Source-sink Flow Research Articles

Efficient and linear static approach for finding the memory leak in C

Code analysis has discovered that memory leaks are common in the C programming language. In the literature, there exist various approaches for statically analyzing and detecting memory leaks. The complexity and diversity of memory leaks make it difficult to find an approach that is both effective and simple. In embedded systems, costly resources like memory become limited as the system’s size diminishes. As a result, memory must be handled effectively and efficiently too. To obtain precise analysis, we propose a novel approach that works in a phase-wise manner. Instead of examining all possible paths for finding memory leaks, we use a program slicing to check for a potential memory leak. We introduce a source-sink flow graph (SSFG) based on source-sink properties of memory allocation-deallocation within the C code. To achieve simplicity in analysis, we also reduce the complexity of analysis in linear time. In addition, we utilize a constraint solver to improve the effectiveness of our approach. To evaluate the approach, we perform manual scanning on various test cases: link list applications, Juliet test cases, and common vulnerabilities and exposures found in 2021. The results show the efficiency of the proposed approach by preparing the SSFG with linear complexity.

Towards efficient continuous thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle: Model-based performance map and analysis

Continuous thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle (TREC), which could convert heat to power and realize the continuous power output, is a promising technology for low-grade heat harvesting. However, the mechanism elucidation and performance analysis of continuous TREC are still incomplete, which hinders its performance improvement and practical applications. In this study, a pseudo-two-dimensional flow and electrochemical coupled model for continuous TREC is developed to investigate its performance. Based on the model, the polarization mechanism is revealed, and the effects of operating parameters and physical properties of electrolytes on the cycle performance are analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the concentration polarization is the major contributor to the system overpotential, especially at low electrolyte flow velocities. Regarding operating parameters, although temperatures of heat source and heat sink and electrolyte flow velocity determine the power density, the heat recuperation efficiency shows a decisive effect on the efficiencies. With perfect recuperation, the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency could reach 8.3 % and 57.5 %, respectively. Regarding physical properties of electrolytes, the electrolyte concentrations affect the power density by changing the limiting current density. In addition, the temperature coefficient significantly affects the power density at any electrolyte flow velocity, while the internal resistance does so only at high flow velocities. With a temperature difference of 50 °C, a high power density of 4.33 W m−2 is expected if the temperature coefficient is increased to 4.0 mV K−1 and the area specific resistance is reduced to 1.0 Ω cm2. Based on the results, beneficial recommendations are put forward for further optimizing the system configuration and screening electrolytes for continuous TREC.

Assessment of flood regulation service based on source–sink landscape analysis in urbanized watershed

AbstractFacing climate change and rapid urbanization, urban flooding has exposed human and properties to increasing disaster risks. The attention from researchers and decision‐makers to understand the key role of flood regulation service (FRS) in flood management has arisen. However, the mechanism of FRS supply–demand is little known from landscape scale. The FRS assessment methodology considering interacts between source, sink, and flow landscape was proposed in this study. The spatial distributions of surface runoff generation, runoff reduction capacity, and flood inundation were mapped using one‐dimensional rainfall–runoff method SCS‐CN and two‐dimensional flood propagation model CADDIES. Four 3‐hour designed rainfall scenarios ranging from nuisance to extreme events (3a, 11a, 56a, and 100a) were simulated. The Liuyang River Watershed in Changsha Municipality, China was selected for case study. The results showed that, the differences of runoff reduction coefficient and runoff generation volume between vegetation and built‐up landscape have shortened. The peak flood depth, extent of flood inundation, and peak flood velocity have increased continuously with the growing rainfall intensity. The number of source–sink mismatch catchment was the highest under 56 and 100a, and the most of source‐sink match catchments were observed under 3a. Under four rainfall scenarios, the changes of source–sink relationships were witnessed and the potentials of flow zone in source–sink mismatch catchments have increased. The FRS management framework concerning supply–demand connections has been proposed based on source–sink–flow analysis. These findings could provide a scientific basis for sustainable urban flood management and disaster risk mitigation.

Exploring the use of static and dynamic analysis to improve the performance of the mining sandbox approach for android malware identification

The popularization of the Android platform and the growing number of Android applications (apps) that manage sensitive data turned the Android ecosystem into an attractive target for malicious software. For this reason, researchers and practitioners have investigated new approaches to address Android’s security issues, including techniques that leverage dynamic analysis to mine Android sandboxes. The mining sandbox approach consists in running dynamic analysis tools on a benign version of an Android app. This exploratory phase records all calls to sensitive APIs. Later, we can use this information to (a) prevent calls to other sensitive APIs (those not recorded in the exploratory phase) or (b) run the dynamic analysis tools again in a different version of the app. During this second execution of the fuzzing tools, a warning of possible malicious behavior is raised whenever the new version of the app calls a sensitive API not recorded in the exploratory phase.The use of a mining sandbox approach is an effective technique for Android malware analysis, as previous research works revealed. Particularly, existing reports present an accuracy of almost 70% in the identification of malicious behavior using dynamic analysis tools to mine android sandboxes. However, although the use of dynamic analysis for mining Android sandboxes has been investigated before, little is known about the potential benefits of combining static analysis with a mining sandbox approach for identifying malicious behavior. Accordingly, in this paper we present the results of two studies that investigate the impact of using static analysis to complement the performance of existing dynamic analysis tools tailored for mining Android sandboxes, in the task of identifying malicious behavior.In the first study we conduct a non-exact replication of a previous study (hereafter BLL-Study) that compares the performance of test case generation tools for mining Android sandboxes. Differently from the original work, here we isolate the effect of an independent static analysis component (DroidFax) they used to instrument the Android apps in their experiments. This decision was motivated by the fact that DroidFax could have influenced the efficacy of the dynamic analyses tools positively—through the execution of specific static analysis algorithms DroidFax also implements. In our second study, we carried out a new experiment to investigate the efficacy of taint analysis algorithms to complement the mining sandbox approach previously used to identify malicious behavior. To this end, we executed the FlowDroid tool to mine the source–sink flows from benign/malign pairs of Android apps used in a previous research work.Our study brings several findings. For instance, the first study reveals that DroidFax alone (static analysis) can detect 43.75% of the malwares in the BLL-Study dataset, contributing substantially in the performance of the dynamic analysis tools in the BLL-Study. The results of the second study show that taint analysis is also practical to complement the mining sandboxes approach, with a performance similar to that reached by dynamic analysis tools.

Study on the Evolution of the Source-Flow-Sink Pattern of China’s Chunyun Population Migration Network: Evidence from Tencent Big Data

We construct a comprehensive analysis framework of population flow in China. To do so, we take prefecture-level administrative regions as the basic research unit of population flow and use source-sink theory and flow space theory. Additionally, we reveal the dynamic differentiation of population flow patterns and the evolution of population source-flow-sink systems. We try to provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of population development policies and regional spatial governance. The results show the following: (1) The Hu Huanyong Line has a strong spatial lock-in effect on population flow. Additionally, provincial capital cities, headed by Hangzhou, Nanjing, and Hefei, have played an increasingly prominent role in population flow. (2) The developed eastern coastal areas have undertaken China’s main population outflow. The net population flow is spatially high in the middle of the region and low on the two sides, exhibiting an “inverted U-shaped” pattern. Furthermore, the borders of the central provinces form a continuous population inflow area. (3) The hierarchical characteristics of the population flow network are obvious. Strong connections occur between developed cities, and the effect of distance attenuation is weakened. The medium connection network is consistent with the traffic skeleton, and population flow exhibits a strong “bypass effect”. (4) The source and sink areas are divided into four regions similar to China’s three major economic belts. The 10 regions can be refined to identify the main population source and sink regions, and the 18 regions can basically reflect China’s level of urbanization. The network of the population flow source-flow-sink system exhibits notable nesting characteristics. As a result, it creates a situation in which the source areas on both sides of the east and the west are convective to the middle. The hierarchical differentiation of the source-flow sink system is related to the differences between the east and the west and between the north and the south, as well as local differences in China.

Source-Sink Manipulation Affects Accumulation of Zinc and Other Nutrient Elements in Wheat Grains.

To better understand the source–sink flow and its relationships with zinc (Zn) and other nutrients in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants for biofortification and improving grain nutritional quality, the effects of reducing the photoassimilate source (through the flag leaf removal and spike shading) or sink (through the removal of all spikelets from one side of the spike, i.e., 50% spikelets removal) in the field of the accumulation of Zn and other nutrients in grains of two wheat cultivars (Jimai 22 and Jimai 44) were investigated at two soil Zn application levels. The kernel number per spike (KNPS), single panicle weight (SPW), thousand kernel weight (TKW), total grain weight (TGW) sampled, concentrations and yields of various nutrient elements including Zn, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), phytate phosphorus (phytate-P), phytic acid (PA) and phytohormones (ABA: abscisic acid, and the ethylene precursor ACC: 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid), and carbon/N ratios were determined. Soil Zn application significantly increased the concentrations of grain Zn, N and K. Cultivars showing higher grain yields had lower grain protein and micronutrient nutritional quality. SPW, KNPS, TKW (with the exception of TKW in the removal of half of the spikelets), TGW, and nutrient yields in wheat grains were most severely reduced by half spikelet removal, secondly by spike shading, and slightly by flag leaf removal. Grain concentrations of Zn, N and Mg consistently showed negative correlations with SPW, KNPS and TGW, but positive correlations with TKW. There were general positive correlations among grain concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, N and Mg, and the bioavailability of Zn and Fe (estimated by molar ratios of PA/Zn, PA/Fe, PA × Ca/Zn, or PA × Ca/Fe). Although Zn and Fe concentrations were increased and Ca was decreased in treatments of half spikelet removal and spike shading, the treatments simultaneously increased PA and limited the increase in bioavailability of Zn and Fe. In general, different nutrient elements interact with each other and are affected to different degrees by source–sink manipulation. Elevated endogenous ABA levels and ABA/ACC ratios were associated with increased TKW and grain-filling of Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg, and inhibited K in wheat grains. However, the effects of ACC were diametrically opposite. These results provide a basis for wheat grain biofortification to alleviate human malnutrition.

Performance analysis of active control systems based on the source-sink flow relationship of the structural intensity

The mechanisms of feedforward and feedback methods were analyzed for active vibration control. A feedforward controller was designed in the frequency domain using optimal control theory. The feedback control uses the direct velocity feedback method. The two control methods were applied to a plate, and the mechanisms were analyzed by examining the structural intensity map. In the case of the feedback system, the disturbance acting on the structure serves as a source, and the control force acts as a sink to reduce the vibration energy of the structure. On the other hand, in the feedforward system, the energy is reduced by the destructive interference of the intensity generated by the disturbance and control force. In this case, when analyzing the vibration intensity of the structure, component by component, the intensity generated by the control force is interfered with mainly the mutual power terms. They are the product of the force due to disturbance and the velocity due to control force, vice versa. Based on this analysis under the source-sink relationship of the feedback system, we confirmed that a higher control performance can be obtained by the control force at a point where the structural intensity is in a more easily flow position.

Growth of a tree with allocations rules: part 2 dynamics

Following up on a previous work we examine a model of transportation network in some source-sink flow paradigm subjected to growth and resource allocation. The model is inspired from plants, and we add rules and factors that are analogous to what plants are subjected to. We study how different resource allocation schemes affect the tree and how the schemes interact with additional factors such as embedding the network into a 3D space and applying gravity or shading. The different outcomes are discussed. PACS. 05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos-05.65.+b Self-organized systems

The dispersion of spherical droplets in source-sink flows and their relevance to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of spherical droplets in the presence of a source–sink pair flow field. The dynamics of the droplets is governed by the Maxey–Riley equation with the Basset–Boussinesq history term neglected. We find that, in the absence of gravity, there are two distinct behaviors for the droplets: small droplets cannot go further than a specific distance, which we determine analytically, from the source before getting pulled into the sink. Larger droplets can travel further from the source before getting pulled into the sink by virtue of their larger inertia, and their maximum traveled distance is determined analytically. We investigate the effects of gravity, and we find that there are three distinct droplet behaviors categorized by their relative sizes: small, intermediate-sized, and large. Counterintuitively, we find that the droplets with a minimum horizontal range are neither small nor large, but of intermediate size. Furthermore, we show that in conditions of regular human respiration, these intermediate-sized droplets range in size from a few μm to a few hundred μm. The result that such droplets have a very short range could have important implications for the interpretation of existing data on droplet dispersion.

Effects of source/sink manipulation on grain zinc accumulation by winter wheat genotypes

Agronomy practices aimed at wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain Zn biofortification are important to alleviate Zn deficiency in humans, especially for those resource-poor people owing to subsistence on diets dominated by cereal-based foods with low concentrations and bioavailability of Zn. To promote understanding of source-sink flow processes affecting biofortification of wheat with Zn, effects of different source/sink manipulations on grain Zn accumulation by wheat were examined in pot and field at two locations. Treatments included foliar applications of deionized water, sucrose, ZnSO4, sucrose + Zn, defoliation, spike shading or partial removal of spikes. Results showed sucrose + Zn significantly increased grain Zn concentration more than Zn alone. Grain Zn concentration with sucrose + Zn averaged 66 mg kg-1 for ‘Kenong 9204’ and 59 mg kg-1 for ‘Liangxing 99’ in pot, and ranged from 42 to 58 mg kg-1 for ‘Liangxing 99’, ‘Jinan 17’, ‘Jimai 20’, ‘Jimai 22’, and ‘Luyuan 502’ under field, approaching the field-grown target 60 mg kg-1 proposed by World Health Organization. Molar ratios of phytic acid/Zn and phytic acid × Ca/Zn of ‘Jinan 17’, ‘Jimai 20’ or ‘Luyuan 502’ with sucrose + Zn were reduced to be < 15 and < 200, respectively, suggesting higher Zn bioavailability. Defoliation or spike shading decreased grain weight, Zn concentration and content. It is concluded that grain Zn accumulation of wheat can be affected by the source-sink relationship of Zn and/or carbohydrate, and the foliar spray ‘sucrose + Zn’ is recommended for increasing concentration and bioavailability of Zn in wheat grains.

A Note on Interior Pathways in the Meridional Overturning Circulation

AbstractA simple oceanic model is presented for source–sink flow on the β plane to discuss the pathways from source to sink when transport boundary layers have large enough Reynolds numbers to be inertial in their dynamics. A representation of the flow as a Fofonoff gyre, suggested by prior work on inertial boundary layers and eddy-driven circulations in two-dimensional turbulent flows, indicates that even when the source and sink are aligned along the same western boundary the flow must intrude deep into the interior before exiting at the sink. The existence of interior pathways for the flow is thus an intrinsic property of an inertial circulation and is not dependent on particular geographical basin geometry.

Non-Structural Carbohydrates Accumulation in Contrasting Rice Genotypes Subjected to High Night Temperatures

Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) accumulation and photosynthesis traits were studied in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes maintained under control (22/30 °C - night/day) and at high night temperatures (HNT) (28/30 °C) conditions from heading to milk stage. Rice cultivars were Nagina22 - N22 and BRS Querência - Quer, which are tolerant and sensitive to high temperatures, respectively. The source-sink flow related attributes were tested to understand the nature of NSC accumulation and translocation. Compared to N22, Quer maintained higher stem starch in glucose on seventh day after heading and at milk stage independently of imposed temperatures. However, the levels of starch in glucose were lower for N22 meanwhile their total sugar concentration (TSC) were higher at control and at HNT at milk stage as compared to Quer. N22 maintained unaltered the spikelet sterility and 1000-grain weight across environments showing a consistent trend with its stem NSC translocation. Both genotypes showed similarity in some gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence performance suggesting unaffected photosystem II photochemistry, linear electron flux, and CO2 assimilation. Beyond indicating that source functioning was not the limiting factor for low TSC and starch in glucose levels found in N22 on seventh day after heading stage. Moreover, our data suggest that the higher translocation capacity shown by N22 can be involved in their lower spikelet sterility and 1000-grain weight stability across the environments. These results indicate that selecting genotypes with higher capacity to stem NSC translocation at HNT could lead to more grain yield stability in future climate scenarios.

Theoretical Model of Buoyancy-Induced Flow in Rotating Cavities

The Ekman-layer equations, which have previously been solved for isothermal source–sink flow in a rotating cavity, are derived for buoyancy-induced flow. Although the flow in the inviscid core is three-dimensional and unsteady, it is assumed that the flow in the Ekman layers is axisymmetric and steady; and, as for source–sink flow, the average mass flow rate in the Ekman layers is assumed to be invariant with radius. In addition, it is assumed that the flow in the core is adiabatic, and consequently the core temperature increases with radius and with rotational speed. Approximate solutions are obtained for laminar flow, and it is shown that the Nusselt numbers for the rotating disks and the mass flow rate in the Ekman layers are proportional to Grc1/4, where Grc is a Grashof number based on the rotational Reynolds number and the temperature difference between the disk and the core. The equation for the Nusselt numbers, which includes two empirical constants, depends strongly on the radial distribution of the temperature of the disks.

Evaluation of wheat growth, morphological characteristics, biomass yield and quality in Lunar Palace-1, plant factory, green house and field systems

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops in both space such as Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS) and urban agriculture fields, and its cultivation is affected by several environmental factors. The objective of this study was to investigate the influences of different environmental conditions (BLSS, plant factory, green house and field) on the wheat growth, thousand kernel weight (TKW), harvest index (HI), biomass yield and quality during their life cycle. The results showed that plant height partially influenced by the interaction effects with environment, and this influence decreased gradually with the plant development. It was found that there was no significant difference between the BLSS and plant factory treatments on yields per square, but the yield of green house and field treatments were both lower. TKW and HI in BLSS and plant factory were larger than those in the green house and field. However, grain protein concentration can be inversely correlated with grain yield. Grain protein concentrations decreased under elevate CO2 condition and the magnitude of the reductions depended on the prevailing environmental condition. Conditional interaction effects with environment also influenced the components of straw during the mature stage. It indicated that CO2 enriched environment to some extent was better for inedible biomass degradation and had a significant effect on “source–sink flow” at grain filling stage, which was more beneficial to recycle substances in the processes of the environment regeneration.

Local Measurements of Disk Heat Transfer in Heated Rotating Cavities for Several Flow Regimes

This paper discusses experimental results from a two-cavity test rig representation of the internal air system of a high-pressure compressor. Thermal steady-state measurements of the time-averaged local heat fluxes on both sides of the middle disk are presented for three different flow regimes: pure axial throughflow of cooling air and axial throughflow of cooling air in two directions with a superposed radial inflow of hot air in one cavity. Mass flow ratios between 1/40 &lt; mrad/max &lt; 2/1 are measured. Tests were carried out for a wide range of non-dimensional parameters: Reφ up to 107, Rez up to 2 × 105, and Cw up to −2.5 × 104. In all cases, the shroud is uniformly heated to approximately 100 °C. The local axial heat fluxes are determined separately for both sides of the middle disk from measurements of the surface temperatures with open spot-welded thermo-couples. The method of heat flux determination and an analysis approach calculating the uncertainties and the sensitivity are described and discussed. The local heat flux results of the different flow paths are compared and interpreted by assumed flow structures. The time-averaged heat flux results can be adequately interpreted by flow structures of two toroidal vortices for axial throughflow and a source-sink flow for the radial inflow. The measurements show that the axial heat flux can change direction, i.e., areas exist where the disk is heated and not cooled by the flow. For axial throughflow, a local minimum of heat flux exists on the impinged side in the range of x = 0.65. On the back side, a heating area exists in all tests in the lower half of the disk (x &lt; 0.6) due to recirculated air of higher temperature. This heating area corresponds to the range of the inner vortex and increases with higher axial and rotational Reynolds numbers.

Bi and tri-objective optimization in the deterministic network interdiction problem

Solution approaches to the deterministic network interdiction problem have previously been developed for optimizing a single figure-of-merit of the network configuration (i.e. flow that can be transmitted between a source node and a sink node for a fixed network design) under constraints related to limited amount of resources available to interdict network links. These approaches work under the assumption that: (1) nominal capacity of each link is completely reduced when interdicted and (2) there is a single criterion to optimize. This paper presents a newly developed evolutionary algorithm that for the first time allows solving multi-objective optimization models for the design of network interdiction strategies that take into account a variety of figures-of-merit. The algorithm provides an approximation to the optimal Pareto frontier using: (a) techniques in Monte Carlo simulation to generate potential network interdiction strategies, (b) graph theory to analyze strategies’ maximum source–sink flow and (c) an evolutionary search that is driven by the probability that a link will belong to the optimal Pareto set. Examples for different sizes of networks and network behavior are used throughout the paper to illustrate and validate the approach.

Optimal protection of general source–sink networks via evolutionary techniques

This paper presents a network optimization model that maximizes the survivability of a network for a specific source–sink flow when resources are allocated to protect network links under an evenly distributed attack strategy. The proposed model takes into account the stochastic behavior of link interdiction by assuming that the vulnerability of an attacked/defended link is determined via a ratio form of the attacker–defender contest success function. The research done as part of this manuscript extends previous network interdiction approaches through an optimization model that relates the defenders’/attackers’ per-link resources with link vulnerability values allowing for the defender to consider competing courses of action. Once the network vulnerability model is proposed, the manuscript describes an evolutionary algorithm that can provide optimal defense strategies in networks that follow a source–sink behavior. The results of the extensive experimentation done for different sized networks illustrate that when a defender is faced with an evenly distributed attack his/her defense strategy should take into account the configuration of the network, the source–sink flow and the importance of the different network elements.

Stochastic network interdiction optimization via capacitated network reliability modeling and probabilistic solution discovery

This paper introduces an evolutionary optimization approach that can be readily applied to solve stochastic network interdiction problems (SNIP). The network interdiction problem solved considers the minimization of the cost associated with an interdiction strategy such that the maximum flow that can be transmitted between a source node and a sink node for a fixed network design is greater than or equal to a given reliability requirement. Furthermore, the model assumes that the nominal capacity of each network link and the cost associated with their interdiction can change from link to link and that such interdiction has a probability of being successful. This version of the SNIP is for the first time modeled as a capacitated network reliability problem allowing for the implementation of computation and solution techniques previously unavailable. The solution process is based on an evolutionary algorithm that implements: (1) Monte-Carlo simulation, to generate potential network interdiction strategies, (2) capacitated network reliability techniques to analyze strategies’ source–sink flow reliability and, (3) an evolutionary optimization technique to define, in probabilistic terms, how likely a link is to appear in the final interdiction strategy. Examples for different sizes of networks are used throughout the paper to illustrate the approach.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of the structure of azimuthal source–sink flow in a rotating shallow water layer

The structure of source–sink flow in a rotating shallow water layer is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical calculations are carried out in the framework of the nonlinear model of Ekman boundary layer based on the description of advective terms in the geostrophic momentum approximation. The radial profiles of azimuthal velocity are derived analytically in the small Rossby number limit. It has been shown that the structure of these profiles varies essentially when changing the direction of a radial flow. The velocity profile is strictly monotonic for cyclonic flow (radial flow is directed to the centre) and non-monotonic with maximum near the source—for anticyclonic flow. These results are in agreement with theoretical results by Danilov, Sazonov, derived in the framework of vertically integrated model. The experimental part of the work is carried out on the special experimental apparatus at Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory. The measured radial profiles of the fluid depth and azimuthal velocity produced by concentric sources and sinks located at the bottom of the rotating parabolic vessel are presented. The dependence of these profiles on the intensity of the source–sink system is investigated. It is shown that theoretical results reproduce the main features of the profiles measured in experiments.

Deterministic network interdiction optimization via an evolutionary approach

This paper introduces an evolutionary optimization approach that can be readily applied to solve deterministic network interdiction problems. The network interdiction problem solved considers the minimization of the maximum flow that can be transmitted between a source node and a sink node for a fixed network design when there is a limited amount of resources available to interdict network links. Furthermore, the model assumes that the nominal capacity of each network link and the cost associated with their interdiction can change from link to link. For this problem, the solution approach developed is based on three steps that use: (1) Monte Carlo simulation, to generate potential network interdiction strategies, (2) Ford–Fulkerson algorithm for maximum s–t flow, to analyze strategies’ maximum source-sink flow and, (3) an evolutionary optimization technique to define, in probabilistic terms, how likely a link is to appear in the final interdiction strategy. Examples for different sizes of networks and network behavior are used throughout the paper to illustrate the approach. In terms of computational effort, the results illustrate that solutions are obtained from a significantly restricted solution search space. Finally, the authors discuss the need for a reliability perspective to network interdiction, so that solutions developed address more realistic scenarios of such problem.