Terminological Sources Research Articles

Translation procedures in secondary term formation across languages in online glossaries: Universal or language-specific?

AbstractOnline terminological glossaries may play a key role in translating and disseminating terms in multiple languages, especially in those highly specialized domains where no other terminological sources are available. The influence of English as a lingua franca is undeniable in the process of shaping target language terminologies. The purpose of this paper is to explore types of secondary term formation and the related translation procedures as reflected in specialized online glossaries in the domain of start-up companies to find out whether they are universal or language-specific. The study investigates 28 online glossaries in five languages with a total of 1,566 terms. It is hypothesised that contact-based term formation with a considerable influence of English is significantly more frequent than interpretative term formation with little or no such influence. It is also proposed that among the translation procedures transference is of the highest occurrence. According to the third hypothesis, languages differ in their preference for various translation procedures. Statistical tests have confirmed all three hypotheses. In addition, our findings also shed light on the lexical gaps in the target languages under investigation.

Diversity, equity and inclusion principles for custom taxonomies

This paper discusses the common challenges and considerations associated with the development of custom taxonomies for describing people along the lines of race, gender, sexual orientation, nationality and other identity facets. The paper recognises that there are inherent and divisive problems in reducing complex human identities to discrete categories, and that terminology is always changing. Nevertheless, in the absence of a public vocabulary that addresses all facets of identity in a respectful and accurate way, custom taxonomies remain necessary. This paper explores the strengths and weaknesses of existing vocabularies, supporting this analysis with real-world examples, including a discussion of the LGBTQ+ vocabulary, Homosaurus and alternative terminology sources. The paper then proposes a flexible process for researching and developing custom taxonomies that draws on the strengths of existing vocabularies, knowledge of one’s content and users, professional best practice literature, journalistic style guides, and first-person consultations. The paper argues that custom identity taxonomies are a way of showing respect for the people represented in one’s digital asset management system and the people who use it. Thus, bringing the values of diversity, equity and inclusion into one’s metadata are a small way of expressing and fostering a community of care.

Geography and Onomastics: Geographical Terminology in the Oronymy of the Balearic Islands

Toponymy and, more specifically, toponymic generics constitute an important source of geographical terminology, which is a valuable object of study in both linguistics and cultural geography. Based on this, the authors compiled, analysed and classified the oronymic generics of the Balearic Islands (Spain) from the largest toponymic collection of the archipelago, made up of some 50,000 place names gathered for the Balearic Topographical Map at a scale of 1:5,000. A considerable part of toponyms was obtained from field work, which consisted of hundreds of interviews with informants previously selected for their special knowledge of the territory they live in. Field work allowed to obtain popular (“folk,” “unofficial”) toponyms that contain specific generics used in the function of geographical terms, often based on metaphor or another type of semantic shift. This work made it possible to bring together the terms that, in the Catalan language of the Balearic Islands, identify the diverse inland orographic morphologies of each of the islands that form the archipelago (Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera). The corpus of terminology relating to the names of the relief of the Balearic Islands is formed by 120 oronymic generics. All the terms are classified into three groups distinguishing between terms related to positive relief features (macro, meso- and micro-relief), negative relief features (elongated, rounded, and elevated depressions), and neutral relief that brings together and differentiates forms of vertical, horizontal, inclined and stepped relief. Quantitative observations made by the author show the relatively wider diversity of terminology used in the names of positive relief features, in which macro-relief features are predominant. In the negative relief group, the most varied subgroup of term relates to longitudinal depressions, while in the neutral relief the biggest part of terms specifically designates sloped landforms.

De la définition juridique à la définition journalistique : complexités interprétatives dans le domaine du biocontrôle

This article explores the complex relation between science and the media, and how scientific knowledge circulates outside the realm of specialists. It focuses on contextual definitions related to biological control (biocontrôle in French) in press articles, and the reader capacity to (re)build scientific information or knowledge based on media discourse.
 After introducing the emergence of the term in reference dictionaries and legal sources, we proceed to a twofold analysis of biocontrol definitions in the corpus (focusing on the relations of hyponymy and instrument/method). We first present a lexico-syntactic analysis of definitional cues that enable any non-expert reader to access definitions of the term. We then proceed to a semantic analysis of definitions, focusing on two different discursive strategies used by the media. Journalists either borrow reference terms (and synonyms) from official terminological sources or create ad hoc categories to simplify definitions with more accessible referents to press readers. Our goal is to show that the various categories involved in these definitions may hinder the understanding of the notion by the lay citizen (on the local scale), and potentially constitute an obstacle to well-informed decision-making about pressing issues such as environmental protection (on the global scale).

Lexico-Structural Characteristics of Aviation Terminology and Techniques of its Transmission Into the Russian Language

The article discusses the lexical and structural characteristics of aviation terminology and the methods of its translation into Russian, the features of terminology functioning, and the specifics of translation. A scientific and technical text is presented as a communicative unit, a source of replenishment and knowledge exchange between professionals of a certain field of science and technology, a synthesis of the scientific and the technical; both linguistic and extralinguistic factors are considered. Linguists’ points of view regarding the characteristics of scientific and technical texts are taken into account. The goal of this paper is to study the functioning of aviation terminology and the ways of its translation into Russian. A scientific and technical text is considered as the sphere with specific terminological units, and names of processes and phenomena, however, the consistent and logical nature of the presentation of the subject matter in a scientific and technical text does not exclude the presence of such lexical units as neologisms, phraseological units, vocabulary of foreign origin, abbreviations and acronyms. Aviation technologies abbreviations are full-fledged lexical units used as a means to economize linguistic means and as part and parcel of a technical text. The difficulties connected with the stylistic, lexical and syntactic features of the scientific and technical text are associated with the use of passive constructions, inversions typical of the analytical English language. Metaphorical means are identified as a source of terminology, which is proved by the adduced examples. Finding translation solutions when transferring the meanings of aviation terminology, and the selection of the required equivalent is the primary task of a full-fledged translation and an urgent problem of modern translation studies. The main task of the translator, who is not an expert in aviation technologies, when transferring the meanings of the term from English into Russian, is to achieve maximum semantic adequacy in translation. The difficulties encountered by the translator when translating aviation texts containing differently-structured terminological units are considered; the difficulties of translation are attributed to the absence of an equivalent in the translating language and may also be connected with determining the referent for designating the object in question, or may be associated with the syntactic difference between the English (analytical) and the Russian (synthetic) languages. The processing of language material makes it possible to determine the characteristic structural types of terminological units and to identify the most appropriate techniques of translation, such as formal, lexical and grammatical, in order to select the most appropriate equivalent to achieve a full-fledged translation option.

Representative Terminology in the Field of Human Intelligence (in English and Romanian languages)

The study mainly focuses on compiling a reliable terminological corpus that is included in the domain of human intelligence. We approach two main types of manifesting human intelligence: cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence; with the instrumentalities of a terminological corpus, which we analyze in order to obtain conceptual clarity and with the intention of validating the terms extracted from various specialized sources. Human intelligence is a domain from which technology inspires on a regular basis and a reason for novel studies due to its social and scientific complexity and impact. Cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence remain the most discussed and measured types of intelligence – with IQ and EQ tests, serving also as sources of cognitive terminology shaped by formal and semantic methods of creation, which require an in-depth analysis. These fields allow for enough space for further research and analysis, because it is a source of multiple scientific interests. The terminological corpus compiled helps in tracing cases where terms “migrate” from one type of intelligence into the other. Therefore, our study also addresses its interdisciplinary side, that serves as a strong motivation for further research, which includes compiling an inventory of terms that will help in completing existent terminological recor.

From its drifter past to nomadic futures: future directions in backpacking research and practice

While the label ‘backpacker’ didn’t originate in 1990 when first presented at an academic conference by the late Philip L. Pearce, its usage rose within an emerging academic discourse community that established shared interests, sources of information, terminology, and methods of communication, along with a certain level of expertise and knowledge on the subject. While the community internationalised and embraced interdisciplinary approaches, a review of the academic scholarship points to the communities increasing instability, as differential authoritative voices conflict over discursive conventions that regulate our understanding of backpacking. While once conceptual and theoretical developments in backpacker research were built through subject level consensus, distinctions within the community point to new hierarchies, with their own particular schools of thought and reinterpretations. As disparities, incongruities and deviations in backpacker research output emerge, this overview explores current research directions and identifies paradoxes, challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.

The modern Ukrainian academic linguistic stylistics: A strategy of the integrative development

This article offers an analytical review of the Department of Stylistics, Culture of Language, and Sociolinguistics’ study outcomes in 1991—2021. It focuses on the publications with the expanded linguo-stylistic analysis and the developing of the terminological system of Ukrainian stylistics. The authors reinterpret a term style and concept of language culture and outline the contribution to the development of structural stylistics, i.e., linguistic text analysis, and interpretive stylistics from the Department staff also naming major studies which determined the connection of linguistic stylistics with the history of Standard Ukrainian and establishing the significant role of historical stylistics. Being determined by the view of language as a system of signs the structural approach in linguistic stylistics dominated at early stages the Ukrainian stylistics formation. The paper advances a new idea regarding the fluidity of the modern system of functional styles and the need to revise and restructure their socially significant hierarchy with respect to the linguo-cultural and communicative-pragmatic reinterpretation of integrative linguo-stylistics. The interdisciplinary aspects of functional-stylistic and genre-stylistic researches are the following: linguoculturology, linguofolkloristics, linguosophy, linguopersonology, linguoconflictology, discourseology, media stylistics, legal linguistics, psycholinguistics, ethnolinguistics, and linguistic expertise. The conclusion evaluates the digital methods to process texts in Standard Ukrainian and the need to create lexicographic sources of stylistic terminology and expand the aspects of stylistic lexicography. Keywords: linguo-stylistics, style, culture of language, norm, interdisciplinarity, research method, integrative linguo-stylistics

New terms in the information society: nominative characteristics

The paper deals with the issue of new terms in the information society. The authors consider the concepts of neologism, legal term and terminoid giving examples. The paper states that currently the process of neologization in the Russian-language legal discourse is characterized by the fact that one of the active sources of terminology are terminoids which initially operate in new fields of law and function for nominating innovative technologies in law. The authors mark two ways of appearing new terms in legal terminology with regard to the language of civil contracts. Focusing on borrowing as one of the most productive sources of replenishing legal terminology, the authors consider new lexemes connected with innovative concepts and digitalization. The paper shows the analysis of terminological units borrowed from the English language. The authors conclude that the current term system of both legal discourse in general and the sphere of civil law in particular is flexible, mobile, susceptible to previously unproductive ways of forming or borrowing terms, and even the use of terms with the preservation of English spelling, as well as metaphor terms.

АНАЛІЗ ПРОБЛЕМ ЛІНГВІСТИЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КІБЕРФІЗИЧНИХ СИСТЕМ НАНОТЕХНОЛОГІЙ

The article deals with analyses of prospects for relationship between nanotechnology and applied linguistics in the field of information functioning in automated nanosystems of various types, including the use of lexical units of the semantic field - nanotechnology; to review the state of lexicographic and terminological sources of professional language in the field of nanotechnology and nanotechnology industry in the general system of information security of the state. Modern information security is formed at the micro- and nano-levels, which contributes to finding new solutions with numerous possibilities of civil and military application. The authors prove that the development of modern nanotechnological devices allows to obtain a potential that can be comparable with the factor of ruinability of the mass destruction weapon. One of the most frightening prospects is the emergence of nanorobots with elements of collective intelligence, which could use the natural environment for the creation of similar machines. From this perspective, the nanotechnologies being created are a new class of armaments. Therefore, there is a general need to investigate the whole paradigm of nanotechnology in order to identify positive and negative effects of their use, In particular, the analysis of nanotechnology and nanomaterials therminosystems, examination of the mechanisms of their formation, and identification of the main features of the terms. The use of applied possibilities of linguistics for linguistic support of information functioning in automated nanosystems of various types is considered actual. The linguistic support (determining the language of representation and information management) is a spliced link between the "natural" and the information environment.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ЛІНГВІСТИЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КІБЕРФІЗИЧНИХ СИСТЕМ НАНОТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В ЗАГАЛЬНІЙ СИСТЕМІ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ДЕРЖАВИ

The article deals with analyses of prospects for relationship between nanotechnology and applied linguistics in the field of information functioning in automated nanosystems of various types, including the use of lexical units of the semantic field – nanotechnology; to review the state of lexicographic and terminological sources of professional language in the field of nanotechnology and nanotechnology industry in the general system of information security of the state. Modern information security is formed at the micro- and nano-levels, which contributes to finding new solutions with numerous possibilities of civil and military application. The authors prove that the development of modern nanotechnological devices allows to obtain a potential that might be compared with the factor of ruinability of the mass destruction weapon. One of the most frightening prospects is the emergence of nanorobots with elements of collective intelligence, which could use the natural environment for the creation of similar machines. From this perspective, the modern nanotechnologies are a new class of armaments. Therefore, there is a general need to investigate the whole paradigm of nanotechnology in order to identify positive and negative effects of their use, in particular, in the field of the analysis of nanotechnology and nanomaterials’ therminosystems, examination of the mechanisms of their formation, identification of the main features of the terms. The linguistic support (determining the language of representation and information management) is a link between the “natural” and the information environment.

Mūsdienu latviešu terminu vārdnīcas: izdevēju pieredze

Unified and precise terminology in any field of specialization ensures the scientific quality of the text. Dictionaries should be considered a particularly significant source of terminology due to having authority criterion. The present research examines 450 Latvian terminological dictionaries that have been published between 1990 and 2020. The article intends to highlight the path of Latvian terminography by giving insight into publishing practice; for this article, three publishing houses have been selected – Zinātne, Avots, Zvaigzne ABC. The interview of three editors provides an insight into several questions that have emerged over time, during the study of terminological dictionaries. The article’s main goal is to reveal several practical aspects of publishing terminological dictionaries in Latvia – marketing policy of dictionary publishing, lack of dictionary users’ feedback and review deficiency, the relevance of officially approved terminological dictionaries, etc. The conclusion of the research is that regularly issued official terminological dictionaries and updated terminological databases should provide a milestone for fields’ specialists and other dictionary users. It would greatly facilitate the work of translators and specialists in the field and reduce the publishing of low-quality resources.

Zeigma – viens no mazāk zināmajiem tropu veidiem: nosaukums, skaidrojums, piemēri

The terms of literary studies and linguistics concerning stylistics should be viewed in complex, i. e., in a joint concept system. If this is not the case, the acquisition of theoretical knowledge, the development of criticism, and scientific communication in the humanitarian fields as a whole are impeded. The article deals with one of the most unusual tropes – zeugma. For the background information, an insight into the comprehension of the system of tropes in Latvian stylistics is given where zeugma is insufficiently explained; therefore, it is crucial to clarify the main characteristic of the concept. Several terminological sources in English have been selected for the explanation of the concept and provision of examples. In Latvian theoretical literature and study books, there are ambiguous definitions of this term and also different versions of the term itself. In total, the word zeigma (and not zeugma) is considered to be the most appropriate equivalent in Latvian, and the explanation of the term could be as follows: zeugma is a kind of tropes in which a word (most commonly a verb) is used simultaneously in two or more meanings in the same sentence, with an unexpected transfer of meaning creating different semantic relations. Examples from Latvian poetry (Aleksandrs Čaks, Austra Skujiņa) and prose (Anšlavs Eglītis, Regīna Ezera, Andra Manfelde, Andris Akmentiņš) are used to present zeugma as a kind of tropes.

A categorisation of the terminological sources of student difficulties when learning chemistry

ABSTRACTThis study consists of a categorisation of the vocabulary of chemistry, focusing on the terminological difficulties student face when learning this subject. Therefore, this classification intends to provide chemistry teachers an awareness of the language barriers students must overcome in their understanding of this scientific discipline. Two main groups of words have been considered: technical (i.e. chemistry-specific) and non-technical terms (i.e. general academic words). The first category is mainly centred on the analysis of chemical concepts. Among the main issues of technical terms that have been examined are the following: a) new coined specific terms of chemistry; b) historical evolution of metaphors and different science context meanings; c) daily & scientific meanings; d) nominalisation; e) mathematical terms; e) dual concepts. The second category is not restricted to chemistry as it is common to other scientific related areas. The four cases of non-technical terms analysed in this work are the following: a) general non-technical words in science school settings; b) meta-representational verbs; c) linking items; d) teleological or intentional terminology.

International terms in diplomacy

This article discusses the main sources of diplomatic terminology. The historical development of diplomacy has its own contribution to language development. In accordance with their structure the compound and complex international diplomatic terms in Kazakh language were divided into two groups. There are terms in which both components come from other languages, and other terms in which one component is a borrowed word and the other component is a national word. The international terms in English are divided into groups depending on the coincidence of their terminological meanings. As a branch of science, the diplomatic terminology consists of three groups of terminological vocabulary: diplomatic terminology, terminology of international law and socio-economic terminology. In the Kazakh language the separate words are not often used to describe the borrowed words, basically the phrases from the national vocabulary. These phrases are combined in compliance with the requirements for the terms, and the equal attention is paid to both their semantic and structural features. The article examines the place of diplomatic terms in the national lexicon of the modern Kazakh language. The procedure of adopting international terms is still in progress because it is complicated, voluminous process and requires complex study. This article is based on the available literature on this topic.

НОВА СУСПІЛЬНО-ПОЛІТИЧНА ЛЕКСИКА І ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЯ В СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ

The article analyzes one of the important layers of the lexical system of Ukrainian at the turn of the XXth and XXIst centuries, namely innovative socio-political lexemes and terms. It is shown that despite the attention of Ukrainian and foreign scholars to Ukrainian innovative vocabulary, the study of the mentioned lexical units requires constant and substantial consideration. The relevance of the problem is supported by the fact that the corpus of innovative lexical units that belong to the socio-political sphere is a dynamic subsystem, being constantly enriched and modified, and therefore is not sufficiently studied within the above-mentioned time interval. The aim of the paper is to study the development of new socio-political vocabulary and terminology of the Ukrainian language on the basis of contemporary publicistic (radio programs, TV broadcasts, newspapers, magazines, Internet resources, public speeches) and scientific types of discourse typical of recent decades. To achieve this aim it was necessary to perform the following tasks: 1) to outline the leading factors contributing to the emergence of the analyzed units; 2) to consider the main sources of innovative socio-political vocabulary and terminology; 3) to define thematic groups and subgroups that have been enriched by the analyzed lexical units. As a result of the carried out research, the author defines and characterizes leading extra- and intralingual factors contributing to the emergence of innovative socio-political vocabulary and terminology, which have not been registered yet in Ukrainian largest and most authoritative interpretive and bilingual lexicographic sources. Having collected and scrutinized a considerable number of innovative vocabulary (more than 3000 units), the author clarifies and analyzes the main sources of modern national language enrichment. These sources include the word formation based on specific and foreign language derivations and resources, new borrowings from different languages (with the prevalence of Anglicisms), semantic reconsideration of codified units, as well as the actualization of the units already known in the Ukrainian language. The paper presents the division of these units into thematic groups and subgroups. As a result of the carried out analysis the author comes to conclusions that at the end of the XXth and beginning of the XXIst centuries the socio-political vocabulary and terminology are characterized by a dynamic increase accelerated by a series of extra- and intralinguistic factors, the former being a prevailing factor. The sources of the analyzed units remain traditional. The author has also registered a significant enrichment of thematic groups and subgroups composed of the analyzed subsystems.

Louisiana and Quebec Terminology as a Tool in Polish-English Legal Translation

Abstract While in the majority of English-speaking territories the dominant legal tradition is common law, in Louisiana and Quebec the native language is English and the legal system stems from continental civil law. Both the Louisiana Civil Code and the Civil Code of Quebec take root in the European codification movement, following Code Napoleon. Bearing in mind the link between law and language, these jurisdictions provide a unique source of English civil law terminology with well-founded conceptual background. The civil codes of Louisiana and Quebec seem to be potentially useful for the translation of Polish private law into English. Yet there are some reservations which should be considered. By comparing two different translations of Article 292 of the Polish Civil Code, this paper is intended to contribute to the debate on the use of Quebec and Louisiana terminology in Polish-English legal translation.

Etiquetado social y blog-scraping como alternativa para la actualización de vocabularios controlados Aplicación práctica a un tesauro de Biblioteconomía y Documentación

The aim of this paper is to compare the use of free language tags, taken in our case from specialized blogs on information sciences, against the unstructured controlled language of keywords lists, for verifying which of them is the best source of new terminology for the Librarianship Thesaurus and Documentation. To do this, authors’ labels were extracted from 127 blogs on librarianship and information science using web scraping techniques, and were compared with descriptors and identifiers lists of the ISOC library and documentation database (ISOC-BD). The results of the analysis of authors’ tags in blogs contribute with 186 new terms, while the database lists only 130 terms. It is concluded that free language tags could be a better and faster way for contributing new terminology to controlled vocabularies than unstructured controlled language lists.

Yazma eserlerin Marc tabanlı nitelenmesine terminolojik yaklaşım

The qualication of manuscripts requires only knowledge and the use of the terms specic to the source manuscript. There are some errors and omissions in domestic and external use of this terminology. These errors and deciencies are obviously due to incorrect translation, lack of terminology regarding the eld, and the fact that the tradition of Islamic knowledge production - transfer is unknown in our country. Erroneous and incomplete adaptations due to these reasons cause serious contradictions and problems in the characterization of our manuscripts, restrict access to works and prevent us from establishing a “national” standard in line with the international standards. As a result of the examination of the printed and electronic manuscript catalogues in our country. This study includes the Machine Readable Cataloguing (MARC) elds and the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR2) which have been used erroneously and incompletely. This practice generally tends to be found more in libraries that register in English. In order to overcome these mistakes and incomplete uses, the related domestic and foreign terminological sources have been examined and a series of suggestions for terminology have been presented. These recommendations are given in the order of MARC as the preferred upper data standard in the nature of the information sources, and the evidence /sources of correct use are listed after the conclusion of the study separately for each eld.

Formation and Development of Literary Terms in Turkic Languages (Study Background)

Background/Objectives: Terminology of literary studies in Turkic languages reflects traditionally established objects and shapes the subject of literature, fixing its fundamental and specific concepts as a system of denotations. Methods: The origins and the development of language together with the studies in terminology represent one of the currently important problems in modern linguistics. The authors describe conception and development of terms in the theory and history of literature in Turkic languages using description and historical method, applying the analysis of scientific sources. Findings: Old Turkic scripts and comparative dictionaries reveal common terms used in modern lexicon of literary studies in different phonetic forms. The history of terminology studies, the issues that used to be relevant before and that are of current importance now are crucial for further development. National terminology is specific and original, as each nation goes through its own stages of developing culture, science, politics, linguistics and other spheres. The authors assume that, before the modern period, Turkic literary terminology has passed a long and laborious path. National sources of Turkic terminology in literature studies are patterned according to the basic periods of developing general literary language and general national terminology. Applications/Improvements: The terms of literary studies are not equally developed in Turkic languages. Some provide comprehensive monographs and PhD theses, while others have just outlined the ways for studying these terms.