Source Of Irrigation Water Research Articles

Agroclimate‐centric irrigation water quality guidelines

AbstractThe suitability of a given water source for irrigation warrants the diagnosis of potential salinity, sodicity and toxicity hazards. Region‐specific irrigation water quality standards and guidelines formulated worldwide are too conservative. After a comprehensive assessment of newer insights from re‐analysis of the available data and examination of the associated evidence covering diversified conditions of saline water use, existing guidelines are updated to adjust for site‐specific conditions. The updated versions for rating both saline and alkali waters include the chemical composition of irrigation waters, soil type (texture, clay mineralogy), salt tolerance rating of crops and rainfall for broader adaptability. As modified by soil texture and rainfall, crop salt tolerance is the decisive factor for fixing upper salinity limits in hyper‐arid, arid, semi‐arid and semi‐humid regions. The customized recommendations include conjunctive use, leaching/rainfall management, irrigation methods, ionic ratios, fertilizers and manures. Guidelines for sodic/alkali waters are based on both crop responses and sodicity‐induced water infiltration problems. The amendment requirements stand defined. In view of the increasing water scarcity, the established guidelines are expected to promote saline and alkali water irrigation in arid and semi‐arid regions while safeguarding the environment.

Estimating the useful life of the sempor reservoir using erosion modelling

Sedimentation determines how optimal a reservoir functions throughout its design life. The Sempor Reservoir in Central Java, Indonesia, will be 45 years old in 2023. At least 15 million m3 of particles have been sedimented in the reservoir for >30 years, reducing its function as an irrigation water source to only 60%. Therefore, assessing its performance in providing irrigation water and generating hydropower electricity is essential, given that its design life ends in 2028. This study was conducted to analyse the sedimentation and estimate the useful life of the Sempor Reservoir based on the erosion potential in its catchment area. The potential sedimentation rate was formulated from erosion potential assessed using the universal soil loss equation (USLE) model, sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and trap efficiency (TE). By contrast, the actual sedimentation rate was determined from changes in the dead storage capacity from 2013 to 2023. The interpolation performance evaluation of the bathymetric survey results was tested using the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) which resulted in values of 0.917; 0.87; and 13.03%, respectively. The results show that the catchment area had an erosion potential of 3,405,353.86 t∙a−1, resulting in a potential sedimentation rate of 309,106.63 m3∙a−1. The calculated actual sedimentation rate was 33,903.28 m3∙a−1. Therefore, the useful life of the Sempor Reservoir was estimated to end in 0.5 years and 4.59 years based on the potential and actual sedimentation rates, respectively.

Accumulation of phytotoxic metals and metalloids in vegetable continuum subjected to different irrigation streams: a threat towards nutritional security

The urban agro-ecosystem in developing countries plays a major role in uplifting the socioeconomic status of their inhabitants by confronting the challenges of improving food security and eradicating hunger. Food security and safety has become a serious global concern owing to accumulation of phytotoxic metals and metalloids in different food commodities subjected to different contaminated irrigation sources. The current study was undertaken to assess the concentrations of heavy metals and metalloid in ridge gourd (Luffa cylindrica L.), its planting soil medium and irrigation water sources used for crop production to determine the health risk. The results showed that the mean concentrations of different metals and metalloids in ground water samples i.e. Ni (0.14 mg L-1), Fe (1.29 mg L-1), Cu (0.10 mg L-1), Pb (0.55 mg L-1), As (0.10 mg L-1), Cr (2.38 mg L-1) and Cd (0.05 mg L-1) were over the permissible limits. Soil samples irrigated with ground water showed that concentrations of Cd (23.67 mg kg-1), Cr (26.66 mg kg-1) and As (45.97 mg kg-1) were above the permissible limits. Similarly, vegetable samples irrigated with ground water had a higher level of Cd (0.33 mg kg-1) than their prescribed safe limits. The bio-concentration factor ranged from 0.00 to 8.21 for all irrigation sources. The target hazard quotients (THQ) for Zn, Fe, and Cr were higher than the threshold value when ridge gourd was consumed, indicating a health concern. Similarly, hazard index values were 5.05, 28, 27, and 1.01, from groundwater, canal water, and sewage water, respectively. Target Cancer Risk (TCR) exposed Ni, Cr, Cd and As in canal water were sources of high cancer risk and Pb showed moderate cancer risk for the local community. These findings suggest that human intake of ridge gourd vegetable from the studied area may pose health hazards. Hence, frequent monitoring of different irrigation streams used in urban and semi-urban agriculture is strongly recommended to manage higher concentrations of phytotoxic metals and metalloids in crop produce and their associated health risks for humans.

Irrigation water economic value and productivity: An econometric estimation for maize grain production in Italy

Climate change, characterized by rising temperatures and limited precipitation, has intensified the demand for irrigation water while simultaneously restricting its availability. This challenge poses significant risks to agricultural and food production, particularly in the Mediterranean regions where, recently, water deficits have led to substantial production losses and quality issues. Water is a critical determinant of crops' economic viability, especially for water-intensive crops, making it essential to estimate its economic relevance, especially in the absence of reliable water market prices. This study has two primary objectives: first, to evaluate the shadow price of irrigation water for maize grain at the farm level, which is defined as the value generated by the marginal unit of water consumed; and second, to analyse its heterogeneity. Leveraging a Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) panel of 1625 Italian farms over a decade (2010–2020), an econometric production function approach is employed. Moreover, quantile regressions reveal variations in the shadow price linked to geographical, managerial, and structural farm characteristics. Our findings underscore water’s key role in economically viable maize grain production, significantly enhancing the productivity of other inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. The average shadow price is 0.29 €/m³, with a median of 0.20 €/m³ and water total productivity accounts for one-third of maize’s average gross output. Quantile regressions uncover how factors like geographic location, altitude, farm management, irrigation water source, and farm size influence the distribution of water productivity, reflecting either efficient use or scarcity of this resource. Our estimation provides valuable insights for policymakers by offering accurate shadow price estimates for irrigation water in Italian maize grain production. Furthermore, it enhances our understanding of irrigation water’s role in the economic viability of this crop, while contributing to support evidence-based water management strategies, identifying vulnerable areas and farms and allowing for future methodological developments.

Influence of Spring Water Residence Time on the Irrigation Water Stability in the Hani Rice Terraces

The stability of irrigation water is critical for the sustainability of alpine agriculture. Based on monthly precipitation and terraced field water and spring water samples obtained between 2015 and 2016, the study used the mean residence time and isotope mixing model to analyze the influence of spring water residence time on irrigation water stability in the Hani Rice Terraces. The results indicate that: (1) The mean residence time of precipitation and terraced field water in spring water was 2.46 years and 1.55 years, respectively, implying that the terraced field’s irrigation water source could be refilled by spring water recharged 1.5–2.5 years ago. (2) The mean residence time of precipitation in ascending and descending springs was 2.73 years and 1.95 years, respectively. The mean residence time of terraced field water in ascending and descending springs was 1.54 years and 1.04 years, respectively. The ascending spring’s recharge water residence time is 0.5–0.8 years longer than that of the descending spring, indicating that the spring water exhibits intra-seasonal and inter-seasonal staggered peak recharging. At the same time, the total recharge period of the ascending–descending spring is extended to 1–3 years, which means the terraced fields have a drought resistance of three years. (3) The mean residence time of precipitation and terraced field water at higher altitudes in the ascending spring is 2.52 times and 3.73 times, respectively, while in the descending spring, it is 3.36 times and 6.49 times to the lower altitude region. This means that the mean residence time of the recharge water source in the lower terraced fields was shorter, and the elevation difference between ascending and descending springs was smaller, thereby regulating the spatial homogeneous distribution of recharge water sources in the terraced fields.

The Study of Various Regression Models Establishment to Identify Farmland Soil Moisture Content at Different Depths Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Multispectral Data: A Case in North China Plain

Soil moisture content is one of the most important soil indices for agriculture production. With the increasing food requirement and limited irrigation water sources, it is of great significance to accurately and quickly measure the soil moisture content for precision irrigation, especially in deficient agricultural areas, such as North China Plain. To achieve this goal, more attention was paid to the application of unmanned aerial vehicle multispectral reflectance technology. However, it was urgent to enhance the regression models between spectral data and soil realistic moisture content, and there were limited studies about the regression research on deep soil layers. Thus, the farmland of winter wheat–summer maize double cropping at Yongnian District, Hebei, North China, was selected as the study area. A six-band multispectral camera mounted on a low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used to obtain the field spectral reflectance with bands from 470~810 nm, and meanwhile, soil moisture content at different depths (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm) was measured after maize sowing. Unary linear regression (ULR), multivariate linear regression (MLR), ridge regression (RR), and an artificial neural network (ANN) were employed to establish regression models. The results demonstrated that the sensitive bands of spectral reflectance were 690 nm, 470 nm, and 810 nm. Those models all established significant regression at the depths of 0–20 cm and 40–60 cm, particularly at 10, 50, and 60 cm soil layers. However, for a depth of 20–40 cm, the prediction accuracy was generally lower. Among MLR, RR, and BP models, the MLR exhibited the highest identification accuracy, which was most recommended for the application. The findings of this study provide technical guidance and effective regression for the multispectral reflectance on the farmland of North China Plain, especially for deep soil layer moisture prediction.

Effects of heterogenous wettability on evaporation from a simulated soil pore: Stick-slip evaporative mode and contact line motion

The Ogallala Aquifer, a primary irrigation water source in the High Plains region of the United States, is declining, thereby necessitating new water conservation strategies. This paper investigates the impact of mixed wettability on the evaporation dynamics of a 10-µl sessile water droplet placed within simulated soil pores comprised of hydrophobic Teflon beads (CA ∼ 108°) and hydrophilic glass (CA ∼ 41°) beads with 2.38-mm diameters, where homogeneous and heterogenous (i.e., mixed hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity) wettability configurations were investigated. Experiments were performed in an environmental chamber where the relative humidity and temperature were 60% ± 0.1% RH and 20 ± 0.4 °C, respectively. Wettability influenced evaporation times, with homogeneous hydrophobic pores (i.e., three Teflon beads) and heterogenous one glass, two Teflon pores having the longest average evaporation times of 40 and 39 min, respectively. Homogeneous hydrophilic pores (i.e., three glass beads) and heterogenous two glass, one Teflon pores exhibited evaporation times of 34 min. Evaporation times for heterogenous combinations trended based on the predominant wettability. Contact angles and the projected length of contact were analyzed from videos to capture pinning and depinning during evaporation. For many cases including hydrophobicity, contact angles were less than 90°, and in some configurations, water would be pinned on a Teflon bead, whereas depinning (i.e., moving) on a glass bead. Stick-slip evaporation was observed, where the evaporating droplet switched between constant contact radius and constant contact area evaporative modes to minimize droplet surface energy. The results suggest wettability alterations in agricultural settings may reduce evaporation.

Risk Production Analysis of Rice in Subak Sadap Tiris

Subak sadap tiris is a subak whose irrigation water source is not directly from the dam but from rainfall and subak upstream, so that the availability of irrigation water fluctuates. This study was to analyze the level of risk and farmers' perceptions of the causes of the risk of rice production in the subak sadap tiris, namely Subak Temaga in the Kedewatan Irrigation Area, Bali. Data was collected through interviews using questionnaires to 30 randomly selected farmers and focus group discussions in the period June to August 2018. The production risk in this study was that the expected results to be achieved were not met and lead to losses. Production risk was measured based on the coefficient of variation and farmers' perceptions of the causes of risk were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results of the analysis show that the risk of rice production was relatively low, namely 16%. Farmers' perceptions of the causes of rice production risk were in the very good category. Therefore, it was recommended for farmers to mitigate the risk of rice production, among others by improving the quality of irrigation channels, preventing attacks by plant-disturbing organisms in collaboration with relevant agencies.

Faecal contamination on lettuce irrigated with different water sources in Maputo, Mozambique

ABSTRACT Faecal contamination across the lettuce value chain was assessed in Maputo, Mozambique. Escherichia coli was used as an indicator of faecal contamination, with concentrations ranging from 3.4 to 5.7 log units/100 ml in groundwater, river water and partially treated wastewater. Municipal tap water used to wash lettuce heads in the markets had lower than 1 log unit/100 ml. Irrespective of the source of irrigation water, the lettuce heads were contaminated throughout the value chain, with concentrations ranging between 6.5 and 7.8 log units/100 g. Interventions and awareness raising should be applied at every stage of the value chain.

Pesticides residues in leafy green vegetables and irrigation waters in Accra, Ghana

ABSTRACT Pesticides are used in vegetable farming to control pests and diseases, reduce crop losses and improve yield. The study examined pesticide residues in irrigation waters and leafy green vegetables grown in some farming areas in Accra, Ghana. Three types of irrigation water sources (n = 23) and two exotic and four indigenous Ghanaian leafy vegetables (n = 34) from 10 farming areas in Accra, Ghana were collected and examined for 15 organochlorines, 13 organophosphorus and 9 synthetic pyrethroids pesticide residues using the modified QuEChERS procedure. Pesticide residues were detected on 50% (17/34) of the leafy vegetable and 52% (12/23) of the irrigation water samples analysed. Chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin were the most detected pesticide residues in the vegetables and irrigation water. About 26.5% of the vegetables contained pesticide residues exceeding the EU maximum residue limits, so vegetable farmers should be encouraged to comply with appropriate measures on pesticide use to enhance food safety.

Occurrence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in the Yellow River basin: focused on family farms.

As an emerging contaminant, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have attracted growing attention, owing to their widespread dissemination and potential risk in the farming environment. However, ARG pollution from family livestock farms in the Yellow River basin, one of the main irrigation water sources in the North China Plain, remains unclear. Herein, we targeted 21 typical family farms to assess the occurrence patterns of ARGs in livestock waste and its influence on ARGs in receiving environment by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results showed that common ARGs were highly prevalent in family livestock waste, and tet-ARGs and sul-ARGs were the most abundant in these family farms. Most ARG levels in fresh feces of different animals varied, as the trend of chicken farms (broilers > laying hens) > swine farms (piglets > fattening pigs > boars and sows) > cattle farms (dairy cattle > beef cattle). The effect of natural composting on removing ARGs for chicken manure was better than that forcattle manure, while lagoon storage was not effective in removing ARGs from family livestock wastewater. More troublesomely, considerable amounts of ARGs were discharged with manure application, further leading to the ARG increase in farmland soil (up to 58-119 times), which wouldexert adverse impacts on human health and ecological safety.

Mapping Underground River Flows in karst Areas with the VLF-EM Method (Case Study of the Krawak Region, Singgahan Tuban)

The Krawak Springs is a source of springs from the cracks of river rocks in the middle of a teak forest in Guwoterus Village, Montong District, Tuban. This spring is a source of irrigation water for agricultural land in the District of Montong. Based on its urgency, it is necessary maintaining its sustainability by identifying recharge areas and underground river flows. VLF is quite advantageous for use in the regional mapping underground rivers in karst areas because can describe the structure of the karst environment and predict interconnected pathways in karst. Data acquisition uses four tracks with an average length of about 300 m. Data processing was made qualitatively using MATLAB software and quantitatively using Inv2DVLF software. Qualitative results show that the conductive zone is identified as a subsurface river flow. From the processing results, it is known that the subsurface river flow zone can be identified as a zone that is conductive or has low resistivity. The underground river flow is interpreted to be located on Track 3 and Track 4 and has a direction of continuity to the southwest

TOWARDS REUSE OF AQUACULTURE EFFLUENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION IN THE DRYLANDS: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

The aquaculture industry generates substantial amounts of effluents that may cause environmental pollution if not properly handled. However, since it may contain nutrients, aquaculture effluents could offer a sustainable source of irrigation water in the drylands, which are characterized by water scarcity. This paper provides preliminary findings on aquaculture effluent generation and management in Kano State which is located in Nigerian drylands. Surveys were conducted to obtain information related to the production size, sources of water, and effluent handling. 87% of the surveyed farms are small-scale and medium-scale enterprises, with capacities below 5000 fish. Catfish and Tilapia are the commonly produced fish, with 67% of the farms producing the former. Groundwater is the common source of water utilized by farms, accounting for about 72% of the total. Our findings indicate that there are no established criteria for changing the pond water, with the farms considering either the color of the water or its duration in the pond. Most of the farms change the water every 1 to 2 weeks while considering the change in color as the major criterion. The majority of the farms discharge the effluents directly without any treatment. Although some of the farms claimed to be treating their effluents, we could not establish the presence of treatment technologies on the farms. Unfortunately, most of the farmers are unaware of the environmental implications of discharging the effluents without treatment. Further studies are needed to characterize these effluents and to evaluate their suitability as irrigation water.

Technical and allocative efficiency of crop production using different storage and water‐lifting technologies in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia

AbstractAssessing the efficiency gains, in terms of crop production and productivity, of using agricultural water management is critical to understanding the comparative advantage of using different storage and water‐lifting technologies in irrigation development. This study aims to compare the efficiency differences among irrigation farmers using various water‐lifting technologies and among users of various technology suites in the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia. Cross‐sectional data collected from 320 randomly selected smallholder farmers, considering the 2019/2020 production season, were used to analyse a one‐step Cobb–Douglas stochastic frontier function. The results of the study revealed the existence of technical and allocative efficiency differences between gravity and fuel pump users. Factors that positively determine the level of technical efficiency scores are gender, age, education status, technology type and extension contact. Irrigation experience, access to credit, training and technology type positively affected allocative efficiency, while the distance to the irrigation water source had a negative effect. The findings have important implications for agricultural policy and practice as improving efficiency through the adoption of fuel‐powered water‐lifting technology could further improve overall agricultural productivity. Designing small‐scale friendly business models and promoting irrigation extension services, among others, is critical for scaling successful water management technologies.

Cheese wastewater treatment through combined coagulation-flocculation and photo-Fenton-like advanced oxidation processes for reuse in irrigation: effect of operational parameters and phytotoxicity assessment.

The present study aims to investigate the efficiency of a combined cheese wastewater treatment approach involving coagulation with ferric chloride coupled with a photo-Fenton-like oxidation process for potential reuse in irrigation. Laboratory-scale tests were conducted, examining the effect of various operational parameters on the treatment process. Specifically, the effects of initial wastewater pH, coagulant dosage, decantation time for the coagulation process, and initial pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, and Fe3+ and H2O2 dosages for photo-Fenton-like oxidation were studied. Coagulation was found effective at natural pH of 6 and showed a highest removal efficiency in terms of COD (50.6%), biological oxygen demand BOD5 (42.1%), turbidity (99.3%), and least sludge volume generation (11.8% v/v) for an optimum coagulant dose of 400mg Fe3+ L-1 and 8h of decantation time. Thereafter, photo-Fenton-like oxidation (Fe3+/H2O2/UVA-300W) of the pretreated cheese effluent enhanced the removal of COD, BOD5 and TOC to 91.2%, 91.4%, and 97.5%, respectively, using the optimized conditions (pH = 3; [Fe3+] = 5.0 × 10-4mol L-1; [H2O2] = 0.2mol L-1 and tirr = 24h). This study also shows that the proposed combined process allowed a significant phytotoxicity reduction toward lentil seed germination. The obtained outcome was encouraging and supports the possible use of the treated cheese wastewater as an additional water source for agricultural irrigation.

Seasonal assessment of water quality for irrigation using multiple indices in Thamirabarani river, Kanyakumari district, India

The Hydrochemical analysis and evaluation of the irrigation water quality of the Thamirabarani river system has great significance for maintaining the livelihoods of people and ecological stability in the area. Thamirabarani river is a significant river in kanyakumari district and the people of this district use the water largely without enough and unbelievable information about the water qualities and levels of contamination. The study is the prime source of water for irrigation and domestic uses in the above district. The water samples were collected from ten locations, Pechiparai dam to Thengapattanam estuary in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons respectively. The hydrochemistry in the river water was established by twelve parameters such as (pH, EC, TDS, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-,CO32-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and also characterized by Box plot. Furthermore the potential effects of irrigation water qualities were evolved on sodicity hazard, magnesium hazard, sodium permeability hazard, and permeability hazards were assessed by using derived parameters including sodium adsorption ratio, Soluble Sodium Percentage, Permeability index and Kelly’s ratio. The correlation study reveals that there is a strong positive correlation among the indices. The Wilcox diagram describes that the upstream stations in the river water is used for irrigation the downstream stations especially station 9 and station 10 were unsuitable for irrigation because of sea water intrusion discharge of domestic wastes and agricultural activity contaminates the quality of the river water. Therefore the study need special attention to maintain the quality of the river.

Long-term Effects of Irrigation with Treated Municipal Wastewater on Soil Chemical and Physical Responses in Commercial Vineyards in the Coastal Region of South Africa

The prolonged drought in the Western Cape province of South Africa in recent years has been particularly detrimental to the wine industry. Water restrictions imposed by authorities and the limited supply of fresh water that can be stored, have emphasisedthe need for alternative water sources for vineyard irrigation. Treated municipal wastewater has been used successfully as an alternative source of irrigation water in other countries. A long-term trial was conducted in commercial vineyards in the Coastal region of South Africa to assess the impact of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on vineyards. Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc grapevines were irrigated using treated municipal wastewater from the Potsdam wastewater treatment works for 11 years. Grapevines were either rainfed (RF), irrigated with treated municipal wastewater via a single dripper line (SLD), or received twice the volume of wastewater via a double dripper line (DLD). Irrigation using treated municipal wastewater increased soil pH(KCl), the electrical conductivity of the saturated extract (ECe) and Cl-. Substantial amounts of Na+ and K+ accumulated in the topsoil due to irrigation with treated municipal wastewater. These soil K+ increases could have a negative effect on wine colour stability should the levels of soil K+ be such that they are absorbed excessively by grapevines. The near-saturation hydraulic conductivity (Kns) at the surface of the soil could be related to the ECe in the topsoil. The results represent specific in-field situations in three commercial vineyards under one set of climatic conditions.

Urban agriculture in Baltimore, Maryland: Documenting current irrigation practices and rainwater harvesting

AbstractRainwater harvesting could address freshwater shortages impacting urban agriculture caused by climate change. Limited studies exist on perceptions and concerns about using harvested rainwater for crop irrigation, and to our knowledge none have focused on urban agriculture. We surveyed urban farms and community gardens in Baltimore, Maryland, to document current irrigation practices and water sources and determine interest in rainwater harvesting. We evaluated differences in farm/garden characteristics and water uses between those harvesting rainwater, interested in rainwater harvesting, and not interested in rainwater harvesting. Most Baltimore farms/gardens surveyed were concerned about water availability (59%, n = 20), but all had access to city‐supplied water and only 14% (n = 5) reported water access preventing site expansion. Only 18% of sites used drip irrigation (n = 11), 89% (n = 33) were not using any water filtration, and most (72%, n = 23) had never attended a produce safety training. Twenty‐seven percent (n = 10) of sites were harvesting rainwater, 54% (n = 20) were interested in harvesting rainwater, and 19% (n = 7) were not interested. Ninety percent (n = 9) of the sites currently harvesting rainwater used covered rain barrels, an important strategy for preventing contamination. There were no significant associations between farm/gardens’ rainwater harvesting interests and farming practices, water access and use, or demographics of site respondents. Those currently harvesting rainwater and those interested had numerous concerns about rainwater harvesting including installation, design, and water quality, and were interested in additional information. Offering rainwater harvesting, food safety and education programs to urban farmers and gardeners could increase the safe use of this important water source.

EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES IN ONIKITINBI VILLAGE, OGUN STATE, SOUTHWESTERN, NIGERIA.

The evaluation of groundwater quality is crucial for sustainable agriculture, as it is a primary water source for irrigation. This study discusses the results of examining the groundwater quality and its appropriateness for irrigation in Onikitinbi village, located in the Ogun waterside area of Ogun State, southwestern Nigeria. This was carried out using the irrigation water quality indices (hydrogeochemical and physio-chemical parameters). The indicators considered include the Magnesium Absorption Ratio (MAR), Kelly Ratio (KR), pH, Total Hardness (TH), Total Dissolved Solid, Stiff and Piper’s Diagram, and Kelly’s ratio. The values obtained were MAR (19.25 to 28.85%, mean of 6.95%), Kelly Ratio (0.11 to.016, mean of 0.13), and pH (6.83 to 7.08, mean of 6.95). Total Hardness (98 mg/L to 266 mg/L, mean of 183 mg/L) and Total Dissolved Solid (40 mg/L to 375 mg/L, mean of 207 mg/L). The Ca-HCO3 - and Ca-SO4 2- water types from Stiff diagram and Piper’s diagram shows that the water sample in the Onikitinbi are from freshwater and Industrial or agricultural sources respectively, while the Gibbs diagram suggests that the main factor controlling the water chemistry is the water-rock interaction. The calculated water indices indicate that the groundwater in the study area meets the required standards for agricultural purposes, specifically irrigation.

Possibilities of Using Nonconventional Sources of Water for Irrigation When Scary Water Resources (Using the Example of the Main Mil-Garabakh Collector)

The article presents the results of an expedition to identify the quality of water in the Main Mil-Garabakh Collector with the aim of using it as an alternative source for irrigation. The collected samples were analyzed and systematized in office conditions. The total mass of water in water samples was analyzed, their mineralization, the amount of dry residue and ion content were studied. Based on the results obtained, the quality of water was assessed using existing methods and recommendations were given for its use in irrigation.