Source Of Chitin Research Articles

Researching of features byosinthesis beta-glucans in the micelial mass Aspergillus niger and in non-conditional cereal grains

At the moment, it seems relevant to process mycelial mass as a waste product of citric acid and substandard grain, since there is a problem of recycling production waste. In turn, waste processing makes it possible to isolate a number of unique compounds, such as glucan and chitin. Of interest is the cell wall of micromycetes. Its main structural polysaccharides (chitin and glucan) form a complex called the chitin-glucan complex. Moreover, the content of chitin in micromycetes is higher than in traditional raw materials - shells of marine crustaceans. The mycelial mass of Aspergillus niger micromycete is a promising source of glucan and chitin. Aspergillus niger biomass and substandard cereal grains contain soluble dietary fiber-beta-glucans. They help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering cholesterol, control blood glucose, which is very important for patients with diabetes. In addition, because of the ability of beta-glucans to form viscous gels, these chemicals slow down the absorption of sugars. Due to this, there is a decrease in the glycemic index of products. Of greatest interest are glucans of microbial origin. In addition to structural features (more functionally active ?-1,3 / 1,6-bonds), the advantage of beta-glucans derived from biomass is a higher quantitative yield of soluble forms, which are interesting not only in the food industry, but also in medicine . The aim of this work is to study the effect of various carbon sources (raw materials) on the biosynthesis of glucan-containing compounds and their derivatives Aspergillus niger micromycetes. As a result of studies, it was found that the biomass on the corn starch hydrolyzate is the most effective, it contains a high content of beta-glucans.

Spider Chitin: An Ultrafast Microwave-Assisted Method for Chitin Isolation from Caribena versicolor Spider Molt Cuticle.

Chitin, as a fundamental polysaccharide in invertebrate skeletons, continues to be actively investigated, especially with respect to new sources and the development of effective methods for its extraction. Recent attention has been focused on marine crustaceans and sponges; however, the potential of spiders (order Araneae) as an alternative source of tubular chitin has been overlooked. In this work, we focused our attention on chitin from up to 12 cm-large Theraphosidae spiders, popularly known as tarantulas or bird-eating spiders. These organisms “lose” large quantities of cuticles during their molting cycle. Here, we present for the first time a highly effective method for the isolation of chitin from Caribena versicolor spider molt cuticle, as well as its identification and characterization using modern analytical methods. We suggest that the tube-like molt cuticle of this spider can serve as a naturally prefabricated and renewable source of tubular chitin with high potential for application in technology and biomedicine.

The virulence improvement of Beauveria bassiana in infecting Cylas formicarius modulated by various chitin based compounds

Abstract. Saputro TB, Prayogo Y, Rohman FL, Alami NH. 2019. The virulence improvement of Beauveria bassiana in infecting Cylas formicarius modulated by various chitin based compounds. Biodiversitas 20: 2486-2493. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is one of alternative carbohydrate source with an important role in food production, animal feed industries, and as raw materials for other derivatives. However, severe losses are constantly occurred in its production due to a notorious pest known as sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius). The chemical insecticides commonly used to treat the pest, but have not been efficient in eliminating C.formicarius. Beauveria bassiana is well known as a biological control agent, has been identified to effectively eliminate the pest. The aim of this research is to observe the optimum concentration of several chitin-based compounds in improving the virulence of B. bassiana. The research was conducted by the addition of chitin from various sources - insects, crustaceans and mollusk shells in a growth medium of B. Bassiana. Moreover, conidia produced by B.bassiana was exposed to C.formicarius to investigate the mortality rate of this insect. The results showed four different characteristics of colonies - velvety, wooly, pellicular, and farinaceous. The 1% chitin from Tellina sp, (P9), was found to be the best treatment which increased the growth of the colony diameter attaining 6.7cm in 20 days, increased the conidia viability that reaches 93.5%. In addition, the highest mortality percentage of C. formicarius was 91.67% in P9 at 6 days after infection. Overall, this research gave new potential sources of chitin that can be applied in improving the virulence of B. Bassiana in eliminating C. formicarius.

Production of chitin from dead Hermetia Illucens

Searching for new ecologically and economically efficient sources of chitin is of great interest in the field of biotechnology. Nowadays, the topic is growing fast, and many scientists, researchers, primarily the representatives of the Russian Chitin Society, study and search for new sources of chitin not only from large crustaceans, molluscs, and crabs, but also from insects and small crustaceans. Domesticated and liable to breeding representatives of invertebrate animals, particularly large American Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.) can be new and promising raw material source. The Fly is a promising object of research because it contains a chitinous external skeleton. During the studies at the Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology Department of NARFU named after M. V. Lomonosov, there were determined a sufficiently high percentage chitin yield from dead flies equal to 21.3% (1281.2 g per year per 1 m3 of a cage), almost complete absence of residual protein (C = 0.98 µg/ml) and high adsorption ability (X = 156.6 mg/g) of the extracted polysaccharide. Studied qualitative characteristics enable to consider the product as environmentally and economically cost-effective sorbent with the possibility of application in many areas of biotechnology, environmental and industrial fields of production.

Comparison of the physicochemical and structural characteristics of enzymatic produced chitin and commercial chitin

White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) waste is a good source of chitin. However, the chemical chitin extraction generates a large amount of environmental-pollution and increases partial deacetylation of chitin. Therefore, the use of biological extraction is an interesting alternative. This study aimed to isolate chitin by Trypsin and Ficin with/without sodium-metabisulfite and investigate their properties as compared to commercial chitin. Shell demineralization and deproteinization were done by lactic-acid and proteolytic-enzyme (0.1–0.05%w/w). The enzymatic deproteinized shells were subjected to mild-alkali treatment (0–2% NaOH; 60 °C and 30 min). After demineralization the ash content was decreased to ~1.1%. The combination of enzymatic and mild chemical treatments exhibited the 92% deproteinization. The enzymatic deproteinization was higher in presence of sodium-metabisulphite (p > 0.05). The CI of enzymatic-chitin was more than commercial-chitin (p < 0.05). Therefore, a smooth with high molecular packing microstructure was observed in enzymatic- chitins. The DA% of enzymatic chitins (81–83%) were higher than chemical (p < 0.05). The chitins with DA between 70 and 90% and low protein content, is considered as good final products. Therefore, the enzyme-assisted chitin extraction generated the high grade chitin under mild and semi-ecofriendly conditions. This method is a promising alternative method for chemical extraction which can retain the native microstructure of chitin.

Recovery of Chitin and Protein from Shrimp Head Waste by Endogenous Enzyme Autolysis and Fermentation

The industrial processing of shrimp produces massive quantities of solid waste that is a notable source of animal protein, chitin, carotenoids, and other bioactive compounds that are not appropriately utilized. In the present study, chitin and protein extraction from shrimp head with autolysis and fermentation using Bacillus licheniformis were investigated. The results showed that when shrimp heads were autolyzed with a natural pH at 50°C for 4 h, the total amino acid nitrogen in the supernatant was 5.01 mg mL−1. Then, when a 50% (v/m) inoculum of the hydrolysate was incubated at 60°C for 10 h, a deproteinization rate of 88.3% could be obtained. The fermented supernatant was processed into a dry protein powder, while the residues were demineralized by 10% citric acid for chitin. The recovered protein powder contained 5.5% moisture, 11.5% ash, and 66.7% protein, while the chitin contained 3.5% moisture, 2.1% ash, and 3.1% protein. In addition, amino acids, minerals, heavy metals, the degree of acetylation, microstructure, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy results were analyzed. Furthermore, the statistics of the large scale trial after treatment with 20 kg of shrimp heads were analyzed. Thus, this work made the shrimp waste utilization environmentally sound and valuable.

Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens as a Novel Source of Chitin and Chitosan

Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens as a Novel Source of Chitin and Chitosan

Possible Role of Chitin‐Like Proteins in the Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease

Chitin is a β‐linked straight chain carbohydrate matrix monopolymer prominent in invertebrates, from fungi to arthropods. Surprisingly, chitin is now documented in vertebrates, including humans, a component of vertebrate physiology that has been neglected until now. Chitin levels are elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, not only in the central nervous system but also in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Elevated levels of chitin lectin have been reported in patients with AD. Chitinase activity varies widely in the human population. Chitin levels can increase in individuals with intrinsically low chitinase activity. Elevated amounts of chitin can reflect accumulation of the small chitin fragments that remain wherever rapid hyaluronan synthesis occurs. Another source of chitin may be from remote fungal infections. Chitin can be toxic for neurons, and its accumulation may lead to the development of AD. We present new suggestions for animal models and treatment modalities that could prove useful in future research endeavors. An unexpected connection with Gaucher's disease patients and their heterozygote relatives is also identified. These chitin‐related mechanisms are novel approaches to AD whose etiology until now has defied explication.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Chitin Nanopaper from Mushroom Extract: Natural Composite of Nanofibers and Glucan from a Single Biobased Source

An isolation method with mild mechanical agitation and no acidic extraction step from a mushroom substrate resulted in chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) with large shares of retained glucans (50–65%). The subsequent chitin nanopapers exhibited exceptionally high tensile strengths of >200 MPa and moduli of ca. 7 GPa, which were largely attributed to the preserved glucans in the mixture, imparting a composite nature to the nanopapers. The isolation method for ChNFs is notably different from the conventional process with crustacean chitin sources that do not incorporate glucans and where an acidic extraction step for the removal of minerals must always be included

Chitin as a substrate for the biostimulation of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the treatment of mine-impacted water (MIW).

This study aims to know the basis of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and chitin source relationship for the development of a biotreatment system for mine-impacted water (MIW). The MIW consists of river water impacted by coal acid mine drainage (AMD), an extremely acid effluent, rich in sulfate and dissolved metal ions, with a high pollutant potential. Chitin was used as metal ion sorbent and biostimulant of SRB, whose anaerobic dissimilatory metabolism reduces sulfate to sulfide. Microcosms were built in an oxygen-free atmosphere using chitin from two different sources: commercial chitin and shrimp shell waste, which contains calcium carbonate, an acidity removal agent, in addition to chitin. The results indicate that the shrimp shell performs best in removing sulfate (99.75%), iron (99.04%), aluminum (98.47%), and manganese (100%) ions. The iron ion sorption kinetics of the sediments were also studied; pseudo-second order behavior was observed. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed the present bacterial community and its abundance in the microcosms after 11 and 30 treatment days: SRB were detected but were not the majority. Thus, this research aims to contribute to the sustainable treatment MIW through the employment of an abundant and low-cost biomaterial.

New Source of 3D Chitin Scaffolds: The Red Sea Demosponge Pseudoceratina arabica (Pseudoceratinidae, Verongiida).

The bioactive bromotyrosine-derived alkaloids and unique morphologically-defined fibrous skeleton of chitin origin have been found recently in marine demosponges of the order Verongiida. The sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) structure of skeletal chitinous scaffolds supported their use in biomedicine, tissue engineering as well as in diverse modern technologies. The goal of this study was the screening of new species of the order Verongiida to find another renewable source of naturally prefabricated 3D chitinous scaffolds. Special attention was paid to demosponge species, which could be farmed on large scale using marine aquaculture methods. In this study, the demosponge Pseudoceratina arabica collected in the coastal waters of the Egyptian Red Sea was examined as a potential source of chitin for the first time. Various bioanalytical tools including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy, FTIR analysis, Calcofluor white staining, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), as well as a chitinase digestion assay were successfully used to confirm the discovery of α-chitin within the skeleton of P. arabica. The current finding should make an important contribution to the field of application of this verongiid sponge as a novel renewable source of biologically-active metabolites and chitin, which are important for development of the blue biotechnology especially in marine oriented biomedicine.

Marine shell industrial wastes–an abundant source of chitin and its derivatives: constituents, pretreatment, fermentation, and pleiotropic applications-a revisit

Unscientific dumping of shellfishery waste is a major environmental concern worldwide and a serious threat to the coastal area. The shell wastes constitute of many commercially valuable products, such as, chitin, calcium carbonate, proteins, and carotenoids. Processing of shell wastes is a source of wealth. Chitin is one of the constituents of the shell wastes and also the most abundant biopolymer next to the cellulose. Calcium carbonate and proteins are the other valuable constituents of the shell wastes and can serve as a better animal feed supplement. Extraction of chitin and other valuable products from a complex mixture is cumbersome and requires consecutive pretreatment processes. Both chemical and fermentation routes of pretreatment strategies have been adopted to extract the chitin from the shell wastes, which are critically reviewed with their merits and demerits. The application of process intensification techniques, such as ultrasonication and microwave radiation, is also emphasized along with the recent advancement in the field of pretreatment processes. Pleiotropic industrial applications of chitin and its analogues are also discussed.

Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens as a Novel Source of Chitin and Chitosan

Black soldier fly allows to efficiently convert residual biomasses into a valuable source of biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids and chitin. In this study, a new method for obtaining amorphous chitin from the black soldier fly larvae was developed with a further deacetylation step. Amorphous chitin was obtained by direct extraction using concentrated phosphoric acid. The purity of the resulting chitin was confirmed by physicochemical methods (elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, measurement of primary amines, amino acid analysis). Crystalline chitin and high molecular weight chitosan were obtained by the standard procedure including demineralisation, deproteinisation and deacetylation steps. This method allows to extract chitosan, suitable for a wide range of applications.

The Diversity of Rot Fungi from Cocoa Plantation and Its Ability to Grow on Carbon Source Media

Rot fungi are microorganisms that can degrade biomass, especially biomass containing carbon. This fungus can decompose wood components (lignocelluloses) into simpler compounds. This research aimed to determine the diversity of rot fungi that have fruit body and grow in cocoa plantation as well as to observe their morphology and ability to grow on carbon source media. Fruiting body was taken from decayed cocoa stems from the farmers’ cocoa plantation in Bila Village, Pitu Riase, Sidrap Regency, South Sulawesi. The fruiting body then was sterilized and grown on the PDA medium.. The isolates then were morphologically characterized and grown on a solid Czapek dox medium containing carbon source of lignin, chitin, cellulose, and pectin. The rot fungi from Basidiomycota found were Mycena spp, Lycoperdon spp, Auricularia spp, Schizophyllum spp, Coprinus spp, Tremella spp, Crepidopus spp, Trametes spp, and Pleurotus spp. The different growth abilities were characterized by the large diameter of the colony formed. The highest colony diameter of Lycoperdon spp was on cellulose media, while that of Tremella spp was on the three other media. The results show that the rot fungi from cocoa plant have a large potential to be used as biodecomposer.

Possible Role of Chitin-Like Proteins in the Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease.

Chitin is a β-linked straight chain carbohydrate matrix monopolymer prominent in invertebrates, from fungi to arthropods. Surprisingly, chitin is now documented in vertebrates, including humans, a component of vertebrate physiology that has been neglected until now. Chitin levels are elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, not only in the central nervous system but also in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Elevated levels of chitin lectin have been reported in patients with AD. Chitinase activity varies widely in the human population. Chitin levels can increase in individuals with intrinsically low chitinase activity. Elevated amounts of chitin can reflect accumulation of the small chitin fragments that remain wherever rapid hyaluronan synthesis occurs. Another source of chitin may be from remote fungal infections. Chitin can be toxic for neurons, and its accumulation may lead to the development of AD. We present new suggestions for animal models and treatment modalities that could prove useful in future research endeavors. An unexpected connection with Gaucher's disease patients and their heterozygote relatives is also identified. These chitin-related mechanisms are novel approaches to AD whose etiology until now has defied explication.

Five different chitin nanomaterials from identical source with different advantageous functions and performances

Chitin is a renewable and sustainable biomass material that can be converted into various one-dimensional crystalline nanomaterials different in 1) length, 2) diameter, 3) charge density, 4) type of charge, and 5) crystallinity via diverse top-down synthetic methods. These nanomaterials have great potential as sustainable reinforcing and biologically functional materials. The proper design of chitin nanomaterials maximizes their performances in specific applications. Extensive efforts are devoted to understanding each type of chitin nanomaterial produced from different chitin sources; however, few studies have compared different chitin nanomaterials. Herein, we synthesize five different types of chitin nanomaterials from identical sources and compare their physical and chemical properties, including suitability for assorted purposes. Factors 1)-5) are discussed regarding their dominance in determining functionality depending on the specific goals of a) gas barriers, b) mechanical reinforcements, c) dispersibility in various pH aqueous buffers, d) thermal dimensional stability, and e) antibacterial activity. This study gives insights to design new chitin nanomaterial-based materials.

Performances comparison of enantiomeric separation materials prepared from shrimp and crab shells

Previously reported studies demonstrate that many chitin/chitosan derivatives are promising for enantioseparation of chiral compounds. The aim of the present study is to investigate influence of the chitin sources on performances of the chitosan type enantiomeric separation materials. Therefore, the chitosans were prepared from crab and shrimp shells, from which two sets of chiral selector, i.e. chitosan bis(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-(octanamide)s and chitosan bis(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate)-(octanamide)s were synthesized. The chitosan bis(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-(octanamide)s, respectively, derived from crab and shrimp shells were close in swelling capacity and enantioseparation capability, and the same feature was found for the other two chiral selectors of chitosan bis(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate)-(octanamide). On the other hand, although most of the chiral analytes were eluted out in the same elution order, there were two analytes were in reversed elution orders when separated by the two chiral stationary phases of chitosan bis(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate)-(octanamide). Based on the observed results, we conclude that enantiomeric separation materials may be developed either with shrimp chitin or crab chitin, depending on the source accessibility.

General Protocol to Obtain D-Glucosamine from Biomass Residues: Shrimp Shells, Cicada Sloughs and Cockroaches.

A general protocol is developed to obtain D‐glucosamine from three widely available biomass residues: shrimp shells, cicada sloughs, and cockroaches. The protocol includes three steps: (1) demineralization, (2) deproteinization, and (3) chitin hydrolysis. This simple, general protocol opens the door to obtain an invaluable nitrogen‐containing compound from three biomass residues, and it can potentially be applied to other chitin sources. White needle‐like crystals of pure D‐glucosamine are obtained in all cases upon purification by crystallization. Characterization data (NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry) of D‐glucosamine obtained from the three chitin sources are similar and confirm its high purity. NMR investigation demonstrates that D‐glucosamine is obtained mainly as the α‐anomer, which undergoes mutarotation in aqueous solution achieving equilibrium after 440 min, in which the anomeric glucosamine distribution is 60% α‐anomer and 40% β‐anomer.

Extraction of high thermally stable and nanofibrous chitin from Cicada (Cicadoidea)

AbstractDue to the increasing interest in natural biopolymers including chitin, the exploitation of economic and easily accessible chitin sources with good physicochemical properties is nowadays required. In view of this fact, in the current study chitin was extracted and physicochemically characterized from six Cicadas (Hemiptera: Homoptera: Cicadoidea) species collected from Mediterranean region of Turkey (2014–15). Chitin was extracted using a classic extraction method that includes acid and base treatment. TGA results revealed a remarkable increase (410–412°C) for all the six Cicada species compared to other chitin samples extracted from various sources. For all of the six selected species the chitin contents on the dry basis were determined as 6.7% for Cicadatra atra, 5.51% for C. hyalina, 8.84% for C. platyptera, 4.97% for Cicada lodosi, 6.49% for C. mordoganensis, and 5.88% for Cicadetta tibialis. The surface morphology of chitin isolates from Cicada species was observed to consist of nanofibers and nanopores.

Isolation and characterization of chitin from Millipede (Spirobolida)

BackgroundChitin is the second most abundant bio-polysaccharide found in nature after cellulose. It is a polymer of β-1, 4-N-acetylglucosamine that occurs naturally in three polymorphic forms α, β, and γ-chitin. The main commercial sources of chitin are crab and shrimp shells which are the major waste products from the seafood industry. The main aim of the current work was to isolate chitin from a local variety of Millipede (Spirobolida), which is abundantly found in Western Ghat region of Karnataka during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons.MethodsThe millipedes were collected during the monsoon season from Western Ghat region and washed with distilled water. The shells were extracted from Millipede by incinerating the sample to remove other organic matter. The chitin was extraction from the shell by demineralization and deproteinization.ResultsChitin was extracted and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. The yield of chitin was found to be 35.7%. This is a good yield percentage compared to that of the chitin obtained from conventional sources.ConclusionsThe chitin thus obtained can be employed for preparing chitosan linked nanoparticles for various applications. Hence, our studies illustrate that Millipedes can also be used as a source for large-scale extraction of chitin.