Source Of Confusion Research Articles

Hoe Nederlands veiligheidsbeleid verstrikt is geraakt in de islam

Since 1998, Dutch policymakers have developed a terminology related to the Islam-security nexus. This terminology has been consequently maintained during 25 years, with very few changes or adaptations, even though it has always been a source of confusion among policymakers themselves as well as politicians and the public. This article demonstrates how this terminological paper trail has been established and entrenched in Dutch bureaucracy, why it is cause for such confusion, and what the effects thereof have been.

"Phil always did the castrating": Repression and Cowboy Masculinity in Thomas Savage's The Power of the Dog

Abstract: This article offers a reading of Savage's novel that explores the relationship between queerness and the Western. It contextualizes the novel within the shifting social mores of the sixties and shows how the popular character archetype of the "doomed homosexual" aligns with a vision of the "doomed West." It charts how Savage queers familiar Western signifiers—hands (barometers of manliness), the ambivalent symbol of the dog, and a rawhide rope (a symbol of control turned emblem of gay love). The argument is scaffolded by psychoanalytical readings, particularly Jung's concept of the "persona" and the "shadow" as a means of exploring repression and projection; Lacan's mirror stage as a source of confusion between the Ideal and the Horrifying; and Kristeva's work on abjection and visual trauma. It explores the importance of family in the shaping of identity; the despairingly limited role for women on the ranch; and how the masculine model of the cowboy might be inverted and challenged. References to Campion's recent movie of the book are included and offer alternative readings of key scenes.

A case series of clinical profile in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis

Thrombosis of the venous system in the brain is a cause of cerebral infarction, second only to arterial disease, but is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. The clinical picture of cerebral venous thrombosis is highly variable and often presents a source of confusion to physicians. This study aimed to establish the clinical picture of cerebral venous thrombosis in patients in a tertiary healthcare center. We collected and analysed the case records of 23 patients with CVT. The most predominant presenting complaint was headache (47.8%) followed by vomiting (26%). The most common site of involvement was found to be the superior sagittal sinus (34.8%). Multiple sites of involvement were more common than a single site.

The Language of Defining Synonyms in LDOCE and OALD between Consistency and Contradiction: A Source of Help or Confusion?

This paper examines the language of definition in explaining a set of synonyms in two dictionaries: LDOCE and OALD. The selected set of synonyms is: ‘shake, tremble, quiver, and shiver’. The procedure of analysis was to decompose the definitions and the examples into meaning conditions and compare them to each other. The results suggested that the dictionary language that was adopted in both dictionaries followed a contradictory style of defining in terms of using restrictive and non-restrictive elements in the language of defining. This result suggests immediate revision in order to enable language learners to make better use of these dictionaries in terms of synonym comprehension.

The Experience of Palliative Care Nurses in Qatar During the Time of COVID-19: A Qualitative Study

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a source of significant confusion and fear for healthcare workers as they try to maintain some sense of normalcy within their daily practices. One of the many areas affected by this pandemic has been palliative care. Palliative care nurses were thrust into a world of chaos as they faced increasing numbers of patients who were in the process of dying. The aim of this research was to explore the caring experiences of palliative care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative interpretive description design was used to explore the experience of nurses caring for dying patients in a palliative care unit during the COVID-19 pandemic. Twenty-two nurses working in a palliative care unit participated in this study. Data were collected during 1.5- to 2-hour focus group sessions that were guided by open-ended questions. The collected data were analyzed and coded into themes, including (a) transitioning to the new normal, (b) ethical dilemmas, and (c) collaboration and support for fellow colleagues. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has not yet ended, this study provides relevant implications for practice. These implications include (a) holding continuing education sessions to help nurses better understand the meaning of pandemic conditions and how best to respond and (b) supporting nurses to better cope with the additional burdens faced because of increased patient loads. Overall, the nurses in this study were shown to have demonstrated reliance and resilience in the face of COVID-19.

Structural investigations of the Bi2–xSbxTe3–ySey topological insulator

Exotic phases of matter such as topological insulators are a captivating class of advanced functional materials. Key to understanding the behavior of topological insulators is elucidating their structure, but this can be challenging. For example, Bi2–xSbxTe3–ySey crystals have been extensively grown and studied, yet there is still ambiguity in the literature concerning the crystal structure due to the availability of multiple competing candidate structures and inconsistent use of crystallographic terminology, specifically with respect to structures in the trigonal and hexagonal crystal systems. In this work, we investigate the Bi2–xSbxTe3–ySey structure using a variety of techniques including single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence. Structure refinement of diffraction data suggests that Bi2–xSbxTe3–ySey belongs to the trigonal crystal system having R3¯m symmetry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis supports the refined atomic site occupancies. We present two reasons for the misattribution of Bi2–xSbxTe3–ySey to hexagonal symmetry in former literature. First, improper use or misinterpretation of crystallographic terminology has led to crystal symmetry being incorrectly confused with lattice system, crystal family, or unit cell choice. Second, the presence of defects can produce easily misinterpreted diffraction patterns, and we propose that twinning is the primary source of confusion between trigonal and hexagonal symmetry for BSTS.

Resolving the intricate role of climate in litter decomposition.

With approximately 60 Pg of carbon (C) released as CO2 annually, the decomposition of dead organic matter feeds the major terrestrial global CO2 flux to the atmosphere. Macroclimate control over this critical C flux facilitates the parametrization of the C cycle in Earth system models and the understanding of climate change effects on the global C balance. Yet, the long-standing paradigm of climate control was recently challenged by the so far underestimated environmental heterogeneity at local scales, questioning the conceptual framework of thousands of decomposition studies and accuracy of current predictive models. Using three complementary decomposition experiments at a European scale, we showed that macroclimate and litter characteristics largely control plant litter decomposition, reaffirming the role of macroclimate as an integrative decomposition driver through direct environmental control and by influencing co-evolving local plant and decomposer communities. Neglecting this latter indirect effect, commonly used standard litter types overrated micro-environmental control and failed to predict local decomposition of plot-specific litter. Our data help clarify a key question on the regulation of the global C cycle by identifying the relative role of control factors over decomposition and the scales at which they matter and by highlighting sources of confusion in the literature.

Re-evaluation of Cerebropollenites thiergartii Eberh.Schulz 1967 and related taxa: priority of Sciadopityspollenites and nomenclatural novelties

The important marker species for the base of the Jurassic, Cerebropollenites thiergartii, occurs contemporaneously with at least nine related taxa. However, their distinction is difficult and has been confused in the past. In addition, a long history of numerous recombinations with different genus names (e.g. Tsugaepollenites and Sciadopityspollenites), and inconsistent classifications or synonymisations, further complicate the taxonomic framework of Cerebropollenites thiergartii. A comprehensive study of these ten taxa, summarising their crucial distinctive characteristics and potential synonymy, is currently missing. This limits the stratigraphic value of Cerebropollenites thiergartii and associated taxa relevant to the Triassic–Jurassic transition. Here, we revisit relevant holotype material, related taxa and investigated new material for potential interspecific and intraspecific morphological variation. Based on an empirical analysis of name use and an extensive literature review, we identified previous sources of confusion, re-evaluated the distinctive characteristics and stratigraphic value of these taxa, and their relevance for the Triassic–Jurassic transition. Finally, we argue that the recombination as Sciadopityspollenites thiergartii is taxonomically and nomenclaturally imperative, not only due to priority, but also because it unifies previous disjunct use of Cerebropollenites for Mesozoic and Sciadopityspollenites for Cenozoic taxa, or Mesozoic species in many Russian studies. Thus, we propose a series of nomenclatural novelties: Sciadopityspollenites emend., Sciadopityspollenites thiergartii comb. nov. et emend., S. thiergartii ssp. nov. thiergartii, S. thiergartii ssp. multiverrucosus stat. nov., S. megaorbicularius sp. nov., S. carlylensis comb. nov. et emend., S. serratus emend., S. macroverrucosus emend., S. mesozoicus emend., Cryptopalynites gen. nov., Cryptopalynites pseudomassulae comb. nov. et emend.

‘In the Beginning’: Three Catholic Insights into Hinduism: Vasco Da Gama, Saint Francis Xavier and Roberto De Nobili

Before the landing of Vasco Da Gama and his seamen, India did not remain an isolated world: during the 4th century B.C., Alexander the Great reached the Indus. During the Middle Ages, Indian themes enjoyed a remarkable expansion in the West. In the mind of the Portuguese discoverers, the concept of an eastern Christianity created by Saint Thomas the Apostle was a deciding factor. Elsewhere, the Moslem abrahamised Hinduism: this was another source of confusion. The apostle of India, Saint Francis Xavier (1506-1552) belonged to the pre-Tridentine period: therefore, he demonised Hinduism. His meetings with the Brahmans were rather confrontational. But, with Roberto de Nobili (1577-1658) the Christian mission took an alternative path. We must take into account the struggle for indianising Christianity, conceived by Father De Nobili. Unfortunately, this enterprise evaded the key-problem of Hindu esotericism and metaphysical monism.

Why the Cross-Lagged Panel Model Is Almost Never the Right Choice

The cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) is a widely used technique for examining reciprocal causal effects using longitudinal data. Critics of the CLPM have noted that by failing to account for certain person-level associations, estimates of these causal effects can be biased. Because of this, models that incorporate stable-trait components (e.g., the random-intercept CLPM) have become popular alternatives. Debates about the merits of the CLPM have continued, however, with some researchers arguing that the CLPM is more appropriate than modern alternatives for examining common psychological questions. In this article, I discuss the ways that these defenses of the CLPM fail to acknowledge well-known limitations of the model. I propose some possible sources of confusion regarding these models and provide alternative ways of thinking about the problems with the CLPM. I then show in simulated data that with realistic assumptions, the CLPM is very likely to find spurious cross-lagged effects when they do not exist and can sometimes underestimate these effects when they do exist.

Fake News Encoder Classifier (FNEC) for Online Published News Related to COVID-19 Vaccines

In the past few years, social media and online news platforms have played an essential role in distributing news content rapidly. Consequently. verification of the authenticity of news has become a major challenge. During the COVID-19 outbreak, misinformation and fake news were major sources of confusion and insecurity among the general public. In the first quarter of the year 2020, around 800 people died due to fake news relevant to COVID-19. The major goal of this research was to discover the best learning model for achieving high accuracy and performance. A novel case study of the Fake News Classification using ELECTRA model, which achieved 85.11% accuracy score, is thus reported in this manuscript. In addition to that, a new novel dataset called COVAX-Reality containing COVID-19 vaccine-related news has been contributed. Using the COVAX-Reality dataset, the performance of FNEC is compared to several traditional learning models i.e., Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), Passive Aggressive Classifier (PAC), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bi-directional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) and Bi-directional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). For the evaluation of FNEC, standard metrics (Precision, Recall, Accuracy, and F1-Score) were utilized.

Analysing Scaffolds in Learning Systems Concepts in School Biology

Learning about components and processes of complex biological systems is challenging and requires abstraction through mediational tools such as text, visuals, models and visualisation experiences. The ‘systems concepts’ necessitate building coherent relations and anticipating consequences, requiring greater mediational support. This article reports findings from two components of a study. The first component involved a comparative analysis of textbooks and revealed weak links between visuals and other scaffolding tools such as activities and end-chapter exercises. Visuals in textbooks were found to be inadequate, inappropriate and often potential sources of confusion. The second component of the study involved drawing-based task that elicited learner struggles in internalising ideas about the human digestive system. The study calls for a refined understanding and use of mediational tools towards bridging the gaps between conceptual models and learners’ mental models. The study opens avenues for further inquiry that could support learning biology.

Implementation of Molecular Autopsy for Sudden Cardiac Death in Japan - Focus Group Study of Stakeholders.

We assessed the awareness of multidisciplinary healthcare professionals of the challenges related to implementation of molecular autopsy (MA) for sudden cardiac death (SCD) among children and young adults. We conducted 11 focus groups with 31 multidisciplinary healthcare professionals, and categorized them into 2 themes: values, and challenges of MA implementation. The participants recognized 2 different values of MA: discovering the unknown cause of SCD, and SCD prevention among family members of victims. The coexistence of these values makes the MA process and role of professionals more complex. Participants were concerned about the psychological burden for bereaved family members and mentioned challenges in each process of the MA delivery system: obtaining consent, cause of death investigation, disclosing results, and preventive intervention. MA is a valuable procedure both in terms of forensic and preventive medicine. However, the dual meanings and complex characteristics of genetic information is a potential source of concern and confusion among healthcare professionals as well as bereaved family members. Increasing awareness among healthcare professionals of the MA process is essential for connecting all related areas of expertise.

Current challenges for evaluating mobile health applications.

As mobile health applications continue to proliferate without clear regulation, the need for app evaluation frameworks to offer guidance to patients and clinicians also expands. However, this expanding number of app evaluation frameworks itself can be a source of confusion and often contradictory recommendations. In pursuit of better frameworks that offer innovation for app evaluation, we present 4 challenges that app evaluation frameworks must overcome as well as examples from our own experience toward overcoming them. The recommendations are applicable to all health apps from any field of medicine, although we use examples from mental health as they are illustrative.

Short Notes on Strong Beats

Many scholars of Sub-Saharan repertoires often cite the ostensible metrical malleability of the music they study, without acknowledging that enculturated listeners usually only understand one metrical orientation to be correct. For instance, in several examples from Studies in African Music, A. M. Jones’ placements of contrasting barlines appear to be entirely dependent on where long notes fall in each staff: all relatively long durations are notated as falling on strong metrical placements. In this paper, I observe that short note values in certain Sub-Saharan and Afro-Diasporic repertoires seem just as likely to lie on a beat onset as their longer counterparts. This may be a source of metrical confusion to some, as Lerdahl and Jackendoff (1983) claim that listeners tend to hear long durations as carrying metrical strength in what they term “Metrical Preference Rule 5a” (MPR5a). Through a limited corpus study and close analysis of five pieces, in this paper I study the explanatory scope of Lerdahl and Jackendoff’s metrical preference rules—and of MPR5a specifically—when applied to Sub-Saharan and Afro-Diasporic vernacular music. Some listeners bring metrical “baggage” in the form of MPRs, which I argue often do not work for establishing the culturally correct metrical structures. Thus, this paper suggests that thinking critically about one’s own metrical inclinations allows for a deeper understanding of the conditions under which entrainment to (perhaps unexpected) metrical structures occurs.

Testing standard-model extensions with isotope shifts in few-electron ions

When collecting spectroscopic data on at least four isotopes, nonlinearities in the King plot are a possible sign of physics beyond the standard model. In this work, an improved approach to the search for hypothetical new interactions with isotope-shift spectroscopy of few-electron ions is presented. Careful account is taken of the small nuclear corrections to the energy levels and the gyromagnetic factors, which cause deviations from King linearity within the standard model and are hence a possible source of confusion. In this approach, the experimental King nonlinearity is not compared to the vanishing prediction of the standard model at the leading order, but to the calculated full standard model contribution to King nonlinearity. This makes searching for beyond-the-standard-model physics with King linearity analysis possible in a high-precision experimental regime, avoiding confusion. The bounds which can be set on beyond-the-standard-model parameters remain limited by the uncertainties on the small standard model nuclear corrections which cause King nonlinearity. Direct comparison between theory and experiment on a single pair of isotopes is advocated as a more suitable approach for few-electron ions.

Becoming an accredited medical teacher in the UK

Teaching and training are integral to the different, core roles of a trainee. Therefore, there is a shift in the medical profession towards credentialing teaching and training skills. Postgraduate qualifications in medical education are likely to be more important for professional development. In recent years, the number of medical education awards and training programmes has increased rapidly. This pluralism, however, may become a source of confusion for those considering enrolment on such programmes. This article summarises the nomenclature, awarding bodies, levels of qualification, programmes and positions available for those wishing to advance their educational practice. The article will focus on opportunities available to UK-based doctors and particularly for doctors in training.

THE WORLD BANK’S KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY POLICY OBJECTIVES IN CAMEROON’S PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES 1993-2016: CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BUEA

In conjunction with the neoliberal prescriptions of the Berg Report of 1981, most African countries adopted the World Bank’s knowledge economic policy as a defining tool for university’s contribution to economic development amid a wide range of challenges. Through the lens of the international regime theory and non-positivist theoretical approach, this study uses a case study design and qualitative research paradigm to investigate how Cameroon’s public universities responded to the knowledge economy objective and how it affected their processes between 1993 and 2016. Using semi-structured interviews to collect primary data from academics, top management, and administrative support staff at the University of Buea, including documents and secondary data sources, results indicate that overall, reduced, and irregular public expenditure has weakened the ability of Cameroon’s public universities to create, valorise, disseminate, and apply knowledge to enhance economic development. Particularly, the policy has induced a complex-type relationship between the higher education governing structure and public universities, giving rise to new and confusing dimensions in the character of public universities in Cameroon. Hence, the study concludes that international education policy strategies could be a potential source of diversion and confusion in the national education systems of receiving countries.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0269/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Prognostic and therapeutic interest of a new classification in inferior hip dislocation: a systematic review of the literature.

Reported cases of inferior dislocation in the literature are found under several names (inferior, anteroinferior, obturator, or erecta), which may be source of confusion. The purpose of this comprehensive review of the literature is to collect as many cases of inferior dislocation as possible to determine better therapeutic strategies, outcome after reduction, complications, and prognostic factors. In April 2020, a literature search was performed in Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The MeSH keywords were "OBTURATOR DISLOCATION HIP" or "ANTERIOR DISLOCATION HIP" or "INFERIOR DISLOCATION HIP." Authors independently selected articles that met the selection criteria, with no time limit. Out of the 97 articles selected, there were 119 cases of primary inferior hip dislocations. This review of the literature has allowed us to differentiate 3 radiographic subtypes of inferior dislocations, which correspond to 3 different anatomical positions of the femoral head: "obturator" dislocation, "proximal anterior-inferior" dislocation, and "distal anterior-inferior" dislocation. Our subtype classification yielded 39 obturator subtype inferior dislocations (32.8%), 66 proximal anteroinferior subtypes (55.4%), and 14 distal anteroinferior (11.8%). The obturator subtype is at risk of reduction failure and femoral neck fracture during the reduction manoeuver. Our study identified 3 subtypes with different prognosis, with obturator and distal anteroinferior dislocations having a poorer prognosis because of their pre- and post-reduction complications. We were unable to determine the correct manoeuver to reduce inferior dislocations without taking the risk of femoral neck fracture, but each of these subtypes may require a different manoeuver.

Gaia Early Data Release 3

Context. Gaia-CRF3 is the celestial reference frame for positions and proper motions in the third release of data from the Gaia mission, Gaia DR3 (and for the early third release, Gaia EDR3, which contains identical astrometric results). The reference frame is defined by the positions and proper motions at epoch 2016.0 for a specific set of extragalactic sources in the (E)DR3 catalogue. Aims. We describe the construction of Gaia-CRF3 and its properties in terms of the distributions in magnitude, colour, and astrometric quality. Methods. Compact extragalactic sources in Gaia DR3 were identified by positional cross-matching with 17 external catalogues of quasi-stellar objects (QSO) and active galactic nuclei (AGN), followed by astrometric filtering designed to remove stellar contaminants. Selecting a clean sample was favoured over including a higher number of extragalactic sources. For the final sample, the random and systematic errors in the proper motions are analysed, as well as the radio-optical offsets in position for sources in the third realisation of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF3). Results. Gaia-CRF3 comprises about 1.6 million QSO-like sources, of which 1.2 million have five-parameter astrometric solutions in Gaia DR3 and 0.4 million have six-parameter solutions. The sources span the magnitude range G = 13–21 with a peak density at 20.6 mag, at which the typical positional uncertainty is about 1 mas. The proper motions show systematic errors on the level of 12 µas yr–1 on angular scales greater than 15 deg. For the 3142 optical counterparts of ICRF3 sources in the S/X frequency bands, the median offset from the radio positions is about 0.5 mas, but it exceeds 4 mas in either coordinate for 127 sources. We outline the future of Gaia-CRF in the next Gaia data releases. Appendices give further details on the external catalogues used, how to extract information about the Gaia-CRF3 sources, potential (Galactic) confusion sources, and the estimation of the spin and orientation of an astrometric solution.