Source Of Soluble Fiber Research Articles

Valorization of okara by-product for obtaining soluble dietary fibers and their use in biodegradable carboxymethyl cellulose-based film

In the face of mounting environmental concerns and the need for sustainable innovation, the use of agro-industrial wastes as raw materials offers a promising pathway. In this context, this study investigated the okara, a by-product of soy processing, as a novel source of soluble dietary fiber for the enrichment of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) biodegradable films based on environmental benefits of waste reduction with the creation of renewable packaging alternatives. Okara soluble dietary fiber (OSDF)-enriched CMC film was compared with films made from traditional and innovative soluble dietary fibers, such as pectin, inulin, and β-glucan. OSDF was obtained through acid hydrolysis at 121 °C, achieving a yield of 5.31 % relative to its initial dry weight. All the produced films exhibited a maximum crystallinity of 5 %, as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), indicative of their largely amorphous structure, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ensured their uniformity and flawlessness. The CMC film enriched with okara soluble dietary fiber exhibited key properties, such as thickness, water vapor permeability, and thermal stability, comparable to other soluble fibers studied. These characteristics are essential for effective packaging applications. A notable distinction of the OSDF-enriched film was its capacity to block UV light, offering protection for light-sensitive items. The solubility tests showed that okara and β-glucan contributed to films with a higher solubility percentage. Mechanical testing underscored the influence of fiber on tensile strength, with the film enriched with β-glucan outperforming others at 27.5 MPa. All films showed rapid biodegradation within one week, emphasizing their eco-friendliness and the study alignment with sustainable development objectives in packaging.

Dietary levels of soluble and insoluble fibre sources for young slow-growing broilers

Dietary levels of soluble and insoluble fibre sources for young slow-growing broilers

Quality assessment of garden strawberries of foreign selection

At present, «Strategy for Improving the Quality of Food Products in the Russian Federation until 2030» is the main document in the field of healthy nutrition. According to it, the main direction in this area is to provide the Russian population with nutritious food products, which will ensure the prevention of nutritional diseases and lead to to increase the life expectancy of the population, as well as improve their quality of life and to stimulate the production of quality products. At the same time, the need to use domestically produced raw materials, as well as functional ingredients from these raw materials in the production of a wide range of products for healthy and preventive nutrition, is clear lystated. The importance of using local plant, fruit and other raw materials, which are a source of many deficient vitamins, minerals, insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, as well as other valuable nutrients should be noted. In addition, local fruit raw materials are climatically adapted to the living conditions of humans in a particular region. In this regard, research aimed at analyzing the nutritional value of common regional fruit raw materials of the Central Chernozem Region (CCHR) and other regions of Russia is necessary. Of particular importance in the study of the nutritional value of berries and fruits as multivitamin crops that have a complex of medicinal and preventive properties. Among them are, undoubtedly, garden strawberries. The goal of the research is to study the consumer qualities and nutritional value of new varieties of garden strawberries. The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the consumer qualities of the berries of seven new, currently zoned varieties of garden strawberries of foreign selection grown in the Tambov region: Aprika, Vivara, Zephyr, Kwiki, Letitia, Lord and Sibilla. The quality of berry raw materials is determined by a combination of organoleptic and physicochemical indicators, nutritional value, as well as safety indicators. The results of organoleptic studies showed that the berries of all studied varieties had excellent taste. At the same time, the berries of the Aprica, Kwiki, Zephyr and Vivara varieties had excellent quality. These fruits are classified as having an excellent quality. The berries of Laetitia, Sibylla and Lord varieties have been classified in the first quality category due to their good quality. Studies of the nutritional value of berries have shown that the berries of the Laetitia variety are leading in terms of ascorbic acid content, and the berries of the Zephyr variety in terms of anthocyanins. In terms of safety indicators, the berries of all studied varieties of garden strawberries meet the requirements of TR CU 021/2011 «On the safety of food products».

Fibras solúvel e insolúvel em dietas de leitões na creche

This study evaluated the effect of diets containing low levels of soluble and insoluble fiber sources on performance, diarrhea score, chemical and physical characteristics of feces, and behavior in weaning piglets. Thirty-six weaned piglets of 30 days of age with an initial body weight of 8.8 kg were distributed in 36 pens using a completely randomized design in an experimental period of 21 days. The experimental treatments were the Control diet (CONT), the Control diet + 1% beet pulp inclusion (SBP), and the Control diet + 1% lignocellulose inclusion (LCE, Arbocel®). Feed and water were available ad libitum. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate the average daily intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. The fecal consistency was determined visually twice daily, classifying feces according to three scores. To determine fecal pH and concentration of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), samples of fresh feces were collected two weeks after weaning and measured by a digital pH meter and gas chromatography, respectively. The behavior of piglets was observed once a week, using four animals per treatment, from 14:00 to 16:00, every 12 min. Fibre sources had no effect (P>0.05) on performance, except in the period 15 to 21 days after weaning, which was a tendency (P=0.061) of feed intake decrease in SBP and LCE diets. Fiber sources did not affect the fecal consistency score (P>0.05). However, piglets fed SBP and LCE showed a tendency (P<0.10) to have less diarrhea incidence 15 to 21 days post-weaning and in the entire experimental period. Fecal pH and SCFA concentration were not influenced by fiber source (P>0.05), with acetic, propionic, and butyric acids representing around 71%, 19%, and 10% of the total, respectively. Fiber sources did not influence the social and feeding behavior of weaning piglets (P>0.05). Diets containing 1% fiber sources did not alter performance, diarrhea score, fecal pH, fecal SCFA concentration, or feeding and social behavior of weaned piglets.

Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) sponge layers as a potential source of soluble dietary fiber: Evaluation of its physicochemical, structural and functional properties.

Pomelo sponge layer (PSL) had been considered as a potential source of soluble dietary fiber (SDF), while they were mostly disposed of as waste. To promote high-value utilization of pomelo wastes, this study extracted SDF from PSL of six varieties of pomelo, and their physicochemical, structural and functional properties were investigated. Results indicated that all PSL-SDFs showed good physicochemical and functional properties. Among them, PSL-SDF from grapefruit (GRSDF) showed better water holding capacity and swelling capacity, whereas Shatian pomelo PSL-SDF and Guanxi pomelo PSL-SDF had the highest thermal stability and oil holding capacity, respectively. Furthermore, compared with other PSL-SDFs, GRSDF displayed the lowest hydrolysis degree coupled with the best antioxidant and probiotic growth-promoting abilities. Finally, the correlation analysis showed that multiple beneficial effects of PSL-SDFs were markedly associated with their molecular weight and the concentrations of total phenolic, total flavonoids, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose and arabinose. Collectively, these findings contributed to a better understanding of the physicochemical and functional properties of SDFs extracted from different PSLs, which provided a scientific basis for the development of PSL-SDFs into functional foods.

Mixed fermentation of navel orange peel by Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger: Effects on the structural and functional properties of soluble dietary fiber

Navel orange peel is a potential source of soluble dietary fiber. In order to make full use of this resource and improve its physiological activities, the effects of single and mixed strains fermentation modifications were compared in this study. The structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of soluble dietary fiber fermented by Trichoderma viride and/or Aspergillus niger were investigated. The results showed that mixed fermentation resulted in significantly higher activity of complex cellulase than single fermentation. On the second day, when T. viride and A. niger were inoculated at a ratio of 3:1, the activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, β-glucosidase, and filter paper lyase were 1.54, 1.61, and 1.30 times those of single fermentation. Mixed fermentation increased the yield of soluble dietary fiber from 6.63% to 15.73%. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses suggested that soluble dietary fiber produced by mixed fermentation had smaller particle size, lower crystallinity, and more disrupted structure. Moreover, the functional properties of soluble dietary fiber were remarkably improved. After mixed fermentation, the glucose and cholesterol adsorption amounts, and α-amylase inhibition activity increased by 1.51, 1.63, and 1.76 times, respectively. In summary, mixed fermentation was an efficient and environmentally friendly modification method. Modified SDF can be utilized in the food processing industry, expanding the range of by-product applications.

A Friendly Strategy for an Organic Life by Considering Syrian Bean Caper (Zygophyllum fabago L.), and Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.)

Background: Medicinal plants have become the focus of intense researches through the identification and determination of their pharmacological benefits with their different chemical constituents. Objective: The aim of this mini-review is to highlight the most important health benefits of Syrian bean caper and parsnip. Methods: The manuscript consists of review articles, randomized control experiments, and analytical studies, which have been gathered from different sources such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed. A review of the literature was carried out using keywords such as health benefits, pharmaceutical properties, Syrian bean caper (Zygophyllum fabago L.), and Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.). Results: Syrian bean caper is good for diabetes, lower cholesterol, is appropriate for people aiming for weight loss, is a good source of vitamin K for healthy bones, protects skin from harmful ultraviolet rays, prevents cancer and skin ailments, protects from allergies, helps in digestion, increases immunity, treats anemia, moistens skin, helps in relieving congestion. Syrian bean caper is also anexcellent source of minerals such as calcium, copper, iron, and sodium which gives stronger teeth, is a source of anti-ageing, good for the eyes, and reduces skin disorders, it consists of a good amount of iron and vitamin B which makes it a good candidate to have healthy hair, and relieves constipation. Parsnips are a type of root vegetable, closely related to parsley roots and carrots. Parsnips are an excellent source of various nutrients, minerals, and vitamins such as folate, vitamins C and K, they are rich in antioxidants, a great source of soluble and insoluble fiber, a great source of a healthy weight loss diet, and support immune function. Conclusion: According to phytochemical advantages and pharmacological benefits, Syrian bean caper (Zygophyllum fabago L.) and Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) show their importance as medicinal plants in both traditional and modern medicine.

304 Investigating the Impact of Fiber Type and Multicarbohydrase Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility and Energy Balance of Gestating Sows

Abstract Supplementing fiber-degrading enzymes in grow-finish pig diets has been shown to improve energy and nutrient digestibility. However, there is a paucity of research on their effectiveness in gestation diets. The experimental objective was to evaluate the efficacy of multicarbohydrase supplementation in the presence of soluble (20% sugar beet pulp) and insoluble (20% corn DDGS) dietary fiber sources on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy balance of sows at mid- and late-gestation. A total of 36 confirmed gestating sows (186 ± 4.6 kg BW) were blocked by parity randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets (n = 8) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments on day 28 of gestation. Factors included fiber type of insoluble (IF; 16.91 IDF%) or soluble fiber (SF; 5.26 SDF%) and with (+) or without (-) enzyme supplementation (0.05%, Rovabio Advance P10; Adisseo, Antony, France). Diets were fed from day 28 to 109 of gestation at a feeding level of 2.1 kg (SID-Lys 11 g/d and 4.5 NE-Mcal/d). Diets contained 0.5% of TiO2. Two separate 9-d metabolism periods were conducted on days 50 to 59 (mid-) and 99 to 108 (late-) of gestation. During each period, days 1-3 served as an environmental adaptation period, days 4-7 total urine and feces were collected (96-h) and followed by a 48-h lactulose-mannitol study. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model with block as a random effect, and fiber type, enzyme, and period and their interactions as fixed effects. Multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the ATTD of GE, DM, and NDF by 2.8%, 3.4%, and 8.3%, respectively (Enzyme P < 0.05). There was a tendency for a Period × Fiber × Enzyme interaction for the ATTD of ADF, whereas multicarbohydrase supplementation with SF increased ADF digestibility in mid-gestation by 6.5%, but not in late gestation (P = 0.051). Compared with IF-, the ATTD of hemicellulose was 5.3% greater in sows fed IF+ but did not differ from SF- and SF+ (Fiber×Enzyme P=0.037). Furthermore, in late gestation sows fed IF had 11% greater ATTD of hemicellulose (Period×Fiber P = 0.035). Energy intake did not differ as dictated by design (P = 0.64). Sows fed multicarbohydrases excreted less energy in their urine (519 vs. 469 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.033) and in their feces (985 vs. 900 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.003). This resulted in an improvement in both DE (3,723 vs. 3,856 kcal/kg; Enzyme P < 0.01) and ME (3,484 vs. 3,583 kcal/kg; Enzyme P = 0.041), irrespective of fiber type. In late-gestation, sows fed SF tended to have decreased GE excretion compared with IF (Period×Fiber P = 0.091). Sows had a 3.5% greater ME in late-gestation (3,451 vs. 3,572 kcal/kg; Period P < 0.01). In conclusion, multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the energetic contribution of IF and SF in sow diets, and sows have increased fiber and energy digestibility in late gestation.

An updated Review on Flaxseed Mucilage (Linum Usitatissimum) Extraction Methods and its Food Applications

Abstract: Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) has become well recognised as a health food due to its richness in various bioactive substances & nutrients such as lignans, fibres, oil, mucilage, fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins, micronutrients, and peptides. These elements endow flaxseed with a wide range of beneficial properties that allow it to be used as nutritional supplements or as ingredients in functional beverages and in the food industry. In this review, the nutritional value of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) along with its mucilage extraction methods and food applications are described. A comprehensive analysis of the literature search was conducted. A number of databases have been searched using the common terms “Flaxseed”, “Lignans”, “Linum usitatissimum”, “Phytochemicals”, “Food”, and “Functional claim” using PubMed and Google Scholar as search engines. The content was based on information from publications like Springer nature, Hindawi, Elsevier, MDPI, Bentham science, Taylor and Francis, etc. In this review paper we have done an exhaustive analysis of more than 80 review articles, research papers, comprehensive reviews, and case studies published between 1984-2023. Flaxseed has a nutritional makeup that can be good for your health. Many people remain unaware of the possible numerous medical advantages of flaxseed and its uses in food preparation. Flaxseed is the finest food source for lignans and linolenic acid. The potential for it to serve as a source of soluble fibre, anti-oxidants, and protein of excellent quality is also very high. As a result, it is suggested to use flaxseed as a dietary supplement in whole or ground form. One of the possible oil seeds is flax, which is rich in nutrients and has a number of health advantages. It's interesting to note that the fibre, lignans, & omega-3 fatty acids found in flax seeds are mostly responsible for their health advantages. Due to its low saturated fat, high Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and phytosterol content, consumption of this oil seed could reduce total as well as Low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Flax seeds are processed to make their nutrients more bioavailable.

Relationship between Oat Consumption, Gut Microbiota Modulation, and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis: An Integrative Review.

The gut microbiota consists of a set of microorganisms that colonizes the intestine and ferment fibers, among other nutrients, from the host's diet. A healthy gut microbiota, colonized mainly by beneficial microorganisms, has a positive effect on digestion and plays a role in disease prevention. However, dysregulation of the gut microbiota can contribute to various diseases. The nutrition of the host plays an important role in determining the composition of the gut microbiota. A healthy diet, rich in fiber, can beneficially modulate the gut microbiota. In this sense, oats are a source of both soluble and insoluble fiber. Oats are considered a functional ingredient with prebiotic potential and contain plant proteins, unsaturated fats, and antioxidant compounds. The impact of oat consumption on the gut microbiota is still emerging. Associations between oat consumption and the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Roseburia, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii have already been observed. Therefore, this integrative review summarizes the findings from studies on the relationship between oat consumption, the gut microbiota, and the metabolites, mainly short-chain fatty acids, it produces.

Effects of cellulose-degrading fungus Penicillium griseofulvum on the structure characteristics and adsorption properties of soluble dietary fiber from Citrus aurantium L

Citrus aurantium L. (CAL) was a potential low-cost source of soluble dietary fiber (SDF). To make full use of this resource, a considerable efficiency cellulose degrading strain (Penicillium griseofulvum) was screened from soil humus and used in the modification of CAL-SDF. After fermentation by Penicillium griseofulvum, the structure characteristics and adsorption properties of CAL-SDF were improved. Under the optimum fermentation conditions, the yield of SDF enlarged from 5.47% to 20.0%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the microstructure became loose and porous after fermentation, unfermented SDF (U-SDF) and fermented SDF (F-SDF) had characteristic intake peaks of polysaccharide. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the crystallization degree (from 16.50% to 23.15%) of SDF was improved by fermentation, which increased the thermal stability of SDF. The monosaccharide composition and average molecular weight (Mw) results showed that fermentation altered the monosaccharide percentage of SDF as well as significantly reduced the molecular weight (from 576,914 to 112,977 Da). Together, these alterations reduced the water holding capacity (from 11.31 to 1.31 g/g) and oil holding capacity (from 14.24 to 12.86 g/g) of SDF, but significant (P < 0.05) increased water solubility (from 89.35% to 92.09%), the glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) and nitrite adsorption capacity (NIAC). In summary, Penicillium griseofulvum could be used as a potential strain for the modification of the CAL-SDF. Moreover, F-SDF may be used as a functional food component, which will increase CAL's value proposition.

Development of grain drink technology based on unsteamed buckwheat

Herbal drinks are products that have already become familiar to supporters of a «dairyfree » diet, vegetarians and people with lactase deficiency. There is a wide range of drinks on the market, among them the most popular types are cereals, legumes, nuts. It is difficult to find a worthy replacement for cow milk due to the specific organoleptic indicators of raw materials, the content of certain components that cause allergies or intolerance when they are used. As a substrate for the research, green buckwheat has been chosen, which does not contain gluten, has a rich biochemical composition and is a hypoallergenic product. Unlike heat-treated cereals, unsteamed cereals retain more functional components in their composition. The article proposes a method for obtaining a lactose-free and glutenfree vegetable drink based on unsteamed buckwheat. The aim of the research is to select the parameters for the production of a grain drink. The rational concentration of the introduced substrate and the dosage of enzyme preparations of maltogenic amylase and α-amylase have been determined. Taking into account the features characteristic of the hydrolysable raw materials, the parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis with a minimum temperature effect and holding time have been proposed. In the research amylolytic enzymes from Novozymes (Denmark) and Sibbiopharm (Russia) have been used to reduce the viscosity of a highstarch substrate, which complicates the technological process of producing a vegetable drink, and to create the desired organoleptic indicators. In the finished drink, the final indicators of the content of protein, fat, reducing substances, dry substances have been detected. The finished product is also a source of soluble dietary fiber, which has a positive effect on the human microbiome.

Nutritional and Phytochemical Composition and Associated Health Benefits of Oat (Avena sativa) Grains and Oat-Based Fermented Food Products.

Oats (Avena sativa L.) are a popular functional cereal grain due to their numerous health benefits. This review article summarized the information on the chemical composition and phytonutrients of oats grown in different countries. It also reviewed recently developed fermented oat products to highlight their potential for human health. Oats have an interesting nutritional profile that includes high-quality protein, unsaturated fats, soluble fiber, polyphenolic compounds, and micronutrients. Oat grain has a unique protein composition, with globulins serving as the primary storage protein, in contrast to other cereals, where prolamins are the main storage proteins. Oats have the highest fat content of any cereal, with low saturated fatty acids and high essential unsaturated fatty acid content, which can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Oats are a good source of soluble dietary fiber, particularly β-glucan, which has outstanding functional properties and is extremely important in human nutrition. β-Glucan has been shown to lower blood cholesterol and glucose absorption in the intestine, thereby preventing diseases such as cardiovascular injury, dyslipidemia, hypertension, inflammatory state, and type 2 diabetes. Oats also contain high concentration of antioxidant compounds. Avenanthramides, which are unique to oats, are powerful antioxidants with high antioxidative activity in humans. Recognizing the nutritional benefits of oats, oat-based fermented food products are gaining popularity as functional foods with high probiotic potential.

Exploring the Possibility of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Growing as Second Crop under Uşak Ecology

Tends on human nutrition change every day but legumes act significant role for nutrition over the World. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a member of Leguminosae family and originated from Asia. Chickpea is rich with protein, carbohydrate, lipid and minerals. It is also sufficient for Daily requirement by view of the essential amino acids – lysine, leucine and arginine. Chickpea is also source of soluble and insoluble fibers. The nutritional fibers have favorable effects on decreasing the time of food passing through intestine, accelerating of weight loss, decreasing of total and LDL cholesterol and balancing of blood sugar level. Sustainability of agriculture is essential for sustainability of life. From this perspective, chickpea is quite important due to various agronomic advantages that may be summarized by main ones are; able to grow as winter crop, lower water requirement, wide adaptation ability to climate and soil, a good alternative for crop rotation systems in addition to health care features. Present research is realized to evaluation of second crop growing facilities in Uşak/Turkey ecology by using 4 chickpea genotypes (Azkan, Hisar, Sarı-98, Yaşa-05) by 4 sowing time (18th June, 02nd July, 16th July, 30th July) by 3 replications. The following measurements were realized; days to emergence, days to flowering, days to harvest, height of plant, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, height of first pod, seed yield and weight of hundred seeds. According to the results Yaşa-05 chickpea genotype was determined as the most adaptable in addition to the Azkan chickpea genotype was also obtained as promising to growing as second crop. Deep and long term studies are needed to achievement of more consistent results and providing to sustainability of food security, improvement of soil, better usage of natural sources and contribute to national economy.

Nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens fed diets containing high levels of soybean oil is affected by the source of fiber

This study evaluated the effects of including soluble and insoluble dietary fiber sources in soybean oil-containing diet for broiler chickens on coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids, coefficient of apparent retention (AR) of nutrients, and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn). A total of 180 broilers were divided into 30 groups and fed 3 diets from day 14 to 21 of age. The diets were corn–soybean meal containing 6.8% soybean oil without or with soybean hulls (SBH) or sugar beet pulp (SBP) at 8.0% as sources of insoluble and soluble fiber, respectively. The SBH and SBP contained 6.0% and 14.7% of soluble dietary fiber and 60.5% and 37.0% of insoluble dietary fiber, respectively. The AID of indispensable amino acids was decreased ( P &lt; 0.05) due to dietary inclusion of SBH, but not of SBP. Dietary SBH and SBP reduced the AR of gross energy (by 14% and 8%, respectively) and AMEn (by 20% and 14%, respectively). Overall, inclusion of SBH or SBP at 8.0% in a corn–soybean meal-based diet for broilers that contains high level of soybean oil might not improve nutrient digestibility. However, SBP has less detrimental effects on nutrient digestibility than SBH.

Potential Therapeutic Effect of Barley on Cardiovascular Diseases

Barley is a fantastic food option for those with various illnesses as well as for those who want to lead a healthy lifestyle. This cereal is a great source of soluble dietary fiber, particularly beta glucans, and it also includes vital vitamins and minerals. For its excellent antioxidant activity and as a source of vitamins and minerals, green barley is advised. Depending on phytonutrients such as -glucan, phenolics, flavonoid, lignans, tocols, sitosterol, and folic, regular consumption of whole wheat grain and its hydroethanolic extracts decreases the risk of chronic ailments (hyperglycemia, malignancy, overweight, cardiac disease. Barley and its products in a recent year had gain an importance due to its counteractive components which play potent role against cardiovascular diseases by lowering down the oxidative stress and improving High density lipoprotein further Lowering down low-density lipoprotein, VLDL ratios further regulating insulin levels and lowering down the spike in blood glucose levels showing potent anti-oxidative and cardiovascular functions. Due to their abundance in these nutrients, barley is effective in promoting healthy bodily function. To enjoy all of the advantages of barley, barley grain is a wonderful option.

Jabuticaba (Plinia sp.) Peel as a Source of Pectin: Characterization and Effect of Different Extraction Methods

The peel of jabuticaba, a small fruit native to Brazil, has been shown to be a potential source of antioxidants and soluble dietary fibers. In this study, flours prepared from these peels were evaluated as a source of pectin. Different extraction methods were employed: ultrasound (US) extraction followed by low temperature heating (40 °C); in a microwave (MW) without (method 1) or with cellulase (method 2) or hemicellulase (method 3); or in a water bath (method 4). Pectin yields ranged from approximately 18% for methods 1 and 4 up to 22% for enzyme-assisted extractions (methods 2 and 3). Methods that did not employ enzymes resulted in low amounts of methoxyl pectins, as opposed to high amounts of methoxyl pectins obtained after enzyme treatment. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and ellagic acid were the main phenolic compounds found in jabuticaba peel pectins, with higher C3G levels obtained with enzyme-free extraction (methods 1 and 4). All pectins from jabuticaba peel presented a reddish tone, good emulsifying properties and high swelling capacity. The pectin extracted using US+MW+cellulase (method 2) presented better emulsifying performance (higher values of emulsifying activity and emulsion stability), more effective than commercially available citrus pectin.

A single administration of barley β-glucan and arabinoxylan extracts reduces blood glucose levels at the second meal via intestinal fermentation.

Diet with barley may suppress the glycemic response after consuming the next meal ("second meal effect"). This study aimed to investigate the second meal effect and its mechanism. Mice were given a single dose of β-glucan or arabinoxylan, the primary sources of soluble fiber in barley. A single dose of β-glucan or arabinoxylan extract, followed 6 h later by a 20% glucose solution (second meal), suppressed blood glucose elevation. Arabinoxylan and β-glucan increased the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the ileum and cecum, respectively. Total GLP-1 secretion in the blood increased with β-glucan and showed an increasing trend with arabinoxylan. These results suggest barley β-glucan and arabinoxylan are fermented in the intestinal tract to generate SCFAs, which may induce GLP-1 secretion and control blood glucose levels during the second meal.

Investigation of the effectiveness of tomato pulp on the in vitro fermentation of working horse diets

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of dried tomato pulp, as a soluble dietary fibre source, using [0 (control group), 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0% (experimental groups) as dry matter-DM] in horse total mixed ration (TMR) on the in vitro fermentation parameters. The in vitro total gas production (TGP), methane emission, gas yield (GY24), metabolic energy (ME), in vitro true dry matter disappearance (T-DMd), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) molarities, partial factor (PF24), microbial crude protein production (MCP), and pH value at 24 h of fermentation in horse TMR’s were determined. In the study, in vitro TGP, GY24, PF24, ME, MCP, SCFA, and methane emission of horse TMR’s were not changed by 2.5 and 5.0% tomato pulp supplementation (P > 0.05). The in vitro TGP (73.6 vs. 85.6 and 105.9 mL/g DM), GY24 (189.4 vs. 210.8 and 286.3 mL for g T-DMd), PF24 (5.9 vs. 5.2 and 4.2 mg/mL for GY24) ME (5.3 vs. 5.6 and 6.1 MJ/kg DM), MCP (270.1 vs. 258.2 and 215.1 mg/g DM), SCFA (0.32 vs. 0.37 and 0.46 mmol/0.2 g), and methane emission (0.28 vs. 0.33 and 0.48 ml/g DM) of horse TMR’s positively affected by 10 and 20% tomato pulp supplementation (P < 0.05). The in vitro T-DMd values of TMRs and pH value of in vitro digestion fluid were similar for both control and experimental groups (P > 0.05). As a result, it was demonstrated that tomato pulp, which uses as dietary fibre and CP source, did not affect negatively the digestion values of the working horse diet. However, it has been considered that tomato pulp using at 10 and 20% ratios increased the in vitro digestion values of the working horse diet. Determining the in vitro digestion levels of tomato pulp, which is a source of soluble dietary fibre, for horses will guide future in vitro and in vivo studies.

RNA-sequencing revealed apple pomace ameliorates expression of genes in the hypothalamus associated with neurodegeneration in female rats fed a Western diet during adolescence to adulthood

ABSTRACT Objectives Apple pomace, a waste byproduct of apple processing, is rich in nutrients (e.g. polyphenols and soluble fiber) with the potential to be neuroprotective. The aim of this study was to employ RNA-sequencing (RNASeq) technology to investigate diet-gene interactions in the hypothalamus of rats after feeding a Western diet calorically substituted with apple pomace. Methods Adolescent (age 21–29 days) female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n = 8 rats/group) to consume either a purified standard diet, Western (WE) diet, or Western diet calorically substituted with 10% apple pomace (WE/AP) for 8 weeks. RNA-seq was performed (n = 5 rats/group) to determine global differentially expressed genes in the hypothalamus. Results RNA-seq results comparing rats fed WE to WE/AP revealed 15 differentially expressed genes in the hypothalamus. Caloric substitution of WE diet with 10% apple pomace downregulated (q < 0.06) five genes implicated in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders: synuclein alpha, phospholipase D family member 5, NADH dehydrogenase Fe-S protein 6, choline O-acetyltransferase, and frizzled class receptor 6. Discussion Altered gene expression of these five genes suggests that apple pomace ameliorated synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in rats fed a WE diet. Apple pomace, a rich source of antioxidant polyphenols and soluble fiber, has been shown to reverse nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Diet-induced NAFLD decreases hepatic de novo synthesis of choline, a precursor to acetylcholine. Based on preclinical evidence, apple pomace has the potential to be a sustainable functional food for maintaining brain function and for reducing the risk of neurodegeneration.