Selenium Source Research Articles

Sodium Carbonate-Promoted Formation of 5-Amino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles and 5-Amino-1,2,4-selenadiazoles with Elemental Sulfur and Selenium.

Sodium carbonate-promoted facile synthesis of 5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles and 5-amino-1,2,4-selenadiazoles with elemental sulfur and selenium, respectively, was developed. This method was carried out with O2 in the air as the green oxidant, and it has several advantages, including low cost, low toxicity, and stable sulfur and selenium sources, good to excellent yields with water as the sole byproduct, simple operation, and a broad substrate scope. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the formation of the 1,2,4-thiadiazole ring and the 1,2,4-selenadiazole ring undergoes different processes.

Functional Fruit Trees from the Atlantic and Amazon Forests: Selection of Potential Chestnut Trees Rich in Antioxidants, Nutrients, and Fatty Acids.

The Amazon rainforest and the biodiversity hotspot of the Atlantic Forest are home to fruit trees that produce functional foods, which are still underutilized. The present study aimed to select potential functional nut donor trees from two Brazilian chestnuts, by evaluating the nutritional and antioxidant composition of the nuts and the fatty acid profile of the oil. The nutritional characteristics, antioxidants, oil fatty acid profile, and X-ray densitometry of the nuts were evaluated, as well as the characterization of leaf and soil nutrients for each parent tree. The nut oil was evaluated through Brix (%), mass (g), yield (%), and the fatty acid profile. For L. pisonis, the most nutritious nuts were produced by L. pisonis tree 4 (N > P > K > Mg > Ca > Zn > Fe) and L. pisonis tree 6 (P > Ca > Mg > Mn > Zn > Cu > Fe), and for the species L. lanceolata, L. lanceolata tree 6 (N > P > Ca > Mg > Zn > Fe > Cu) and L. lanceolata tree 2 (P > K > Mg > Zn > Cu). In L. pisonis, the highest production of anthocyanins, DPPH, total phenolics, and flavonoids was obtained from the nuts of L. pisonis tree 4 as well as for L. lanceolata, from L. lanceolata tree 1, except for flavonoids. The Brix of the oil from the nuts of both species showed no difference between the trees and the fatty acid profile with a similar amount between saturated (48-65%) and unsaturated (34-57%) fatty acids. Both species have nuts rich in nutrients and antioxidant compounds and can be considered unconventional functional foods. The data collected in the present study confirm that the nuts of these species can replace other foods as a source of selenium.

Биотехнология производства мягких сыров из смеси коровьего и козьего молока с функциональными ингредиентами

The aim of this research is to develop a biotechnology of soft cheeses with func-tional ingredients based on a mixture of cow’s and goat’s milk taken in a ratio of 60:40, subjected to acoustic cavitation at 75 kHz and an exposure time of 17 min. To achieve the research aim, the tasks of selecting and determining the number of functional ingredients, determining the technological parameters of the production of soft cheeses with their use were solved. As a result, the biotechnology of two types of soft cheeses «Dieticheskij» and «Funkcionalnyj» has been developed. In the biotechnology of soft cheese «Dieticheskij», a complex preparation «Bivestin-lacto» containing cultures of probiotics Bifidobacterium longum MS-42, Lactoba-cillus plantarum 8PA-3 and dietary fiber «Citri-Fi» of medium grinding was used as a functional ingredient. Soft cheese «Funkcionalnyj» is enriched with a biocomponent containing probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, as well as «Selexen» – a source of selenium, «Curcumin» in micellar form and dietary fiber «Citri-Fi». Their organoleptic, chemical, microbiological parameters, as well as nutritional, energy value and shelf life have been determined.

Effects of different selenium sources and levels on the physiological state, selenoprotein expression, and production and preservation of selenium-enriched eggs in laying hens

Selenium (i.e., Se) is a trace element that is vital in poultry nutrition, and optimal forms and levels of Se are critical for poultry productivity and health. This study aimed to compare the effects of sodium selenite (SS), yeast selenium (SY), and methionine selenium (SM) at selenium levels of 0.15 mg/kg and 0.30 mg/kg on production performance, egg quality, egg selenium content, antioxidant capacity, immunity and selenoprotein expression in laying hens. The trial was conducted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, and a total of 576 forty-three-wk-old Hyland Brown laying hens were randomly assigned into 6 treatment groups, with diets supplemented with 0.15 mg Se/kg and 0.3 mg Se/kg of SS, SY and SM for 8 wk, respectively. Results revealed that SM increased the laying rate compared to SS and SY (P < 0.05), whereas different selenium levels had no effect. Organic selenium improved egg quality, preservation performance, and selenium deposition compared to SS (P < 0.05), while SY and SM had different preferences for Se deposition in the yolk and albumen. Also, organic selenium enhanced the antioxidant capacity and immune functions of laying hens at 0.15 mg Se/kg, whereas no obvious improvement was observed at 0.30 mg Se/kg. Moreover, SY and SM increased the mRNA expression of most selenoproteins compared to SS (P < 0.05), with SM exhibiting a more pronounced effect. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2), thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs), selenoprotein K (SelK), selenoprotein S (SelS), and antioxidant and immune properties. In conclusion, the use of low-dose organic selenium is recommended as a more effective alternative to inorganic selenium, and a dosage of 0.15 mg Se/kg from SM is recommended based on the trail conditions.

Evaluation of Dietary Inorganic and Organic Selenium Sources on Immune Organ, Plasma Immunoglobulins, Blood Biochemical, and Performance of Broilers: A Meta-Analysis

Evaluation of Dietary Inorganic and Organic Selenium Sources on Immune Organ, Plasma Immunoglobulins, Blood Biochemical, and Performance of Broilers: A Meta-Analysis

Selenium nanoparticles in aquaculture: Unique advantages in the production of Se-enriched grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The production of selenium-enriched fish can contribute to alleviating selenium deficiency in human diets. However, it is still unclear which selenium source, as an additive, can efficiently and cost-effectively produce high-quality selenium-enriched fish. This study evaluated the effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNP), selenite, and selenomethionine (SeMet) on the growth, antioxidant capacity, selenium content, selenium speciation, and meat quality of grass carp. Ten diets were prepared, including a basal diet (BD) and three concentrations (0.1, 0.3, and 0.9 mg/kg) of SeNP, selenite, and SeMet. A total of 600 fish (250.79 ± 1.57 g) were randomly assigned to 30 tanks (3 tanks/group). Fish were fed the experimental diet three times daily for 60 d. In this study, SeNP most significantly promoted the growth and antioxidant capacity of grass carp, with 0.3 mg/kg SeNP identified as the optimal additive concentration. Additionally, SeNP demonstrated equally excellent bioavailability as SeMet and significantly increased the content of SeMet in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) muscle. Furthermore, compared to SeMet and selenite, dietary SeNP could more significantly enhance the content of selenocysteine (SeCys2) and methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys) in grass carp muscle tissue. In addition, we have demonstrated that SeCys2 and MeSeCys promote apoptosis of cancer cells (HeLa) through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (involving Bax and Bcl-2). Furthermore, as an additive, 0.3 mg/kg SeNP significantly improved the flesh quality of grass carp by reducing crude fat and heavy metal content, as well as increasing the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). In summary, SeNP is the most suitable additive for producing selenium-enriched fish.

Response of rumen fermentation and microbiota to dietary supplementation of sodium selenite and bio-nanostructured selenium in lactating Barki sheep

Dietary selenium (Se) sources affects the structure of the rumen microbial community and rumen fermentation. This study evaluated the effects of sodium selenite (SS) and bio-nanostructured selenium (SeNSM) on rumen fermentation and structure of rumen microbial community of lactating Barki ewes. Twenty one lactating Barki ewes were assigned into three groups based on their body weight and milk yield. The experiment lasted for 50 days, whenever, the control group was fed basal diet; group SS received basal diets plus sodium selenite as inorganic source of Se; and group SeNSM received basal diet plus organic selenium bio-nanostructured. Ruminal pH and volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) was lower (P < 0.05) in SeNSM group compared to control. Principle Coordinate Analysis separated the microbial communities into three clusters based on feeding treatment. The bacterial community was dominated by phylum Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes that were affected (P < 0.05) by Se sources. Specifically Bacteriodetes was higher (P < 0.05) in SS and SeNSM groups; and Firmicutes was higher (P < 0.05) in the control group. Moreover, the predominant bacterial genera were Prevotella, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Unclassified_Bacteroidales, which were higher (P < 0.05) in SeNSM group. The methanogenic community belonged to phylum Euryarchaeota and was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by Se supplementation. Principal component analysis based on rumen fermentation parameters, and relative abundances of bacteria and methanogens revealed three distinct clusters. These findings suggest that Se supplementation affected the relative abundances of dominant bacterial groups, declined rumen methanogens and SeNSM supplementation showed some positive impacts on some fibrolytic bacteria.

The Assessment of Different Dietary Selenium Resources on Reproductive Performance, Spawning Indicators, and Larval Production of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus) Broodfish

This trial aimed to investigate whether dietary selenium form influenced the reproductive performance of red tilapia broodfish. Four experimental broodstock diets were prepared employing two types of selenium. The first diet was free of additives and acted as the control diet. While the other three formulated diets were supplemented with conventional selenium sources (sodium selenite, Na2SeO3; 1 mg/kg), selenium nanoparticles (NPSe, 1 mg/kg), or a combination of them (0.5 mg Na2SeO3/kg + 0.5 mg NPSe/kg), respectively. Twelve cement ponds (each 24 m2) were subjected to fish brooder experimental groups. Each pond received six prespawning females (mean initial weight, 60.9 ± 0.4 g) and two males (mean weight 80.3 ± 0.8 g) of red tilapia. Each formulated diet was supplied to three broodfish cement ponds, and the reproductive traits of 18 adult female fish were monitored over 25 weeks. The findings showed that female fish fed NPSe-enriched diets had significantly higher viscera, liver, and gonad weight than other experimental groups. At the same time, the highest levels of LH, progesterone, and estradiol-17β, as well as the lowest levels of FSH, were detected in fish fed the NPSe diet, followed by those on the Na2SeO3 + NPSe and Na2SeO3 diets, respectively. Furthermore, the diameter, weight, and volume of eggs, as well as the number and weight of larvae in red tilapia brooder fish fed the various dietary selenium forms, increased markedly ( P &lt; 0.001 ). Female red tilapia broodfish given selenium-based diets enhanced all spawning performance indicators (particularly total spawned egg per pond or fish and initial spawning interval) when compared to a control group fed an unsupplemented diet. Besides, as compared to other treatment groups, the spawning frequency of each female fish fed NPSe-supplemented diets (alone or in combination with Na2SeO3) was considerably ( P &lt; 0.001 ) promoted. The fish group fed NPSe alone or mixed with Na2SeO3 had a well-developed stroma structure, many mature vitellogenic and postvitellogenic oocytes, and a remarkable intensity of mature spermatozoa in the testis. In conclusion, incorporating NPse into red tilapia broodstock diets might be a safe and efficient way to enhance reproductive function and fry production.

253 A Survey of Added Trace Mineral Levels in Diets Utilized in the U.S. Swine Industry

Abstract From November 2021 to February 2022, swine nutritionists representing 29 production systems and 8 nutrition supplier companies in the United States were surveyed about added trace mineral concentration in swine diets. Respondents were asked to provide trace mineral premix concentrations, amount added to the diets outside the premix, inclusion rates, and body weight ranges associated with feeding phases. Survey participants represented 4.38 million sows, or 69% of the U.S. industry. Data were compiled into 3 nursery phases (Phase 1, weaning to 7 kg; Phase 2, 7 to 11 kg; and Phase 3, 11 to 23 kg), 3 finishing phases (23 to 55 kg; 55 to 100 kg; 100 to market), gestation, and lactation. Mainly driven by pharmacological levels of zinc and copper, trace mineral levels were, on average, 9.3 times above NRC (2012) recommendations across all nursery diets (Table). Selenium and iron were the lesser extremes being close to their requirement estimates (1.0 to 1.2). In finishing diets, trace mineral levels averaged 6.4 times the 2012 NRC recommendations. Copper and manganese contributed to that number the most, with reported values more than 10 times their requirement estimates. Zinc, selenium, and iron were on the other extreme at 1.4 to 1.8 times NRC (2012) requirement estimates. Regarding sow diets, trace mineral levels were 1.9 times the 2012 NRC recommendations on average. In gestation and lactation diets, iodine was in the upper extreme, and zinc in the lower. The only difference between gestation and lactation diets was copper ratios to NRC (2012). In gestation, it was supplemented at 1.8 times, and in lactation at 0.9 times the NRC (2012) requirements estimates. In recent years, the use of alternative zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium sources has increased. Selenium had the greatest number of nutritionists using alternative sources (Se yeast or hydroxyl-selenomethionine), with 50%, 8%, and 61% for nursery grow-finishing, and sow diets, respectively. Alternative sources of zinc (chelates or complexed with amino acids) were used the least, with 25%, 8%, and 33% for nursery grow-finishing, and sow diets, respectively. Alternative copper and manganese sources had intermediate usage reported. Different herd health status, trace mineral sources, and diet formulation philosophies with a margin-of-safety mindset are reflected in the use above requirement estimates found in trace mineral concentrations observed in all production phases. Understanding current supplementation practices may help develop experiments designed to test different inclusions and provide industry trends and benchmarks of trace minerals usage.

112 Effect of Selenium Sources on Sow Productive and Reproductive Performance and Their Progeny

Abstract Dietary selenium (Se) supplementation is a standard practice, using either an inorganic form, such as sodium selenite (SS) or organic forms, like SeYeasts (SY) or pure forms of selenomethionine (SeMet). Hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet) is a chemically synthesized organic Se form and has been proven to be efficient in transferring Se from the diet to muscle compared with SS or SY products. The transfer of Se in tissues, in fact, leads to the buildup of a Se reserve as SeMet in the body that participates in maintaining effective antioxidant defenses and supports animal performance, particularly under challenging conditions. This trial aimed to determine the effects of different Se sources on the productive and reproductive performance of sows and on their progeny. Sows (n = 120) were allocated in individual cages in one of the three treatments according to the number of parities, number of piglets in previous parturition, body condition score and initial body weight. The experiment lasted 141 days (from the insemination of sows up to the weaning of the piglets at 21 days). A corn-soybean-based basal diet was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of the sows during gestation and lactation. The Se supplementation was 0.35 ppm of Se either from SS, SY or OH-SeMet. The number of total piglets born showed a tendency (P = 0.06) for treatments fed organic Se sources (15.6 OH-SeMet; 15.4 SY vs 14 SS) with no differences on the litter weight at birth. However, sows fed OH-SeMet weaned more piglets (13.4) than the other treatments (12.5 SY and 12.2 SS, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.01). The litter weight at weaning showed no differences among treatments (73.4, 70.4 and 75.9kg for SS, SY and OH-SeMet, respectively). The feed conversion of the sows during lactation was also affected by the Se source, in which OH-SeMet showed a significantly reduced FCR of 2.6 vs 3.0 and 3.1 for SS and SY, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Piglets fed organic sources showed a decreased diarrhea incidence (scores 2 and 3) compared with SS (P &amp;lt; 0.001), respectively, 5.68 vs 3.28 and 3.27%. The Se concentration of sows’ colostrum and milk of sows were numerically improved from SS to SY, but only significantly greater on OH-SeMet treatment. The same pattern of Se concentration in the milk was observed in the serum of piglets 48 h after birth (142, 122 and 228 μg/kg for SS, SY and OH-SeMet, respectively) and at weaning (85, 85 and 117 μg/kg for SS, SY and OH-SeMet, respectively). Feeding pure forms of organic Se, such as OH-SeMet supports the productive and reproductive performance of sows and improve the Se status of the progeny. Organic Se also reduces the diarrhea of piglets, compared with SS.

Different Dietary Sources of Selenium Alleviate Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Disorder of Heat-Stressed Broilers by Relieving Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.

As global warming continues, the phenomenon of heat stress (HS) in broilers occurs frequently. The alleviating effect of different selenium (Se) sources on HS-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorders in broilers remains unclear. This study compared the protective effects of four Se sources (sodium selenite; selenium yeast; selenomethionine; nano-Se) on HS-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder and the corresponding response of selenotranscriptome in the liver of broilers. The results showed that HS-induced liver injury and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder, which were reflected in the increased activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), the increased concentration of triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), the increased activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), and the decreased activity of hepatic lipase (HL) in the liver. The hepatic lipid metabolism disorder was accompanied by the increased mRNA expression of lipid synthesis related-genes, the decreased expression of lipidolysis-related genes, and the increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress biomarkers (PERK, IRE1, ATF6, GRP78). The dietary supplementation of four Se sources exhibited similar protective effects. Four Se sources increased liver Se concentration and promoted the expression of selenotranscriptome and several key selenoproteins, enhanced liver antioxidant capacity and alleviated HS-induced ER stress, and thus resisted the hepatic lipid metabolism disorders of broilers exposed to HS. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of four Se sources (0.3 mg/kg) exhibited similar protective effects on HS-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorders of broilers, and the protective effect is connected to the relieving of ER stress.

Spatial bandgap tailoring via a novel injection chemical bath deposition enables highly efficient carbon-based Sb2(S,Se)3 thin film solar cells

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the fabrication of sulfoselenide Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells using a widely adopted hydrothermal method. However, the record efficiency is still far behind the theoretical values partly due to an unfavorable spatial bandgap distribution, which is induced by the complicated chalcogenide growth kinetics of the hydrothermal synthesis. Herein, a novel solution growth method, called Injection Chemical Bath Deposition (ICBD), is developed to prepare Sb2(S,Se)3 alloys for the first time. With this open CBD process, the selenium (Se) source is facilely incorporated during intermediate stages of reaction, and then successfully constructing a V-shaped bandgap via carefully tailoring the vertical gradients in chemical constituents, which synergistically enhances light absorption and carrier separation in the Sb2(S,Se)3 absorber. As a result, the solar cell with a full-inorganic FTO/CdS/Sb2(S,Se)3/Carbon structure achieves an impressive conversion efficiency of 7.63 %, which is among the highest efficiency of carbon-based Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells based on CBD method. This study demonstrates a flexible strategy for manipulating the gradient band gap for highly efficient Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells.

Selenium nanoparticles functionalized by mushroom polysaccharide-protein complex: A novel nano-mineral for managing postmenopausal osteoporosis

With an increase in aging population, osteoporosis has become one of the major public health issues nowadays, affecting over 200 million people worldwide. Since current medications are associated with various side effects, there is a clear clinical need to develop alternative therapeutics for managing osteoporosis. Selenium is an essential trace mineral, which has been proved to play important role in bone health. However, the narrow therapeutic window of selenium has greatly hindered its further development. Recently, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have become a new selenium source due to its promising bioactivity and low toxicity. Nevertheless, scientific research concerning their effects on bone health is still very limited. By using the mushroom polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from Cordyceps sinensis, we have successfully prepared novel SeNPs (“Cs4-SeNPs”) with well-characterized structure and high stability. Interestingly, Cs4-SeNPs (10 μM) were found to markedly induce proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of the pre-osteoblast murine MC3T3-E1 cells. Further mechanistic study discovered that after cellular internalization via endocytosis, Cs4-SeNPs would trigger Nox4-derived intracellular ROS generation in the MC3T3-E1 cells followed by promoting downstream BMP-2 gene transcription and activating BMP signaling via both Smad dependent and Smad independent p38 MAPK pathways. More importantly, Cs4-SeNPs (25–500 μg/kg BW/d) exhibitedpromising in vivo bone protective efficacy against OVX-induced osteoporosis by promoting bone formation, inhibiting bone resorption, and improving bone microarchitecture after oral gavage for 6 weeks. Findings of this study collectively suggested that Cs4-SeNPs is of great potential to be further developed into a safe and evidence-based nano-mineral for managing postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Effects of Different Selenium Sources on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Blood Metabolites and Immune Response of Broilers under Heat Stress Condition

Effects of Different Selenium Sources on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Blood Metabolites and Immune Response of Broilers under Heat Stress Condition

Comparative Study of the Anticancer Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles and Selenium Nanorods: Regulation of Ca2+ Signaling, ER Stress and Apoptosis

The anti-cancer effects of selenium sources are well known. Among other things, selenium has been shown to have a pleiotropic effect, causing cancer cell death without affecting the healthy cell’s viability, or, in the case of brain cells, has a cytoprotective effect. This feature of selenium determined its use in medicine and its use as part of dietary supplements. In recent years, selenium in the form of nanoparticles has received increased attention. Selenium nanoparticles also have anti-cancer effects, and their use appears to be more effective at significantly lower doses compared to other sources of selenium. The shape and size of nanoparticles largely affect the efficiency of nanoselenium application. We obtained two different types of selenium nanoparticles via the laser ablation technique—spherical selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) about 100 nm in diameter and grown selenium nanorods (SeNrs) about 1 μm long and about 100 nm thick. We compared the anti-cancer efficacy of these two types of selenium nanoparticles using inhibitory analysis, PCR analysis and fluorescence microscopy. It turned out that both types of nanoparticles with high efficiency dose-dependently activate apoptosis in the human glioblastoma cell line A-172, as the most aggressive type of brain tumor. Apoptosis induction was determined not only by the concentration of nanoparticles, but also by the time. It was shown that SeNrs induce the process of apoptosis in glioblastoma cells more efficiently during 24 h of exposure and their effect is enhanced after 48 h without activation of necrosis, whereas the use of spherical SeNPs after 48 h of exposure can cause necrosis in some glioblastoma cells. It has been shown that Ca2+ signals of glioblastoma cells are significantly different for SeNPs and SeNrs. SeNPs cause a dose-dependent transient increase in the number of Ca2+ ions in the cell cytosol ([Ca2+]i), while SeNrs cause a slow rise in [Ca2+]i reaching a new stationary level, which may determine the cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles. It turned out that SeNPs and SeNrs cause depletion of the Ca2+ depot of the endoplasmic reticulum and ER-stress, which correlates with increased expression of genes encoding proapoptotic proteins. In our study, it was found that SeNPs do not activate the Ca2+ signaling system of healthy L-929 mouse fibroblast cells, while SeNrs activate a moderate slow growth in [Ca2+]i. That fact could indicate a lower selectivity of the SeNrs action.

Meta-analysis of the effects of dietary sources of selenium on lactational performance and oxidative status of dairy cows

Selenium is an essential trace element to maintain normal physiological and immunological systems. The role of various types and forms of Se on the productive performance and antioxidant status of dairy cows is overwhelming in the existing empirical evidence and, therefore, needs to be quantitatively summarized. This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of different types and forms of Se intake on the productive and oxidative status of various physiological stages of dairy cows. A database was built from 29 peer-reviewed publications that reported lactation performance, Se concentrations in the blood or milk, or antioxidant parameters of dairy cows. A total of 139 observations were included in the analysis according to mixed model univariate and multivariate regression analyses by evaluating the Se levels (%), intake (mg/d), Se forms (organic vs inorganic), Se types (Se-selenite, Se-yeast, Se-methionine) and other categorical predictors in the models. Then, the models were evaluated and cross-validated to select the best-fitted models on some important parameters. Se intake, in any form and type, had no relationship with milk yield but was positively associated with fat-corrected milk (FCM) yield due to a trend of linear increase in milk fat yield (g/d). A significant interaction of Se intake × lactation phase was observed. Daily Se intake positively affected the dry matter intake (DMI) of periparturient cows but did not affect the DMI of lactation cows. Increasing Se intake resulted in a linear increase of DMI and moderately increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) during the periparturient period but had no significant effect during early and mid-lactation of dairy cows. The interaction model of Se intake × Se forms was the best predictor to evaluate Se concentration in blood and milk. The organic Se had a higher transfer rate from diets to blood without a statistical difference between Se-yeast and Se-methionine. In milk, intake of Se-methionine demonstrated a strong linear increase in Se concentration and had a 47% higher slope of transfer rate than Se-yeast (2.47 µg/kg and R2 = 0.91 vs 1.68 µg/kg and R2 = 0.48, respectively). The amount of daily Se intake also curvilinearly affected superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde concentration. Altogether, the predicted models and results of the present meta-analysis provide empirical evidence that organic Se, especially Se-methionine, had a higher transfer rate from diets into the milk than organic Se-yeast. Organic Se might also improve milk protein and fat-corrected milk in lactating cows and antioxidant status in the periparturient period of dairy cows.

15 (P1-11). Effect of selenium sources on sow productivity performance and their progeny

15 (P1-11). Effect of selenium sources on sow productivity performance and their progeny

Synthesis of Benzoselenophenes via TMSCN-Enabled Radical-Mediated Tandem Reaction Involving Enamides and Elemental Selenium.

This study presents a TMSCN-enabled tandem reaction involving enamides and elemental selenium to access a diverse array of benzoselenophenes. Notably, this methodology involves the direct 2-fold C(sp2)-H bond activation without the need for preinstalled halides or boronic acids as reaction handles. The protocol offers several noteworthy features, including the absence of transition metals and strong oxidants, high reaction efficiency, broad substrate scopes, and the use of stable elemental selenium as a selenium source.

Hyperactive Selenium Source Yields Kesterite Solar Cells with 12.86% Efficiency

AbstractOne of the main issues that limits the efficiency of kesterite solar cells is the low diffusion and chemical activity of selenium clusters. Here, this work proposes a simple and effective pre‐selenization strategy using Na2(Se2S) solution, which enables the direct introduction of hyperactive Se2, Se3, and Se4 into the precursors. The results demonstrate that Se2, Se3, and Se4 promote the formation of the Cu2‐xSe liquid phase and enhance the diffusion of elements from different micro‐regions. Consequently, the ratios of Cu/(Zn + Sn) and Sn/Zn in different micro‐regions of the absorber are controlled within the optimal range, exhibiting reduced fluctuations. The controlled environment suppresses the formation of CuZn and SnZn defects, as well as [2CuZn + SnZn] defect clusters. Finally, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.86% is achieved, which is the highest PCE for kesterite solar cells made under ambient pressure and with N,N‐dimethylformamide solvent.

The effect of the feed additive «Kormogran selen-3» on fish breeding, morphometric indicators and marketable qualities of Rainbow trout

An experimental cultivation of rainbow trout was carried out using the selenium-containing feed additive «Kormogran Selen-3». According to a number of morphometric parameters, there were no significant true differences between the experimental and control groups, however, an intensification of fat metabolism in the trout of the experimental group was established, which slowed down the process of accumulation of intracavitary fat by individuals. This caused some lag in the process of total mass accumulation and some decrease in fish-breeding and biological indicators. At the same time, there was no decrease in the rate of linear growth and overall development of fish. The main accumulation of selenium occurred in the liver, where its content increased by 613,9 times (from 1112 to 15363 μg/kg). At the same time, the content of this element in white muscles increased by 5,2 times, and in red – by 2 times, which indicates the possibility of intravital enrichment of muscle tissue of rainbow trout with selenium. The analysis of the quality of commercial fish and its nutritional value showed the advantages of the experimental batch in comparison with the control of the yield of edible parts, organoleptic evaluation of smoked products, which at the same time can be attributed to a functional product as a source of selenium.