit waste from Cucurbitaceae family: Profiling of phytoconstituent of Benincasa hispida and Citrullus lanatus rinds using ultrasound-assisted extraction

Food agricultural waste from fruit products such as rinds can be one source of environmental pollution. Therefore, the study was conducted to investigate the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant property, and chemical profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of triple quadrupole (HP LCMS-MS QTOF). Ultrasound-assisted extraction for 45 min was used as a green technique to extract bioactive compounds from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and wintermelon (Benincasa hispida) rinds. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of ultrasound-assisted extraction were compared with maceration technique. As revealed by the results, maceration technique had a lower total phenolic content for both C. lanatus rind (7.07 ± 0.86 μg GAE/mg) and B. hispida rind (13.87 ± 0.11 μg GAE/mg) compared to ultrasound-assisted extraction. The similar trends can be observed in total flavonoid content of C. lanatus rind (4.97 ± 0.29 μg RE/g) and B. hispida rind (8.30 ± 0.17 μg RE/g) by maceration which showed a lower quantity compared to ultrasound-assisted extraction. The ultrasound-assisted extraction was selected for further analysis. The total phenolic content assay found that the B. hispida rind extract exhibited higher total phenolic content values (23.39 ± 0.22 μg GAE/mg), than C. lanatus rind extract (15.10 ± 0.58 μg GAE/mg). B. hispida rind extract had a higher total flavonoid content (11.17 ± 0.17 μg RE/g) than C. lanatus rind extract (6.16 ± 0.09 μg RE/g). The antioxidant activity was investigated using DPPH scavenging assay. The antioxidant capacity of B. hispida rind extract (20872.19 ± 1301.47 mg/mL) stronger compared to C. lanatus rind extract (23514.47 ± 678.70 mg/mL). Results revealed that there was a negative correlation between total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and DPPH scavenging activity IC50. The phytoconstituent determination in B. hispida and C. lanatus rind extract showed both contained phenolic, malic acid, and other compounds that might have contributed to antioxidant activities. Phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activities are useful to valorize B. hispida and C. lanatus rinds as they can be converted into new income-generating resources in agriculture and the food industry.

Impacts of vermicompost application on crop yield, ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gases emission on upland in Southwest China

Ammonia (NH3) volatilization and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission are important environment pollution sources in upland agro-ecosystems. Vermicompost was used for amending purple soil and comparing NH3 and GHG emissions. A field experiment was conducted with a comparison of organic and inorganic fertilizers in a wheat–maize rotation system in the Sichuan Basin, China. The five treatments were conventional inorganic fertilizers, NPK as control; vermicompost prepared with cow dung (VCM); and pig manure (VPM); cow dung and pig manure vermicompost, respectively (VCMNPK, VPMNPK). Total nitrogen rates of all treatments were the same. Soil NH3 volatilization and GHG emissions were monitored with the static chamber method. The results showed that NH3 volatilization occurred in the first two weeks following nitrogen (N) fertilization. The cumulative fluxes of NH3 recorded in the NPK, VCM, VPM, VCMNPK, and VPMNPK treatments were 15.4, 5.7, 6.3, 10.32, and 10.29 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively, in the winter and 4.8, 5.5, 19.83, 12.8, and 11.9 kg N ha−1 yr−1 respectively, in the summer. The global warming potential (GWP) 773.6 and 803.9 g CO2-eq m−2 in VCM and VPM, respectively, during the wheat season 540.6 and 576.2 g CO2-eq m−2, respectively, during the maize season. The GWPs in NPK treatment were 1032.4 and 570.7 g CO2-eq m−2 during the wheat and maize seasons, respectively. The increasing effects of nutrient loops, particularly 18 % soil total nitrogen (TN) and 31 % soil organic carbon (SOC) in VCM, and crop productivity of vermicompost treatments during the wheat–maize rotation had been evaluated. This study recommends that VCM can be considered as a better organic amendment, promoting plant growth while decreasing the environmental costs of gas emissions.

Ion-Imprinted Chitosan-Based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Ni2+ Detection.

Heavy metals are important sources of environmental pollution and cause disease in organisms throughout the food chain. A localized surface plasmon resonance sensor was proposed and demonstrated to realize Ni2+ detection by using ion-imprinted chitosan. Au nanoparticles were coated on the multimode fiber to excite the local surface plasmon resonance, and Ni2+-imprinted chitosan was then functionalized by using the dip coating technique. Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid was used to release the Ni2+ ions and hence form countless voids. Ni2+ was refilled into the voids to increase the refractive index of the sensing material, thus realizing the measurement of Ni2+ by monitoring the wavelength shift in the localized surface plasmon resonant peak. The coating thickness of the Ni2+-chitosan gel was optimized to obtain greater sensitivity. Experimental results show that the proposed Ni2+ sensor has a sensitivity of 185 pm/μM, and the limit of detection is 0.512 μM. The comparison experiments indicated that the ion-imprinted chitosan has better selectivity than pure chitosan.

Assessment of the NOх integral emission from the St.Petersburg megacity by means of mobile DOAS measurements combined with dispersion modelling

Megacities are strong sources of environmental pollution. Accurate estimates of the corresponding emissions are important to assess environmental impact and to ensure reliable operation of numerical atmospheric models. One of the most important factors of air pollution in large cities and industrial centers is anthropogenic emission of nitrogen oxides, NOx (= NO + NO2). St. Petersburg is the second largest industrial city in Russia and one of the largest northern megacities in the world. This study aims to experimentally derive the total NOx emission from the metropolitan area of St. Petersburg, based on data from mobile DOAS measurements of NO2 amount. We use data from a series of mobile experiments performed around the city in March and April 2019 and combine them with NO2 field calculations based on HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) simulations. As an initial approximation to a priori information on the spatial distribution of NOx emission sources in the St. Petersburg area, we consider ODIAC (Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2) data. Based on fitting the HYSPLIT simulation results to our mobile DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) measurements, and applying some assumptions about the daily, weekly and seasonal cycles of urban anthropogenic pollution, we obtained an experimental estimate of total NOx emissions of 77 ± 27 kilotons in 2019. Moreover, we managed to obtain an estimate of the contribution of urban thermal power plants to the total NOx emissions, which amounting to ∼28%.

Biogeochemical characteristics of heavy metals in agroecosystems of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

According to V. Vernadskyi, life on Earth has existed forever. The academician paid considerable attention to the study of soils. The latter are able to accumulate and redistribute chemical elements entering the biosphere between landscape elements. Heavy metals (HM) and other priority toxicants from various sources eventually end up in the upper soil horizons, where their subsequent transformation is determined by soil properties. The residence time of heavy metals in the soil is much longer than in other components of the landscape; they are also slowly removed by leaching, absorption by plants and as a result of exogenous processes. Due to the unique role played by chemical elements in the biosphere, their content in the soil is one of the essential and equal ecological factors that determine the development of living organisms in ecosystems. In connection with the rather intensive development of agriculture in the Forest Steppe, special attention was paid to the distribution of Zn2+ and Cu2+ in the soil cover of this zone. The study of the question of the majority of scientists regarding the arrival of chemical elements in the agro-ecosystems of the soil-climatic zones of Ukraine proved that the largest amount of them comes with mineral fertilizers in the foreststeppe zone. Considering the fact that heavy metals are one of the main sources of environmental pollution, particularly in Ukraine, a comprehensive study of their migration halos in the soil is necessary for the development of effective environmental protection measures. Currently, conducting intensive agriculture using modern agricultural technologies is impossible without the use of fertilizers. Fertilizers are the most effective means of increasing soil fertility, productivity, and improving the quality of crop production. However, a significant drawback of many mineral fertilizers is the presence of toxic heavy metals. Yes, some of these elements in small quantities can have a positive effect on the growth and development of plants. The effect of systematic application of fertilizers on the fertility indicators of typical and gray podzolized chernozem, as well as their effect on the content of mobile compounds of elements in soils, was studied. According to the data, with the systematic introduction of increased doses of fertilizers, elements can accumulate in the soil in significant quantities, which negatively affects the properties and fertility of the soil, the harvest and its quality. Heavy metals are among the main toxicants contaminating grain products. As you know, the rates of dispersion and involvement of chemical elements in the biogenic cycle have increased significantly over the past decades, and their extremely high impact on living organisms gives reason to classify them as particularly dangerous pollutants of the biosphere. This is due to the fact that heavy metals are characterized by high toxicity at low effective concentrations, accumulate in individual links of the trophic chain and create a long-term real danger to the existence of living organisms.

Technical research of pyrolytic carbon black prepared on rotating moving bed equipment

Nowadays, waste tires have been one of the worst environmental pollution sources. How to solve the waste tires is a hot potato for the environment. Pyrolysis is one of the most commonly used method. In China, rotary kiln reactor has been widely used for pyrolysis and can be used as a large-scale production equipment form, but there is no mature case of rotating moving bed. In this paper, CBp was produced in rotating moving bed. The continuous pyrolysis device, rotating moving bed, which is a new type of equipment to replace the batch reactor. Temperature is studied as the most important character in the cracking process. The results showed that the productivity of CBp, Pyrolytic oil and gas were obviously affected by temperature. The oil could improve the compatibility of CBp with rubber, increasing the dispersion in rubber, resulted in the good reinforce property. High temperature causes more groups be detected on the surface of CBp by FT-IR spectrometer. The Payne effect of CBp reinforced NR compound increases with the increasing of pyrolysis temperature.