Source Of Energy Supply Research Articles

Resilient and Sustainable Housing Models against Climate Change: A Review

Most of the world’s population resides in urban areas, and it is expected that this will continue to be the case in the future. These urban areas face enormous challenges such as climate change, economic instability and inequality. Housing is considered a basic unit comprising cities, and, as such, this study contextualized the concepts of urban resilience and sustainability against climate change such that housing models that respond to these concepts could be identified. As a result of an extensive literature review, three resilient housing models and four sustainable housing models are presented and discussed with a focus on the main characteristics necessary for meeting urban resilience and sustainability against climate change. When analyzing the housing models considered resilient, the need to establish housing on safe land stood out and concrete was a common building material among these housing models. In addition, the use of alternative sources of water and energy supply was prioritized. On the other hand, sustainable housing models were developed by local entities and certified by various initiatives. In addition, these models account for the climatic specifications of their location, energy and water efficiency, and quality of the indoor environment, and promote the use of local materials and resources. The use of durable materials was considered a requirement for both resilience and sustainability. The results of this study are a contribution to the process of strengthening housing against the challenge posed by climate change in a timely and adequate manner considering both urban resilience and sustainability aspects.

Optimized Graphene Hydrogels for Electrochemical Applications from High-Concentration GO/Gnp Dispersions

As the world combats climate change, energy storage solutions will be required to bridge the gap between the supply and demand of renewable energy sources. Supercapacitors have a higher power density and cyclic stability than batteries, making them more useful for selected applications. These devices utilize high surface area electrode materials, such as graphene, with enough active sites for sufficient ion adsorption to occur. Graphene hydrogels self-assemble via the hydrothermal reduction of graphene oxide (GO) dispersions. These three-dimensional structures have high specific surface areas while avoiding the use of binders. Binders usually negatively impact the conductivity of the material and require the use of conductive additives which lower specific performance data. As such, graphene hydrogels are attractive as a supercapacitor electrode material.Recently, graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) dispersions stabilized by small amounts of GO were used to form more cost-effective and better-performing hydrogels. Though GO/GNP hydrogels are a suitable alternative to those formed from dispersions of GO, the formulation of this material has yet to be optimized. In this work, we investigate the formation of GO/GNP hydrogels by assessing the influence of several input parameters on the specific surface area and mechanical stability of the hydrogel structure. A set of experiments based on a design of experiments is used. Based on the results, an optimized hydrogel is formed and characterized. Compared to typical hydrogels formed from dispersions of GO, the optimized GO/GNP hydrogel leads to significant improvements in both the specific surface area and conductivity of the material. When used in a supercapacitor, low internal resistance and high stability are observed while volumetric capacitance is increased by up to over 400%.

Sustainability assessment of the solar energy supply chain in Colombia

Solar-generated energy supply has been applied as a solution to address the increasing global population, global warming challenges, and the search for alternative sources of renewable and clean energy supply. Regions such as Latin America and the Caribbean have a significant rural population that lacks access to electricity, impeding their development, and increasing unemployment rates. This paper presents a system dynamics model (SD) for assessing the implementation of a solar energy supply chain (SESC), combining the analysis with the national industry's development for the manufacture of solar modules used in the implementation of solar farms and individual solution projects, especially in the non-interconnected zones of Colombia. This case study examines three scenarios in Colombia: national government-implemented solar farm projects; development of national supply chain implementation; and development of the solar energy market. These scenarios are evaluated using performance indicators for supply chain variables, including coverage, diversification, emissions, and job creation. The results indicate that implementing a supply chain and developing solar module production in Colombia can positively impact the proposed indicators, resulting in improvements of 5.9% in coverage, 6.3% in diversification, 6.7% in emission reductions, and 13% in job creation.

Self-healable, mechanically durable and cold-resistant integrated supercapacitor enabled by dual metallic redox-mediated multiple cross-linking gel polymer electrolyte

Flexible supercapacitor is an important energy supply source for wearable electronic devices. Herein, an integrated supercapacitor with exceptional electrochemical performance is successfully constructed based on a novel dual redox-mediated double network (DN) gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). Thanks to the synergistic effect of DN structure and multiple physical interactions (hydrophobic association, hydrogen bond and ionic coordination), the polyacrylic acid/lauryl methacrylate/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/H2SO4/CuSO4_FeSO4 GPE possesses exceptional mechanical properties and rapid self-healing ability. In addition to being ionic cross-linking agents, CuSO4_FeSO4 can also serve as carrier donors and anti-freezing agents, endowing the GPE with excellent conductivity (0.17 S/cm) and low temperature adaptability. The GPE-based integrated supercapacitor demonstrates an outstanding specific capacitance of 414.96 mF/cm2 and a high energy density of 84.21 μWh/cm2, benefiting from redox reactions of Cu2+/Cu+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Due to the seamless gradient structure, the interfacial resistance is reduced and the relative slippage is overcome, resulting in splendid capacitance retention of the supercapacitor under various mechanical deformations. Moreover, the device demonstrates promising self-healing ability even at −20 °C. This work provides a novel strategy for designing and fabricating the supercapacitor with self-healing, arbitrary deformability and anti-freezing in next-generation electronic devices.

Exploring the potential of a cross-sector integration of electric vehicles in residential buildings as a possible energy supply source

Climate change requires the different energy sectors to move towards sustainable systems, which is expected to lead to increasing coupling between previously separate sectors. One possible application of this sector coupling in the context of the transport and buildings sector could be the use of electric vehicles as an energy supply source. While electric coupling is already the subject of current research, it can be taken further as today’s electric vehicles often include heat pumps in addition to air conditioning. This could allow them to provide not only electricity, but also heating and cooling.In this paper, the basic potential of this concept is investigated using a MILP optimization modelthat includes a building with a photovoltaic system and either a battery electric vehicle or a fuel cell electric vehicle. The total costs and the autarky are evaluated. Despite limited availability, the vehicle in combination with a storage could provide part of the building’s energy demand. While the fuel cell is not used for power generation due to the assumed ageing costs, the use of the battery depends on the ageing costs and availability. The battery electric vehicle would be used for heating and coolingif the electricity price fell to 18.54 ct/kWh and 3.7 ct/kWh respectively. The hydrogen price would have to fall to 1.4 EUR/kg for the fuel cell vehicle to provide significant heating, while cooling is not provided. These results do not necessarily limit the basic concept if self-produced and therefore cheaper photovoltaic electricity is available. Furthermore, it makes a significant difference how the heat pump and air conditioning system are powered.

Investigation on oxidative pyrolysis characteristics of bituminous coal through thermal analysis and density functional theory

At present, coal is still the main source of energy supply in China. However, However, coal dust, due to spontaneous combustion or gas explosion, seriously affects underground safety production and also threatens the occupational health of underground workers. To understand the causes of harm caused by coal from the perspective of its oxidative pyrolysis characteristics, bituminous coal was selected as the experimental coal sample, To further understand the oxidation pyrolysis characteristics of bituminous coal, thermal analysis and density functional theory were applied. By using industrial analysis, particle size analyzer, SEM and FTIR to characterize the experimental bituminous coal. The multi heating rate experiment of bituminous coal was carried out with thermogravimetric analyzer, and the kinetic analysis results displayed the apparent activation energy of oxidation pyrolysis of bituminous coal ranges from 118.57 to 124.96 kJ mol−1. The TG-FTIR experiments found the main gaseous products of the oxidation pyrolysis of bituminous coal were CO and CO2. The surface electrostatic potential and bond dissociation energy of bituminous coal structure were analyzed by density functional theory. The research results provide important preliminary references for the safe mining of coal mines and the industrial application of bituminous coal.

Pre-calving energy density and rumen protected lysine impacted blood metabolites and biomarkers of liver functions in dairy cows during the transition period.

Dairy cows usually face negative energy balance and disorders of normal organ function due to a mismatch between energy intake and energy demand. Negative energy balance directly affects liver function and blood metabolites because the liver is used as source of energy supply and a center of metabolic activity. This study was aimed to determine the effect of pre-calving energy density and rumen-protected lysine on blood metabolites and biomarkers of liver functions in the dairy cows during the transition period. Forty 3rd lactation Holstein cows going to enter their 4th lactation were randomly allocated to one of the four dietary treatments (high energy with rumen-protected lysine (HERPL) = 1.53NEL plus 40g Lys, high energy without lysine (HECK) = 1.53NEL, low energy with rumen-protected lysine (LERPL) = 1.37NEL plus 40g Lys, and low energy without lysine (LECK) = 1.37NEL arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Blood samples were collected during the transition period, and concentrations of blood metabolites and biomarkers of liver function were measured. Interaction between pre-calving high-energy diet and rumen-protected lysine tended to increase plasma albumin, numerically increased glucose, decreased triglyceride, total bilirubin, and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations. The result revealed that pre-calving high-energy density increased insulin, albumin and decreased blood urea nitrogen and total bilirubin concentrations and substantial favor liver functions during the transition period.

Edge-Based Short-Term Energy Demand Prediction

The electrical grid is gradually transitioning towards being an interconnected area of the smart grid, where embedded devices operate in an autonomous manner without any human intervention. An important element for this transition is the energy demand prediction, since the needs for energy have substantially increased due to the introduction of new and heavy consumption sources, such as electric vehicles. Accurate energy demand prediction, especially for short-term durations (i.e., minutes to hours), allows grid operators to produce the substantial amount needed to satisfy the demand–response equilibrium and avoid peak electricity load conditions that may also lead to blackouts in densely populated areas. However, to achieve such an accuracy level, machine learning (ML) models require extensive training with historical measurements, which is usually resource intensive (e.g., in memory and processing power). Hence, deriving accurate predictions for short-term energy demands is challenging due to the absence of external factors such as environmental data from different regions and seasons and categorical values such as bank/bridging holidays in the ML model. Additionally, existing work focuses on ML model execution on Cloud platforms, which usually does not satisfy the real-time requirements of grid operators for short-term energy demand predictions. To address these challenges, this article presents a new method that considers environmental factors and categorical values to build an energy profile for each consumer in a multi-access edge computing (MEC) framework. The method is also based on the Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT) ML model, which allows it to learn the temporal dependencies of the gathered historical measurements and predict energy demands with satisfying accuracy. The method is applied to a home energy management system testbed containing photovoltaic systems, smart meters, sensors and actuators for detecting environmental factors (i.e., temperature, humidity and radiation) as well as energy storage systems as an additional energy supply source. The MEC framework is deployed in data concentrator devices where the TFT ML model is executed with low resource requirements, ensuring additional security as the data do not leave the location where they are produced.

The Current Status of Hydrogen Energy Industry and Application of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles

At present, traditional fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are the main sources of the world's energy supply. With economic development and the expansion of the world population, traditional fossil energy sources are getting depleted and environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious, so it is important to find new and alternative clean energy sources to ensure energy security, enhance the natural environment and encourage the modernization and transformation of the energy infrastructure. Hydrogen energy is a type of clean energy with attributes like being clean, highly efficient, having a flexible application form, having a wide range of application scenarios, etc. One of the most important sources of sustainable energy is hydrogen. The transportation sector is a significant user of gasoline on the global energy market. Hydrogen has the potential to be a viable fuel for eco-friendly transportation since it provides energy that is reliable, safe, practical, easy to use, and competitively priced. Meanwhile, as hydrogen-powered vehicles advance quickly, there is an urgent need to improve the construction of hydrogen infrastructure for transportation in order to accommodate the wide application of hydrogen energy in transportation in the future.

The asymmetric effect of renewable and non-renewable energy on carbon emissions in OECD: new evidence from non-linear panel ARDL model

The level of economic income, population density and sources of energy supply is critical in assessing environmental quality. Recent empirical studies paid limited attention to the role of renewable (RE) and fossil energy (NRE) supply in carbon pollution regarding the Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis (EKC). Therefore, this study investigates the asymmetric relationships between carbon emissions and energy sources on the one hand and the environmental Kuznets hypothesis on the other hand for OECD countries, comprising countries with significant renewable energy supplies. The study includes the annual data from 1990 to 2021 and performs panel non-linear ARDL regression. The empirical results clearly show that RE and NRE have asymmetric effects on emissions in the long run but not in the short run. Both positive and negative shocks in RE reduce CO2 emissions in OECD economies, while asymmetric shocks in NRE substantially increase them. Increasing RE supply is clearly effective in reducing emissions. However, unlike most previous studies, this study shows that RE does not significantly reduce CO2 emissions in OECD countries. The error correction term (ect.) in the NARDL model is negative and significant. The magnitude of the term indicates that the system will return to long-term equilibrium about 4.2 years after any shock. Furthermore, we show that the EKC Hypothesis is supported in OECD countries. The turning point of the EKC is at $4085.77 per capita. Besides, regression with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors and Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator approach were used for robustness checks. The findings from the robustness check are consistent with the NARDL findings. Policies based on the promotion of a low-carbon and sustainable green environment should place greater emphasis on renewable resources even in OECD countries. Moreover, while many studies in the literature address asymmetric effects and EKC as energy consumption or utilisation, the novelty of this study is that it approaches the issue regarding energy supply with asymmetric effects for RE and NRE.

Renewable Energy Communities as Leverage for The Energy Transition and The Fight Against Energy Poverty: the Situation in Italy

We are facing a period of epochal changes. Meteorological and climatic emergencies and global geopolitical structures pose the challenge of radically changing the sources of energy supply by abandoning hydrocarbons after 150 years and coal after millennia. Cities already have, and will assume more and more in the future, an essential role in the fight against climate change both because it is expected that in 2050 the majority of the population will live in urban areas and because cities already play an active role in climate change becoming hot spots. Urban areas can and must become areas of electricity production, or at least in equilibrium between consumption and production, rather than just being consumers. A rapid historical excursus is made on the concept of quality of life applied to the structure and function of the city up to the paradigm, still current, between ecological complexity and pure function that goes beyond the population's well-being. Urban areas have developed mainly pursuing commercial and industrial interests. In the immediate future, they will have to develop pursuing environmental, energy, and human interests. The problem of intervening in pre-existing urban fabrics and the historic centers of European cities is analyzed. Two approaches that can coexist were analyzed: Renewable Energy Communities and Near Zero Emission Buildings. Transforming all buildings in the consolidated city into NZEBs is neither feasible nor sustainable, and the goal of transforming cities into electricity producers risks failing. Energy communities can help solve the problem by building medium and large power photovoltaic systems on public buildings or areas such as car parks and roads. Finally, the study outlines some interventions considered essential for solving the energy problem in urban areas and its impact on the community system.

Utilization of Exhaust Fan from Air Conditioner for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Differences in the Number of Blades

Energy needs are increasing every year in line with the increase in population, economic growth, and high energy consumption. Indonesia's fossil energy reserves continue to decline; therefore, it is necessary to increase the non-fossil energy used. Indonesia, which has an abundant supply of renewable energy sources, is a major force in this clean energy revolution. As a renewable energy source, wind energy is a good form of energy that can be developed using wind turbines. The wind source to drive the wind turbine can come from natural wind sources or exhaust wind from equipment. In addition to utilizing natural wind energy, there is also artificial wind, which is the result of waste energy from exhaust fans, as an alternative energy source option for wind power plants. In this study, the idea emerged to conduct an experimental analysis of AC exhaust fans as a wind source for horizontal wind turbines to understand the concept of wind-based DC power generation and optimize low wind speeds in horizontal axis wind turbines with a different number of blades. The numbers were 2, 3, and 5, so the effect of the resulting voltage change could be known. The final result of testing on a horizontal turbine with 5 blades was that the wind speed was 3.63 m/s, the blade rotation was 1170.8 rpm, and the turbine was able to generate a voltage of 23.50 V.

Use of Knowledge Management in Companies – An Overview of Energy Consumption Strategy on Short Term

Abstract Recently, managers and entrepreneurs have begun to realize the importance of adding value to people and, consequently, to the processes in their companies. Thus, the focus on knowledge management is not limited only to results and financial growth, but also to results and personal growth. Knowledge management refers to a set of strategies used within organizations to improve results. Learning is the best direction anyone can invest in right now. Performances of any company depend directly on how it was understood and implemented knowledge management. With the help of these tools, both individuals and companies can help reduce energy consumption, a necessary process especially due to the impact of global warming and climate change, and in particular from the start of 2022 when Russia started the unjustified military aggression against Ukraine, creating a pressure over the market prices. The research was assessed through a descriptive analyses approach trying to identify trends and relationships. The examination of the information shows that there are differences between the countries measured, from the perspective of the socio-economic, and from different sources of energy supply. Must employees develop furthermore both personal and professional? Are the companies ready to use the knowledge to improve the consumption of energy? The central purpose of this research is to examine the degree of the reduction of energy consumption, what is there to be done on the short term with the energy crisis, and the importance of professional and personal development in the new era of knowledge economy.

‘THE NUCLEAR SITING CONTROVERSY’ IN 1970S ITALY: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GEOLOGY, NUCLEAR POWER AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE

ABSTRACT For more than half a century, nuclear energy has been among the main issues of public concern, and thus of political, social as well as environmental debate. Nuclear energy has generated a long-standing controversy that began with the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which comprise one of the most crucial turning points of contemporary history, from WWII up to the present. This paper aims to deal with a shorter period within this long and still controversial history. It focuses on the 1970s, when in Italy—as well as in the United States and Western Europe—the 1973 oil crisis made clear the need to diversify energy supply sources. As a result, national and international interest in nuclear power increased. The transition to a fully-fledged nuclear industry was to be achieved by the end of the century, with the launch of the first fast breeder reactors (FBRs). In Italy, the National Committee for Nuclear Energy (Comitato Nazionale per l’Energia Nucleare - CNEN), in agreement with the National Electricity Board (Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica - ENEL) and the newly established regional political bodies (Regional Councils), were entrusted with the task of drawing up the national map of sites suitable for nuclear facilities, and especially for nuclear power plants. The paper aims to provide an overview of the main geological issues that fueled the Italian ‘nuclear siting controversy’ during the 1970s. It focuses also on some still unpublished topics, such as those about the ENEL–CNEN Joint Study Commission for the Seismic Problems Associated with the Installation of Nuclear Plants and the drafting of a first national map of areas suitable for radioactive waste repositories. The matters under discussion here are significant because of the link with some key issues still open in contemporary debates on nuclear energy, such as planning and siting of nuclear facilities. It is also worth noting that some current global emergencies (e.g., the war in Ukraine and climate change) have brought the European, and more generally international, debate back to the urgency of energy diversification, including nuclear power in the energy generation mix. Historical analysis, although focused on particular case studies from the past, can help to better understand such a complex issue.

The Republic of Korea experience of «Smart-Grid» implementing in the post-war recovery of Ukrainian energy system

The aim of the article. The article is devoted to the investigation of the South Korean experience of the «Smart-Grids» implementation in the post-war recovery of the domestic energy system and modernization of the existing power grids in Ukraine. Analysis results. Analyzed the main provisions of «Smart Grids» in the Law of Ukraine «On Energy Efficiency», which are defined as highly intelligent power grids, which functioning due to the ICT use on the basis of the smart meters, allowing independently and efficiently distribution and to manage the power grid. Emphasized the adopted by Ukrainian Government Concept for the implementation of Smart Grids in Ukraine until 2035, the main task of which is to promote the development of national energy system strategy with the creation of a highly intelligent power grid based on the Information and Communications Technologies. It has been proven that the Republic of Korea is one of the first countries where practically implemented a project of the «Smart Grid» introduction and distribution on South-Korea's Jeju-do island, which combines the concept of «Smart City» and «Smart Factory» based on the use of renewable energy sources. Grid technology is one aspect of a general trend towards smart technologies and a large market for Korean export. Smart-Grid technologies include electrical supply grids that use demand response, connectivity and renewable energy sources which increases the energy efficiency of manufacturing entities and households. Due to the high spread of the Internet of Things all around the world the transition to «Smart-Grid» is an imperative of increasing «Smart City» and «Smart Factory» concept in the sustainable development of a State, which includes the use of wearable technologies. That is why, collecting the large amount of data requires a high speed of the internet networks, like 5G. Conclusions and directions for further research. The issue of the actualizing of bilateral collaboration in the field of «Smart Grid» between Ukraine and the Republic of Korea is extremely important for both countries, because for the successful implementation of «Smart Grid» in the existing domestic realities it is necessary to involve practical South-Korean experience and for Korean business partners – Ukraine is a potential foreign market for technological items export, which requires «Smart Grid» industry. Since the time when «Miracle on the Han River» start, the main goal of the South-Korean Government was to find stable sources of energy supply and to cover electricity demand for heavy-industry manufacturing corporations and households from the sources of cheap energy supply. To achieve such goals was established Government-owned entity «Korea Electric Power Corporation» (KEPCO) and the developing of power industry was based on the large-scale centralized power systems, main aim of which was to reduce the cost of energy for long-term South-Korean economy boost

Biomass as a renewable energy source

Conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels, oil, coal and natural gas methane are non-renewable energy sources that were once considered primary energy sources and are depleted due to intensive use which has led to the escalation of the global energy crisis. In addition, the use of fossil fuels has a significant disadvantage in terms of the emission of toxic and harmful gases into the atmosphere that pollute the environment. An alternative to the use of fossil fuels is to obtain energy by processing biomass obtained in the process of photosynthesis and used as a raw material for bioenergy production. Biomass refers to non-fossilized biological material obtained from living or until recently living organisms and biodegradable organic or carbon-based material originating from plants, animals, plant materials and microorganisms. Bioenergy can be defined as a source of energy obtained from organic matter or biomass that is explicitly used for energy purposes. Bioenergy is the largest renewable energy source in the world, which still has a large share in the supply of renewable energy sources and accounts for 70% of the total supply of renewable energy sources. Today, bioenergy is the only form of energy that meets the criteria of a closed system, in terms of the creation of carbon dioxide and solid material products of combustion. Most of the carbon released in the form of carbon dioxide is absorbed by the next generation of plants through photosynthesis or through minerals from the soil. Therefore, biomass is becoming one of the key energy resources in the fight against global warming and depletion of fossil fuel reserves. It should be noted that the primary advantage of biomass as an energy source is not in its significant potential, but in renewability. Renewability is the essential advantage that biomass has over conventional, fossil fuels that are nonrenewable and therefore cannot be the basis for long-term planning of sustainable growth that implies rational use of energy. Biomass is not a source of energy in transition, as it is often presented, but a resource that is becoming increasingly important as a modern energy source. Therefore, this chapter provides a detailed overview of biomass as the world’s largest source of renewable energy, including definitions of biomass, a history of biomass use, and current bioenergy production from biomass. Data on theclassification/categorization of biomass and the main methods for the production of bioenergy from biomass, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using biomass for bioenergy production, are presented. Emphasis is placed on the impact of biomass on the environment and biodiversity, as well as the most significant current challenges in the use of biomass for bioenergy production, including moisture content and density of biomass, its complexity and diversity, selection of optimal pre-treatment methods and biomass processing conditions and lack of biomass data, as well as challenges to the economic sustainability of bioenergy production from biomass and other environmental, economic and social challenges.

Simulation And Modeling Of PV And Wind Hybrid Power System

In the contemporary framework where the depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental pollution with dramatic climate changes leading to the depletion of constrain alternate energy resources. Renewable energy sources have been arising as a popular alternative resource, the construction of these renewable energy as solar and wind energy has developed as a reliable source of renewable energy supplies. The paper mainly objects to the hybridized model that generates wind power hybrid with the solar. For the hybridized model the primary component is the power generating system which includes the MPPT technique to obtain the maximum and constant output. Further the solar power generating system have been combined with the wind power generating system and then attached to the grid. And the whole hybridized system has being developed in MATLAB/Simulink and the output characteristics of the hybridized structure is presented.

Investigation and 3E (economic, environmental and energy) analysis of a combined heat and power system based on renewable energies for supply energy of sport facilities

AbstractDue to the regular reduction of fossil fuels and the increase in emissions as a result of fossil fuel consumption, the use of renewable energy‐based systems is increasing gradually and microgrid systems have developed significantly due to the simultaneous production of electricity and heat on a very large scale. Therefore, microgrid modelling has been done considering fossil and non‐fossil sources wind turbines and photovoltaic cells are considered the main sources of energy supply and a gas turbine is the supporting source that thermal energy production in the system is the responsibility of the boiler. The purpose of the system modelling is optimization by considering different conditions including maximum energy supply, reducing emissions, and reducing the cost of operation, which is why different scenarios were evaluated. For an accurate evaluation, different scenarios have been set for the production of energy from different sources. One of the important results is the lower cost of the first scenario compared to the other two scenarios, the total cost of which is $180.53. In this scenario, 72.2466 kWh of electricity is purchased and 43.62 kWh of electricity is sold.

An assessment of the strategies for the energy-critical elements necessary for the development of sustainable energy sources.

There have been several strategies developed to increase the diversified supply of energy so that it can meet all of the future demands for energy. As a result, to ensure a healthy and sustainable energy future, it is imperative to warrant reliable and diverse energy supply sources if the "green energy economy" is to be realized. The purpose of developing and deploying clean energy technologies is to improve our overall energy security, reduce our carbon footprint, and ensure that the generation of energy is secure and reliable in the future, making sure that we can spur economic growth in the future. In this paper, advancements in alternative sources of energy sustainability and strategies will be examined to ensure there will be enough fuel to supply all the future demands for energy. Several emerging clean energy technologies rely heavily on the availability of materials that exhibit unique properties that are necessary for their development. This paper examines the roles that rare earth and other energy-critical materials play in securing a clean energy economy and the development of clean energy economies in general. For the development of these technologies to be successful and sustainable, a number of these energy-critical materials are at risk of becoming unavailable. This is due to their limited availability, disruptions in supply, and a lack of suitable resources for their development. An action plan focusing on producing energy-critical materials in energy-efficient ways is discussed as part of an initiative to advance the development of clean and sustainable energy.

Use of Esienia fetida Worms to Produce Peptone for Clostridium perfringens Vaccine Production.

Concurrent with an increase in the human population on the earth, more than ever, the creation of energy and maintenance of health is necessary, and nowadays, various sources of energy supply are being developed. The general global view in this regard is to provide protein and energy from available and cheap sources. Iran is no exception to this general rule, only in the field of ensuring the health of livestock resources every year, about 10 tons of peptone is needed for producing clostridial vaccines. Vermicomposting worms (Esienia fetida) with high protein percentages and rapid reproductions are a suitable source for peptone production. Based on this, the vaccine strain of Clostridium perfringens type D cultivated in two different media contain peptone produced from worms and meat peptone. The growth rate, epsilon toxin (ETX), and alpha toxin (CPA) of Cl. perfringens have been compared in two media. The results showed that the growth rate of bacteria in the worm peptone medium in 48 h was 22% higher than that of the meat peptone. Additionally, the activity of alpha toxin (phospholipase C) was in worm peptone 15% higher than meat peptone during 80 min of measurement. Regarding epsilon toxin lethality, all three mice of the N-worm peptone group died, while all three mice of the meat peptone group survived even 72 h after injection. The average survival time of mice in the N-worm peptone group was 1700 min. Therefore, we suggest the worms' protein is more suitable than industrial meat in peptone production for vicinal propose. To eliminate the need for hydrolyzed protein in the production of vaccines in the future, we suggest an increase in the fields of employment and the development of fertilizer and worm farms in Iran.