Sources Of Valuable Traits Research Articles

Study and evaluation of agrobiological indicators of grape varieties and hybrid forms in the conditions of Southern Dagestan

The article presents the results of many years of research on the study of the genetic fund of grapes concentrated in the ampelographic collection of the Dagestan selection experimental station for viticulture and vegetable growing. Selection and variety study of grapes play a major role in the accelerated promotion to the market and the introduction into industrial production of promising varieties for various uses, which is very important in our time. A comprehensive study of 104 varieties and hybrid forms of grapes of intraspecific and interspecific origin was carried out. The purpose of the study is an agrobiological assessment of promising varieties and hybrid forms of grapes of interspecific and intraspecific origin for various uses. Methods. The research was carried out at the ampelographic collection of the Dagestan selection experimental station for viticulture and vegetable growing, located in Derbent. The object of research was 104 varieties and hybrid forms of grapes of domestic and foreign selection. Of these, 30 table varieties, 70 technical varieties and 4 universal varieties. The zoned varieties Karaburnu (table) and Muscat white (technical) were used as a standard. The research was carried out according to the following methods: “Study of grape varieties” and “Agrotechnical research on the creation of intensive grape plantings on an industrial basis”. Results. The article presents the results of assessing the indicators of fruiting and fruitfulness of varieties and hybrid forms of grapes of interspecific and intraspecific origin. According to the indicators of fruiting (K1) and fruitfulness (K2) among table varieties and hybrid forms, the following are distinguished: SV-23-657, SV-12-304, Dekabrsky, Ialoveni sustainable, V-95-1, XI-36-6/100 of which K1 ranged from 0.94 to 1.33 and K2 from 1.17 to 1.51. Among the technical varieties and hybrid forms based on these indicators, the following were distinguished: Bianca, Viorica, Gift of Magaracha, Yubileiny Magaracha, Pervenets Magaracha, in which K1 ranged from 1.17-1.50 and K2 from 1.34-1.60. For most varieties and hybrid forms, the fruiting coefficient (K1) varies from 0.67 to 1.30, and the fruiting coefficient (K2) ranges from 1.03 to 1.42. In universal varieties, the fruiting coefficient (K1) ranges from 0.70-1.02 and the fruiting coefficient ranges from 0.96-1.31. According to the yield of table varieties, interspecific hybrids are distinguished: Dekabrsky, SV-12-304, SV-20-365, SV-23-657, XI-36-6/100 in which the yield per bush varies from 11.2 to 19.5 kg/bush. Among the technical varieties in terms of yield per bush, the following stand out: TSKHA-3-2, Pierrel, Bianka, SV-20-473, Strogoziya, Podarok Magaracha, SV-12-375, for which the yield per bush was 12.4-22.2 kg. Conclusion. The introduction of selected varieties and hybrids into production will ensure an increase in crop yields and will contribute to import substitution and ensure the country's food security. Individual varieties will be used as sources of valuable traits in breeding work.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ПРИОРИТЕТНЫХ НАПРАВЛЕНИЙ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ «ВННИИВиВ «МАГАРАЧ» РАН» В ОБЛАСТИ ВИНОГРАДАРСТВА В 2023 ГОДУ

Research is presented that contributes to an increase in the production of domestic grape and wine products, including in the system of organic farming. The object of research is grapes of native, classical and breeding varieties. The research was carried out on the basis of the Center for collective use of the Ampelographic collection «Magarach», as well as in industrial plantations of the Crimea according to generally accepted and original methods. Characteristics of 50 varieties for the database, 4 sources of valuable traits were obtained, genotyping of wild grapes was performed, 99 allele variants were identified. Optimal concentrations of substances for the development of proembryogenic calluses and cells in suspension cultures were selected. The influence of biologically active substances on the development of heart shaped and torpedo shaped embryos has been established. The obtained 6 transgenic lines of the Podarok Magaracha variety were adapted to in vivo conditions to assess their cold resistance and frost resistance. In the vegetative collection of plants in vitro, samples are maintained under conditions of active and slow growth. An aseptic culture of 14 grape varieties was obtained. The molecular diagnosis of the latent form of phytopathogens of plant material after the recovery procedures was carried out. The biovar Agrobacterium tumefaciens was identified by the method of molecular diagnostics. During molecular diagnostics, the Rupestris stem pitting virus was detected in the samples. New knowledge has been gained about the dynamics of changes in the quality indicators of grapes depending on the variety and region of cultivation against the background of a complex of agro-climatic parameters and indices used to isolate terroirs. Varietal-rootstock combinations have been identified. The formation of datasets has continued in order to train neural networks for the detection of harmful organisms and pathologies of the development of grape plants. The technology of organic viticulture production for autochthonous varieties and varieties of the Magarach Institute breeding has been tested. The technology of storing table grapes based on the use of calcium-containing preparations has been optimized. For the first time, an information technology of cross-platform integration has been developed for the implemented hardware and software complex for photo-fixation and neural network detection of the number of pests in specialized «traps».

Environment influence on the physiological and productive genotypes indicators in Tajikistan republic different zones

The success of breeding largely depends on the availability of a genetically diverse source material with a broad response to changing environmental conditions, its study and proper screening, as well as the identification of new sources of valuable traits and properties among ecologically remote agroecotypes that enrich the genetic potential of domestic varieties. When creating more advanced varieties that can increase the efficiency of agriculture, a special place is given to the combination of traditional breeding methods using the genetic and physiological systems of plants that contribute to the creation of high-yielding genotypes of cotton. This is due to the fact that the genotype is realized at the physiological level, and the possibilities of selection based on empirical experience and intuition are exhausted - along with huge achievements (the contribution of the variety to the formation of the crop in many countries of the world has become 30...60 %), its development has recently been marked by pronounced negative trends, characterized, in particular, by a decrease in the resistance of plants to environmental stress and a deterioration in the quality of the products obtained. The article presents the results physiological characteristics of studies as a priority direction for increasing the productivity of cotton growing. The role of the growth of number of leaves per plant as photosynthetic activity and compensatory mechanisms, elements of the crop structure in the process of breeding new varieties and lines of medium-fiber cotton during their cultivation in various ecological zones of the Republic of Tajikistan is shown.

СЕЛЕКЦИОННАЯ РАБОТА АНАПСКОЙ ЗОНАЛЬНОЙ ОПЫТНОЙ СТАНЦИИ ВИНОГРАДАРСТВА И ВИНОДЕЛИЯ (2022)

This article presents the results of research breeding work carried out in 2022. As a result, 300 seedlings were obtained, which are currently planted in a permanent place on a hybrid plot. 20 combinations of crosses were carried out, ten of which were made to obtain new high-quality technical varieties with high quality of final products and resistant to the main biotic and abiotic stressors. Ten more combinations were carried out in order to obtain high-quality large-berry a nd seedless table varieties with an early ripening period. As a result of crosses, 4,500 seeds were obtained. 3 hybrid forms of grapes of average ripening period, average growth strength, high-yielding and tolerant to phylloxera have been allocated to the elite. As a result of the mechanical analysis, it was found that the studied hybrids are slightly superior in the mechanical composition of the bunches to the control variety. As a result of chemical analysis, it was found that elite hybrid forms have high sugar accumulation and optimal acidity compared to the control variety, as well as a high content of phenolic substances along with a low presence of nitrogenous substances in the must. These hybrids are promising for further study. In 2022, technical grape varieties Varvarovskiy and Garmoniya were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation approved for use. In addition, 5 sources of valuable traits were identified among grape varieties, including: large–berry – 2 varieties – Yubiley Moldavii and Kobzar, and seedless – 3 varieties - Ruby Sedlless, Assol and Lotos. Some of them were used in crosses to create new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, providing increased stability of agrocenosis and stability of fruiting.

Assessment of the genetic diversity of red fescue in the Western region of Ukraine

Red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) is a perennial plant of the cereal family (Poaceae), which is used as a fodder and lawn crop. Despite substantial research, the number of high-yielding varieties adapted to specific soil and climatic conditions is insufficient. Therefore, the examination of the genetic diversity of red fescue plants is the main stage in the creation of new varieties. The purpose of the study was to evaluate samples based on the main economic-biological characteristics and divide them into three groups of ripening for further use in breeding as a source of valuable traits. The study used general scientific (analysis, synthesis, experiment, description, observation, and comparison), field (phenological observations and accounting), and statistical methods. According to the results of the study, populations of different ecological and geographical origins created by different breeding methods were similar. The coefficients of variation in the parameters of the main features were in the range of 0.34-8.02% and depended on the biological and ecological characteristics of the samples. According to the duration of the growing season, the samples were divided into early-ripening (16 pcs.), medium-ripening (20 pcs.), and late-ripening (12 pcs.). When clustering by eight features, all samples were divided into three clusters. In the early-ripening group, substantial correlations were established between the duration of the growing season and 1000 grain weight, between plant height and seed yield, and between dry matter yield and leaf colour intensity. Positive associations between dry matter yield and regrowth intensity, between 1000 grain weight and leaf colour intensity were observed in the middle-ripening group. In the late-ripening group, reliable relationships were identified between plant height and tillering intensity, seed yield and 1000 grain weight, seed yield and leaf colour intensity, and dry matter yield and leaf colour intensity. The results obtained will be used in further breeding work when creating varieties of red fescue of various ripening groups with improved seed productivity, suitable for fodder and lawn use

STUDY OF AGRONOMIC AND IMMUNOLOGICAL TRAITS OF NEW FACULTATIVE AND WINTER WHEAT CULTIVAR SAMPLES

This study presents the research on economically valuable traits of 70 varieties of Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery for Semiarid Environments (FAWWON-SA) received from the International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center (CIMMYT). The study of agronomic and immunological characteristics of plants under field conditions is of great importance in breeding since it allows a selection of the best genotypes more effectively, identifies and uses the sources of valuable traits and increases the accuracy of breeding. The results showed that 57 cultivar samples were winter-hardy, and the days to maturation ranged from 242 to 247. The mass of 1000 kernel ranged from 45.00 to 97.33 grams being coarse and fulfilled. Under artificial infection background of rusts, 15 cultivar samples were resistant to stem, leaf and yellow rusts. Based on the results, wheat cultivar samples were grouped by agronomic and immunological traits, resulting in the identification of 41 cultivar samples with valuable characteristics which recommended as donors in breeding.

Analysis of the correspondence of the structural elements of AGU 75 variety harvest with the parameters of the winter oat idiotype model

Currently, one of the tasks facing breeders is the creation of new varieties in terms of their economically important characteristics, close to the developed models of the «ideal variety». The main purpose of the research is a comparative analysis of economically important indicators of a new AGU 75 variety of wintering oat of the dual direction, and the compliance with the parameters of the idiotype for further use as a genetic source. The basis for this approach was the study of the variety in the nursery of competitive variety testing in the period of 2000–2015. The studies were carried out in the soil and climatic conditions of the southern foothill zone of the North-Western Caucasus according to the generally accepted methods and agrotechnics of cultivation. As part of our research we used long-term experimental data from field observations and records, laboratory studies, and the biochemical composition of grain. The article gives an assessment of the duration of the growing season, winter hardiness, yield, resistance to lodging and major diseases (crown and stem rust, septoria, head smut) of the AGU 75 variety in relation to the idiotype. A comparative analysis of the elements of the crop structure (productive tillering, panicle length, number of spikelets, number of grains, grain weight per panicle, grain weight per plant, weight of 1000 grains) of varieties and models was carried out. The content of fat and protein, as well as the filminess of the grain of the analyzed variety and ideal type, were determined. Based on the comparative analysis of economically useful traits of AGU 75 variety, the degree of their compliance with the previously developed optimal parameters of the wintering oat model variant was revealed. The expediency of using AGU 75 variety as a source of valuable traits in breeding work to increase winter hardiness, productivity, resistance to lodging and diseases, early maturity, shattering, filminess, as well as elements of the crop structure – productive tillering, grain weight per plant was experimentally confirmed.

Promising genetic sources for the creation of varieties of durum spring wheat in Western Siberia.

The study, expansion and preservation of the genetic diversity of the source material, and its purposeful use in hybridization is the basis for the creation of adaptive varieties of durum spring wheat that are resistant to biotic and abiotic factors of the environment of Western Siberia. The objects of research were samples of durum spring wheat. Over the years of research (2000-2020), about 3 thousand samples were worked out from the world gene pool of various countries and regions: from the collection of the VIR, the gene pool from Mexico (CIMMYT) within the framework of the agreement and cooperation program (2000-2007), from 2000 to the present time under the program of the Kazakh-Siberian Spring Wheat Breeding Network (KASIB), from other scientif ic institutions of Russia in exchange activities. Using generally accepted techniques, the obtained material was studied for a complex of traits: yield, adaptability, grain quality, resistance to diseases. In the cycle of studying the gene pool from CIMMYT, 50 genotypes were identif ied in terms of yield at the level of the Omskaja jantarnaja standard, 276 grains by test weight, 131 samples by pasta color, 131 samples by resistance to hard smut, and 112 by resistance to powdery mildew. Almost all samples were not affected by leaf rust. The study set showed high sensitivity to extreme conditions and most forms of interest in quality and disease resistance were low-productive in our environment. In KASIB nurseries, 29 samples were identif ied in terms of yield and adaptability, 29 samples in terms of grain quality, 21 in terms of resistance to diseases, including 8 resistant to stem rust. In the set of varieties received from the VIR, 15 genotypes were adaptive, 16 had high grain quality, 11 were resistant to stem rust. In the breeding material, 17 samples of the local population resistant to stem rust (6 of them were comprehensively resistant) and 25 race-resistant to Ug99 were identif ied. The genotypes identif ied as a result of research are of interest as sources of valuable traits.

RICE PHENOTYPING THROUGH GRAIN QUALITY TRAITS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW GENERATION CULTIVARS

The present rice market requires a range of rice products with increased eating and nutritional values. The presented work was carried out within the framework of the breeding program for developing new rice cultivars with desirable grain quality traits based on an integrated approach, using modern methods of trait phenotyping and the genomic approach, post genomic, and cellular technologies. The latest study aimed to phenotype rice cultivars from the Unique Scientific Installation (USI) - Collection of Federal Scientific Rice Centre, Krasnodar, Russia, as sources of valuable grain quality traits. Studied traits included vitreosity, fracturing, and protein and grain amylose content. The coefficient of variation determined the variability of traits and helped identify the best cultivars as sources of valuable traits. The grain quality of harvested sample cultivars showed significant differences. The rice cultivar Thaibonnet gave the best results in terms of grain quality traits and variability. By combining low variability of technologically-tested quality traits and protein content, the rice cultivars Elbrus and Thaibonnet led all the samples. Cultivar Svetlana was characterized by high traits of vitreosity and fracturing and having less variability. The cultivars Leader and Patriot both had high protein content and low trait variability. These cultivars are recommended for use in parental crosses in breeding programs to develop rice genotypes with desirable grain quality traits and nutritional values.

Genetic diversity analysis of winter wheat accessions of different geographical origins by PCA

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze expression of morphological and agronomic valuable traits in winter wheat in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine; to select valuable accessions; and to evaluate the winter wheat collection depending on the region of origin by PCA.
 Materials and methods. The material for the research were 177 varieties of winter wheat of varieties from 20 countries, including 69 varieties of different research institutions of Ukraine. The collection included modern commercial varieties and breeding lines. Differentiation of samples was carried out on the following traits: field winter hardiness, earing date, plant height, field resistance to Septoria spp., waxiness of flag leaf, width of flag leaf, yield components (ear length, spikelet number, number of grains and their weight from ear) and thousand grains weight (TGW). The research was carried out by visual surveys in the field conditions in accordance with the recommendations and measurements of plant parts after bringing to an air-dry state.
 Results and discussion.Significant variation was found for all studied traits, the coefficient of variation was more than 10%, which indicates a medium and high level of diversity of the studied samples. The analysis of genotype assessment using the principal components analysis method was performed and the differential traits by geographical origin was established – field winter hardiness, field resistance to Septoria spp. and the earing date. All the above-mentioned traits are adaptive traits and determine the prospects for the using of varieties in breeding programs as sources of valuable traits. It should be noted that the weather conditions of 2020-2021 vegetation year were atypical (excessive moisture in the spring − 135 mm).
 Conclusions: The results of the study identified samples that can be used in crossing combinations of as a source of valuable traits. The 37 samples of different origin with high (above 8 points) field winter hardiness and 40 samples with high resistance to leaf septoria were identified. Varieties that combined high winter hardiness and resistance to Septoria − Bogdana and Podilska Nyva (Ukraine), breeding line 653.1.5 (Estonia), Augustina (Belarus), Duplet (Russia). Using the principal component analysis and the approach of visualization of its results (PCA biplot) is a convenient tool for sampling of different origins and creating a collection of source material.

Evaluation of long-leaved mint (mentha longifolia l.) Accessions for economically valuable traits

Aim. To investigate new mint accessions, to select reference accessions and sources of valuable traits, to form and enrich the collection, to involve valuable mint gene pool accessions in breeding and to use collections in training and educational programs. Results and Discussion. The results of studying long-leaved mint accessions of the working collection comprising 47 accessions collected from 11 countries (29 from Ukraine, 6 from Russia, 3 from France, 2 from Italy, by 1 from Azerbaijan, Germany, Belgium, Georgia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Bosnia, and Herzegovina each) are presented. Based on results of this work with the mint collection, a descriptor of long-leaved mint was developed; it covers the entire range of plant trait variability within the species Mentha longifolia L. and is a basis for systematization of reference accessions and forms of trait collections, which are potentially suitable as starting material for breeding, scientific and educational programs. The descriptor comprehensively describes the accessions, satisfying breeders` and scientists` needs. The following reference accessions and sources of economically valuable traits were selected: for high productivity of dry grass – UG0600312 (128 g), UG0600251 (119 g), UG0600268 (114 g); for high productivity of dry leaves – UG0600246 (54 g), UG0600312 (45 g); for high productivity of raw rhizome – UG0600263 (350 g), UG0600282 (327 g), UG0600262 (325 g), UG0600372 (323 g), UG0600312 (319 g); for large bush diameter – UG0600312 (99 cm), UG0600282 (76 cm), UG0600281, UG0600248, UG0600339 (75 cm); for large rhizome diameter – UG0600351 (7,0 mm), UG0600339 (6,4 mm), UG0600312 (6,2 mm); for tall plants – UG0600281 (84 cm), UG0600312 (83 cm), UG0600282 (69 cm); for high resistance (9 points) to major diseases (anthracnose, powdery mildew, rust, septoria leaf spot) and pests (sucking and polyphagous) – UG0600364, UG0600319, UG0600315, UG0600263. Conclusions. The studies on the collection of long-leaved mint accessions resulted in the working collection, which includes 47 accessions from 11 countries. The investigation of this collection allowed for identification of sources of valuable economic traits, increasing the breeding efficiency to create varieties for different economic purposes. The descriptor of long-leaved mint plant traits was developed; it covers the entire range of variability of plant trait within the species Mentha longifolia L.

The content of polyphenolic compounds in feijoa fruits in the humid subtropics of Russia

Experimental data on the content of total polyphenols and rutin in promising feijoa varieties selected by the Subtropical Scientific Center (Sochi, Russia) are presented. The performed analysis did not reveal a correlation between the content of rutin and polyphenols (r = 0.40), as well as a relationship between the time of fruit ripening and the amount of phenolic compounds in them. The compared varieties differ significantly in the content of polyphenols (LSD=5.67) and rutin (LSD=1.5). The results obtained revealed promising varieties with a high content of polyphenols that can be used for breeding work as sources of valuable traits and as functional food products with antioxidant activity. The highest polyphenolic content was found in fruits of cv. Dachnaja (41.16 mg/100 g of raw weight). The highest content of rutin was found in fruits of cv. Dagomysskaja (42.1 mg/100 g of raw weight), cv. Dachnaja (38.4 mg/100 g) and control cv. Superba (36.8 mg/100 g). The minimum level of synthesis of flavonoid compounds was found in the ShV-07 form. Since the factor of genotypic features of varieties is essential in the accumulation of phenolic compounds, it became possible to select an assortment characterized by an optimal content of phenolic compounds.

Microsatellite loci variability in apple cultivars developed at VIR

Background. Microsatellite (SSR) markers are now widely used both for studying genetic diversity in fruit crop collections, including apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), and for genotyping individual accessions. The apple collection held by VIR, being the largest in Russia, contains cultivars bred at five experiment stations of VIR. These cultivars not only meet the requirements of horticulture in the region of their origin, but also are interesting as sources of valuable traits for breeding programs. However, these cultivars have not previously been studied using microsatellite markers. Materials and methods. A set of 10 SSR markers (CH02c02b, CH03d01, CH01f03b, CH02d08, CH02c02a, CH05e03, CH02c09, CHVf1, CH01h01, COL) was used for genotyping 35 apple cultivars developed at VIR and four parental forms. Fluorescently labeled PCR products were separated by capillary electrophoresis on ABI Prism 3130xl.Results. In 35 apple cultivars from VIR, 97 alleles were identified at ten studied loci. The number of alleles per locus varied from 5 (CH02c02b) to 17 (CH02c02a). The frequency of unique alleles was 26,8%, with 12,4% for rare alleles. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values varied from 0,49 (CH02c02b) to 0,91 (CH02c02a) and averaged 0,76. Expected and observed heterozygosity levels averaged 0,79 and 0,56, respectively. Cluster analysis did not reveal a clear division of cultivars according to the place of origin (experiment stations of VIR), but revealed clustering according to pedigrees.Conclusion. A high level of polymorphism was observed in 35 apple cultivars from VIR using ten SSR markers. The obtained data on the allelic composition of the studied cultivars can be used for their identification and contribute to more efficient collection management. Further studying and SSR genotyping of VIR’s apple collection and comparison with the data obtained in the presented work can help to identify the origin of cultivars with unknown pedigrees.

Screening and monitoring of watermelon source material by components of the vegetation period in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine

Relevant in the selection of each crop, including watermelon is a comprehensive study of the source material to identify sources of valuable traits and include them in the selection process in order to expand the genetic diversity of the culture. According to the results of research, to create a new source material for heterosis selection of watermelon, screening and monitoring of the vegetation period duration (number of days from germination to ripening) and its components 118 (101 varieties, 17 hybrids) genotypes of watermelon in the forest-steppe of Ukraine have been conducted. Research methods are generally accepted: field experiment, observation, accounting, analysis, statistical. According to the results of determining the duration of the components of the vegetation period, the samples were divided into five groups of ripeness: early (65–80 days) – 80 (68 %), medium-early (81–85 days) – 14 (12 %), medium (86–95 days) – 18 (15 %), medium-late (96–105 days) – 4 (3 %) and late (106 days) – 2 (2 %). Variety-samples, selected by morphological and economically valuable characteristics, belong mainly (80 %) to early and medium-early. Only 6 % of genotypes belong to the medium-late and late-ripening groups. 52 samples with the smallest separate interphase periods were isolated. According to the results of the research, 8 sources with the high early ripeness were identified, the vegetation period of which was 66–70 days: Yellow early 108105 (66 days), Karapuz 108109, Surprise 108121 (67 days), Gift of the sun 108109, Lezheboka honey 108116, Thailand №1 108153 ( 69 days), Sweet Diamond 107874, Northern Lights 108127 (70 days). Sources are involved in the selection process

АНАЛИЗ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ КОРИАНДРА ПОСЕВНОГО ПО СЕЛЕКЦИОННО ЦЕННЫМ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯМ

Coriander is a valuable, highly profitable essential oil crop. Therefore, the development of new highly productive varieties is the main direction of breeding. The aim of the research was to study the collection of Coriandrum sativum L. (owner – Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea) by a complex of valuable traits to identify promising samples for breeding purposes. In 2017–2019, under the conditions of the Crimean Foothills (village of Krymskaya Roza, Belogorsky district), we analyzed 164 samples from 30 regions of the world. The territory of the experimental plots belongs to the upper foothill, warm, insufficiently humid agro-climatic region. To compare the parameters, we included five coriander varieties in our study. They were created in the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea (‘Yantar’, ‘Ranniy’, ‘Nektar’, ‘Medun’ and ‘Silach’) and registered in the “State Register of Breeding Achievements Permitted for Use” of the Russian Federation. The work was guided by the methodological recommendations on essential oil crops breeding. Plot area – 0.6 m2, double replication. The analysis revealed high variability of the collection samples in terms of the main indicators of productivity: fruit yield (Cv = 37.2 %), content of essential oil (Cv = 51.3 %), yield of essential oil per unit area (Cv = 60.0 %). Optimal weather conditions for the accumulation of essential oil with a high content of linalool (the main component) are relatively low air humidity and increased temperature regime during flowering and fruit ripening. The following samples were identified as sources of valuable traits: vr. 341, vr. 757, vr. 756, vr. 387, VIR 415 with a mass fraction of essential oil in fruits at the level of 2.81–3.62 %; VIR 258, vr. 233, VIR 144, VIR 165, VIR 246, vr. 705 with a fruit yield that reached 52.0–73.9 g per plot. Five samples – VIR 348, VIR 421, VIR 180, VIR 431 and vr. 521 – provided a high amount of essential oil (0.90–1.23 g per plot) because of the combination of the increased yield and essential oil mass fraction.

BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF Brassica rapa L. VEGETABLE LEAFY CROPS WHEN GROWING IN AN INTENSIVE LIGHT CULTURE

One of the main components of the successful production of plant products is the choice of crops with a high realization of their production potential under the formed conditions, including in the conditions of intensive light culture. The problem of compensating or eliminating the deficit of green crops is currently quite acute in Russia and in the world. The genetic diversity of the most widespread green brassicas plants of the species Brassica rapa L. for use in protected ground facilities has developed in Southeast Asia and includes numerous morphotypes of Chinese cabbage, pakchoi, tatsoi, wutacai, mizuna, and leafy turnip. In Russia, leafy B. rapa vegetables are used to a limited extent, mainly as salad vegetables. The main areas of B. rapa crops breeding for artificial light culture include a high growth rate (the duration of vegetative period is not more than 28-35 days, depending on the biological characteristics of the crop), the yield is not less than 3-8 kg/m2, depending on crops, a certain compact plant habit, high quality of leaves, valuable biochemical composition, resistance to early bolting, resistance to possible low light and high air temperature, suitability for growing in a thin layer of soil or hydroponics. The biological features of the diversity of B. rapa leafy crops as sources for breeding for intensive light culture conditions have not been sufficiently studied, first of all, this concerns little-known crops (tatsoi, wutacai, mizuna) and certain morphotypes within common crops (Chinese cabbage and pakchoi). In this study, for the first time, we studied the wide genetic diversity from the Russian worldwide B. rapa collection of the Russian Federation, stored in the VIR, and morphotypes within them (72 accessions), including genotypes contrasting in morphological characteristics, under different supply light intensity for the development of energy-saving agro-technologies in intensive light culture. For the first time, correction factors were determined for calculating the leaf surface area from easily measured linear dimensions for each studied crop and type of leaves, which will speed up the calculations of photosynthesis characteristics. A different degree of variation in the variability of the size and weight of plants of various crops, depending on the illumination, is shown, the highest in Chinese cabbage and leafy turnip. It was found that the intensity of the light regime is largely determined the increase in the productivity of plants of all studied crops, mostly of Chinese cabbage and pakchoi and leafy turnip. High-yielding accessions of Chinese cabbage, pakchoi and leafy turnip were identified (more than 6.3 kg/m2 for 28 days of growing season). The studied accessions of wutacai and mizuna are low-yielding and have a longer growing season, but are of interest as vegetables for functional nutrition and for decorative purposes. Semi-cabbage types of Chinese cabbage (Shantung, Santo, Xiao), which are of primary interest for light culture, have been identified. We recommend Chinese cabbage accessions vr.k-1375, Bice (vr.k-1376), and pakchoi k-647 for thickened cultivation,, and pakchoi Extra Dwarf Pack Choi (vr.k-1405 ) and tatsoi Xiao Ba Je Ta Cai (k-695) for growing with a small distance between the shelves of 25 cm. Accessions of Chinese cabbage Chokurei (k-177), Tokyo Bekana (k-395), Zao Shi No. 5 (vr.k-1120), and Fun jen F1 (vr.k-1410) showed the highest salad qualities of the leaves. Under the conditions of a biopolygon, we managed to determine accessions with a stable manifestation of the traits, of early maturity and high productivity, practically independent of light intensity. These are accessions of Chinese cabbage Harumaki Shin Santousai (k-270), Tokyo Bekana (k-395), Xiaobaikou (k-74), pakchoi Kangre 605 (vr.k-1131), Gai Lang Jin Pin 25 F1 (vr.k-1124). In addition, it was shown that the Chinese accession of Chinese cabbage Zao Shi No. 5 (vr.k-1120) and the Russian cultivar of the leafy turnip Selecta (vr.k-1371) have increased the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. The obtained data on the crops in general and the determined accessions of B. rapa are of interest for the practice of vegetable growing, in the development of elements of cultivar technology of B. rapa crops under conditions of light culture and as sources of valuable traits in breeding programs, including the development of city farming.

БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ КАПУСТНЫХ ОВОЩНЫХ КУЛЬТУР ВИДА Brassica rapa L. ПРИ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ В ИНТЕНСИВНОЙ СВЕТОКУЛЬТУРЕ

One of the main components of the successful production of plant products is the choice of crops with a high realization of their production potential under the formed conditions, including in the conditions of intensive light culture. The problem of compensating or eliminating the deficit of green crops is currently quite acute in Russia and in the world. The genetic diversity of the most widespread green brassicas plants of the species Brassica rapa L. for use in protected ground facilities has developed in Southeast Asia and includes numerous morphotypes of Chinese cabbage, pakchoi, tatsoi, wutacai, mizuna, and leafy turnip. In Russia, leafy B. rapa vegetables are used to a limited extent, mainly as salad vegetables. The main areas of B. rapa crops breeding for artificial light culture include a high growth rate (the duration of vegetative period is not more than 28-35 days, depending on the biological characteristics of the crop), the yield is not less than 3-8 kg/m2, depending on crops, a certain compact plant habit, high quality of leaves, valuable biochemical composition, resistance to early bolting, resistance to possible low light and high air temperature, suitability for growing in a thin layer of soil or hydroponics. The biological features of the diversity of B. rapa leafy crops as sources for breeding for intensive light culture conditions have not been sufficiently studied, first of all, this concerns little-known crops (tatsoi, wutacai, mizuna) and certain morphotypes within common crops (Chinese cabbage and pakchoi). In this study, for the first time, we studied the wide genetic diversity from the Russian worldwide B. rapa collection of the Russian Federation, stored in the VIR, and morphotypes within them (72 accessions), including genotypes contrasting in morphological characteristics, under different supply light intensity for the development of energy-saving agro-technologies in intensive light culture. For the first time, correction factors were determined for calculating the leaf surface area from easily measured linear dimensions for each studied crop and type of leaves, which will speed up the calculations of photosynthesis characteristics. A different degree of variation in the variability of the size and weight of plants of various crops, depending on the illumination, is shown, the highest in Chinese cabbage and leafy turnip. It was found that the intensity of the light regime is largely determined the increase in the productivity of plants of all studied crops, mostly of Chinese cabbage and pakchoi and leafy turnip. High-yielding accessions of Chinese cabbage, pakchoi and leafy turnip were identified (more than 6.3 kg/m2 for 28 days of growing season). The studied accessions of wutacai and mizuna are low-yielding and have a longer growing season, but are of interest as vegetables for functional nutrition and for decorative purposes. Semi-cabbage types of Chinese cabbage (Shantung, Santo, Xiao), which are of primary interest for light culture, have been identified. We recommend Chinese cabbage accessions vr.k-1375, Bice (vr.k-1376), and pakchoi k-647 for thickened cultivation,, and pakchoi Extra Dwarf Pack Choi (vr.k-1405 ) and tatsoi Xiao Ba Je Ta Cai (k-695) for growing with a small distance between the shelves of 25 cm. Accessions of Chinese cabbage Chokurei (k-177), Tokyo Bekana (k-395), Zao Shi No. 5 (vr.k-1120), and Fun jen F1 (vr.k-1410) showed the highest salad qualities of the leaves. Under the conditions of a biopolygon, we managed to determine accessions with a stable manifestation of the traits, of early maturity and high productivity, practically independent of light intensity. These are accessions of Chinese cabbage Harumaki Shin Santousai (k-270), Tokyo Bekana (k-395), Xiaobaikou (k-74), pakchoi Kangre 605 (vr.k-1131), Gai Lang Jin Pin 25 F1 (vr.k-1124). In addition, it was shown that the Chinese accession of Chinese cabbage Zao Shi No. 5 (vr.k-1120) and the Russian cultivar of the leafy turnip Selecta (vr.k-1371) have increased the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. The obtained data on the crops in general and the determined accessions of B. rapa are of interest for the practice of vegetable growing, in the development of elements of cultivar technology of B. rapa crops under conditions of light culture and as sources of valuable traits in breeding programs, including the development of city farming.

Study of the national rice collection for economically valuable characterisitcs in the south of Ukraine

The aim was to form and study a national rice collection, identifying accessions by economically valuable traits for further use in breeding. Results and Discussion. The results of the national rice collection allowed for identification of sources of economically valuable traits: growing period, yield, plant height, panicle performance, vitreousness, stress crack, total output of groats and whole kernels, disease resistance (blast disease), etc. Of the studied accessions, valuable for breeding varieties and lines were selected as sources of individual valuable traits (UIR 3095, Marzhan, UIR 8493, Viаlone Nano, Pashali, Aral 202, Egyption gasmine, Cheope). The UIR 3095-14 line received a registration certificate for a plant gene pool accession in Ukraine. Having studied the collection and having distinguished reference varieties and sources of economically valuable traits, we built up a trait collection of rice by technological characteristics of rice grain and registered it with the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine based (Certificate No. 293 dated 11.05.2020) Conclusions. For effective breeding work, constant studies of the national rice collection are conducted. Varieties and lines – sources of valuable traits have been identified; their inclusion in breeding in the future will make it possible to obtain varieties that maximally combine several economically valuable traits in one genotype.

Environmental plasticity of sunflower lines for valuable economic traits

Our aim was to study the environmental plasticity of female sunflower lines for valuable economic traits, to select lines for heterosis breeding - sources of valuable economic traits with different categories of environmental plasticity. Results and Discussion. Expression of economically valuable traits and their environmental plasticity were studied in female maternal sunflower lines, including lines bred at NAAS institutions. Analyses of variance and regression showed that the lines were ranked according to the genotypic effect and the regression coefficient of these traits. Sunflower lines, which give relatively high yields and demonstrate optimal responses to the year conditions, are recommended to use in breeding for adaptability: short-season line Skh 1006 A (1.48 t/ha), early ripening line Skh 503 A (1.56 t/ha) and mid-early line Od 1042 A (1.60 t/ha). Early ripening line Skh 1002 A (50.4%) and mid-early line Od 1024 A (50.1%) are recommended to use in breeding programs as sources of high oil content and optimal expression of this trait across the years. Line Skh 51 A with a consistently high 1000-achene weight is a valuable source of large seeds. Mid-early line Od 1024 A is noticeable for a stable 1000-achene weight across the years and can serve as a valuable source in breeding programs to achieve a desirable level of this trait. A stable diameter of head was noted in early ripening lines Skh 1010 A and Skh 503 A and in mid-early line Skh 1012 A, which can be used as sources of this trait. Conclusions. The levels and environmental plasticity of the valuable economic traits were evaluated in the female sunflower lines. The lines were grouped in ranks according to the genotypic effect and the regression coefficient of the traits. Short-season, early ripening and mid-early sunflower lines have been identified as sources of valuable traits with different categories of response to the year conditions. The sunflower lines combining relatively high yield, oil content, 1000-achene weight and head diameter with an optimal response to the year conditions are recommended to use in breeding for adaptability.

Sources of valuable traits for perennial grass breeding

Aim. The purpose was to identify collection accessions – sources of valuable traits to use as starting material for creating varieties of perennial grasses in Western Ukraine. Results and Discussion. Perennial grasses play an essential role in improving the efficiency of forage production. They produce a fodder mass that contains major macro- and micronutrients, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and other nutrients in available forms, with a high energy protein saturation. Practice shows that due to the introduction of varietal crops into production in combination with optimal technologies of their cultivation, which allows revealing the potential of each variety, it is possible to additionally obtain 20-30% higher yields of fodder mass annually and harvest 2 to 3-fold seed yields. In 2016-2020, a search was carried out and 570 new accessions of perennial grasses were recruited, of which 201 were legumes and 369 were graminaceous grasses. The collection contains 1,319 accessions, of which 232 are Trifolium pratense L., 115 are Trifolium repens L., 49 are Trifolium hybridum L., 107 are Lotus corniculatus L., 80 belong to other legume species (Medicago, Galega orientalis L. Galega orientalis L. and Trifolium species), 131 are Phleum pratense L., 187 are Dactylis glomerata L., 146 are Lolium perenne L., 53 are Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. et C.Presl., 67 are Festuca rubra L., 28 are Festuca trachyphylla L., 32 are Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub, 92 belong to other species of other types of graminaceous grasses (Festuca pratensis Huds., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Agrostis alba L. etc.). Accessions that enter the Department are registered and sown for propagation in the field. After examination, valuable accessions are transferred to the National Depository and registered in the National Catalogue; the rest of the obtained seeds are used in working collections. Conclusions. The best collection accessions were identified by a set of economically valuable traits: sources of daily growth of shoots (30), winter hardiness (28), plant height (22), yield of green mass upon haymaking (28) and pasture (19) use, forage productivity (15), seed productivity (25), foliage (21), and disease resistance (23). They can be recommended as starting material to create varieties of perennial grasses with high yields of forage mass and seeds for various applications.