Source Of Secondary Pollution Research Articles

Distribution of Vital, Environmental Components and Nutrients Migration Over Sedimentary Water Layers

Contaminated marine sediment is a secondary pollution source in the coastal areas, which can result in increased nutrients concentrations in the overlying water. We analyzed the nutrients release characteristics into overlying water from sediments and the interaction among benthic circulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur were investigated in a preset sediment/water column. Profiles of pH, ORP, sulfur, iron, nitrogen, phosphorus pools were determined in the sediment and three different layers of overlying water. Variety types of sulfur in the sediments plays a significant role on nutrients transfer into overlying water. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction and various sulfur species interaction are predominantly embodied by the enhancing effects of sulfide on nitrogen reduction. Contaminant sediment take on high organic matter, which is decomposed by bacteria, as a result promote bacterial sulfate reduction and generate sulfide in the sediment. The sulfur and iron interactions had also influence on phosphorus cycling and released from sediment into overlying water may ensue over the dissolution of ferric iron intercede by iron-reducing bacteria. The nutrients release rate was calculated followed by release rate equation. The results showed that the sediments released large-scale quantity of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate, which are main inner source of overlying water pollution. A mechanical migration of key nutrients such as ammonia and inorganic phosphate was depicted numerically with Fick’s diffusion law, which showed a fair agreement to most of the experimental data.

Impact of phosphate adsorption on the mobility of PANI‐supported nano zero‐valent iron

AbstractNano zero‐valent iron (nZVI) has been used for in situ groundwater remediation due to its strong adsorption and reaction characteristics. However, oxyanion contaminants in groundwater can ready adsorbed onto the surface of nZVI. This can potentially alter the mobility of nZVI and create a secondary pollution source, but these issues have not yet been systematically investigated. In this study, polyaniline‐supported nZVI (PnZVI) and phosphate‐sorbed PnZVI (PS‐PnZVI) were synthesized in the laboratory. The sedimentation and transport behavior of these two nZVI particles were investigated, compared, and mathematically modeled to better understand the impact of phosphate adsorption on these processes. Results showed that phosphate adsorption can enhance the stability and mobility of PnZVI. Interaction energy calculations that considered van der Waals and magnetic attraction, electrostatic double layer and Born repulsion, and the influence of nanoscale roughness and binary charge heterogeneity were conducted to better infer mechanisms causing nZVI particle sedimentation and retention. Nanoscale roughness and binary charge heterogeneity were found to significantly decrease the energy barrier, but not to low enough levels to explain the observed behavior. The rapid settling of PnZVI was attributed to strong magnetic attraction between particles, which produced rapid aggregation and retention due to straining and/or hydrodynamic bridging. Phosphate adsorption enhanced the mobility of PS‐PnZVI in comparison with PnZVI due to a decrease in particle size and aggregation, and an increase in the energy barrier with the porous media. A potential risk of nZVI particles to facilitate oxyanion contaminant transport was demonstrated for phosphate.

Оценка защитного потенциала почвенного покрова Московской области к загрязнению тяжёлыми металлами и металлоидами

Heavy metals and other trace elements that are not subject to degradation are among the priority pollutants. Significant amounts of heavy metals and related elements with variable valence are deposited on the soil surface as part of aerosols. Accumulating in the soil, they are very slowly removed from it, only changing the level of content or the state during migration, turning the soil over time into a source of secondary pollution. In this regard, an extremely urgent task is to assess the territory, especially such a highly developed and densely populated area as the Moscow Region, in terms of its protective potential to heavy metal pollution. The paper proposes and tested an algorithm for the cartographic assessment of the protective potential of the soil and vegetation cover of the region using GIS analysis methods based on the database “Digital medium-scale soil map of the Moscow region” and a vector map of forest cover. The formula used for calculations includes data on the soil texture, the content of organic matter in soil, the position of the soil in the landscape and the degree of forest cover of the territory. According to the proposed approach, in the Moscow region, the soil cover, taking into account the forest cover, forms 4 groups according to the level of protective potential for contamination with heavy metals and metalloids. The maximum estimate was obtained for noneroded sod-podzolic soils of medium or fine texture, gray forest soils, chernozems and peat bog soils under forest vegetation (17 % of the area). Unerroded soddy-podzolic soils of varying degrees of podzolization and gleying (45 %) received an average rating. Even lower is the protective potential of 22 % of the territory represented by eroded gray forest soils, various sod-podzolic, alluvial and peat bog soils. This group is the most heterogeneous in terms of soil texture, organic matter content and degree of forest cover. The group with a minimum protective potential included eroded soils, soils of gully-girder complexes, sod-podzolic soils of coarst texture, as well as alluvial peat and peaty soils (about 16 %).

El desafío de reducir la fitotoxicidad de metales en suelos afectados por operaciones históricas de fundición de níquel y cobre en la Península de Kola, Rusia

The topic of vegetative cover rehabilitation of industrial barrens sites has a worldwide significance, especially given the potential of the polluted soils themselves to be “secondary pollution sources.” The goal of this study was to determine the effect of peat addition to the lime + vermiculite-lizardite combined amendment on plant growth in the soils from the vicinity of the Ni/Cu smelter in the Kola Peninsula, Russia. Given the complexity and time-consuming nature of field studies, we decided to test the selected amendments under laboratory conditions first. Surface horizons from two Spodosols (0-20 cm) were collected in the vicinity of the Ni/Cu smelter. Lolium perenne was cultivated in pots for 21 days under controlled conditions. The difference in plant growth with and without peat was not substantial. In other words, the addition of peat did not improve the efficacy of the lime + vermiculite-lizardite combined amendment in promoting plant growth. Therefore, the challenge of reducing ryegrass exposure to soil metals remained unsolved.

Seasonal Chemical Composition Characteristics and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Zhengzhou

The aim of this study was to fully understand the pollution characteristics and sources of PM2.5 in Zhengzhou, and to investigate the differences in four seasons and between urban and suburban areas. At the Zhengzhou environmental monitoring center (urban areas) and Zhengzhou University (suburban areas), 1284 environmental PM2.5 samples were collected in the four seasons of 2018. The concentrations of nine kinds of inorganic water-soluble ions, organic carbon, elemental carbon and 27 kinds of elements, were measured by ion chromatography, carbon analyzer, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, respectively. Enrichment factors (EF), index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (RI), chemical mass balance model (CMB), backward trajectory, and potential source contribution function were the methods used to study the chemical component characteristics and source differences of PM2.5 in different seasons in the urban and suburban areas of Zhengzhou. The results showed that the annual average PM2.5 concentration at the Zhengzhou environmental monitoring center and Zhengzhou University sites reached (59.7±24.0) μg·m-3 and (74.7±13.5) μg·m-3, respectively. The PM2.5 concentration at the suburban point was higher than at the urban point with the exception of winter, and the seasonal mean concentration decreased in the order of winter > autumn > spring > summer. Compared with the urban areas, the suburban areas were more affected by crustal substances in spring, and the concentrations of all components were higher in summer and autumn than the urban areas. Nevertheless, urban areas were more affected by coal burning sources and motor vehicle sources in winter. The component analysis results showed that the influences of soil dust and building dust were greater in the suburbs in spring than in the urban areas. In autumn, the suburbs were more affected by biomass sources than the urban areas, while the urban areas were more affected by building dust than were the suburbs. The concentrations of Cu, As, Zn, Pb, and Sb were strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources, and the enrichments of Zn, Cu, As, and Pb in urban areas were greater than in the suburbs. In addition, Zn, Cu, As, and Pb exhibited potential ecological risks. The outcomes of the CMB model showed that dust sources, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, and coal burning sources contributed significantly to PM2.5 concentrations in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The contributions of secondary pollution sources (secondary organic aerosol, secondary sulfate, and secondary nitrate) and motor vehicle sources to urban areas were higher than to suburban areas, and the influences of biomass sources in autumn and winter were significantly higher than in spring and summer and urban areas. The backward trajectory results indicated that the local PM2.5 concentration was affected by distant transmission from the northwest except in summer, was affected by neighboring provinces in the east in four seasons, and was affected by transmission from the south, with the exception of winter. Furthermore, the consequences of potential sources demonstrated that the local PM2.5 concentration was mainly affected by the potential areas in Henan province and its boundary with neighboring provinces.

Using stable isotopes to discriminate anthropogenic impacts of the sedimentary organic matter pollution in the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon (RJ, Brazil).

Over the last decades, the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon (RFL), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been impacted by the release of untreated domestic sewage, causing eutrophication processes with negative effects on its biota. Recently, the RFL underwent urban interventions to fulfill the demands of the 2016 Olympic Games, which included building the waist gallery and monitoring clandestine waste discharges into the underground drainage network. Organic-source tracing methods can be successfully used to characterize the organic matter transported from the urbanized areas to the RLF. The application of the elemental (C, N) and stable isotope (δ15N and δ13C) fingerprint methods in sediments from the RLF indicated a reduction in the domestic sewage inputs from 32 ± 16 to 12 ± 13% between 2015 and 2017. However, the sewage inputs continue being worrying. Our results also suggest that the main source of organic matter pollution in the lagoon comes from indiscriminate domestic sewage release from river channels. Secondary pollution sources are associated with the underground drainage network that still shows punctual and irregular releases of domestic sewage. Petroleum products, mainly from sewers, also show as possible organic pollution sources. Finally, the findings indicate that the interventions carried out in the RFL are promising. However, they were insufficient to cease the pollutant inputs and mitigate the negative impacts of eutrophication.

Assessment of current natural and anthropogenic radionuclide activity concentrations in the bottom sediments from the Barents Sea

The article is devoted to the study of the activity values of natural radionuclides 40K, 232Th and 226Ra and technogenic radionuclide 137Cs in the bottom sediments of the Barents Sea, which is distinguished from the rest of the Arctic seas by the fact that the largest number of radiation objects are concentrated here. The activity levels of natural radionuclides were within the range of activity values corresponding to marine sediments around the world. The highest radionuclide activities were found within the deepwater shelf of the Barents Sea. The current level of activity of the technogenic radionuclide 137Cs is low and does not exceed 6.5 Bq·kg−1. However, due to global climatic changes, the secondary source of radiation pollution of the sea may be the Novaya Zemlya ice sheet, in which huge quantities of technogenic radionuclides were deposited during atmospheric tests of the 1950s and 1960s.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЙ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ В КОМПОНЕНТАХ МАЛОЙ РЕКИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОСУШИТЕЛЬНОЙ МЕЛИОРАЦИИ)

Актуальность исследованиязаключается в необходимости оценки таких природныхкомпонентов малой реки,как донные отложения и водные растения, которые способны аккумулировать различные поллютанты, поступающие с территории водосбора, и могут служить индикатором экологического состояния загрязнения воды в реке. Цель:анализ изменения концентраций тяжелых металлов в компонентах малой реки (на примере осушительной мелиорации). Объекты:поверхностные воды, донные отложения и водные растения, подверженные влиянию осушительной мелиорации. Методы:фильтрация проб воды через мембранные фильтры с диаметром пор 0,45 мкм для раздельного определения растворенной и взвешенной форм тяжелых металлов. Отбор проб донных отложений штанговым дночерпателем Гр-91 на глубине 25 см от поверхности залегания. Кислотное разложение проб донных отложений и растительности в микроволновой системе «Mars-6», измельчение в планетарной мельнице «Pulverisette 6», определение тяжелых металлов методом атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии на спектрометре «Solaar 6M». Результаты.Под влиянием осушения в поверхностных водах происходит увеличение концентраций растворенных и взвешенных форм тяжелых металлов, в особенности Fe и Pb, превышающих значения предельно-допустимых концентраций в 3 раза. В донных отложениях происходит накопление тяжелых металлов в 1,5–2 раза выше по отношению к верхнему течению реки, однако при изменении химических и гидрологических параметров среды металлыпереходят опять в водоток, являясь источником вторичного загрязнения. Наиболее интенсивные процессы осаждения рассчитаны для Fe (lgКраспр=5,06), Pb (lgКраспр=4,76), а также для Zn (lgКраспр =4,60). Средний характер седиментации прослеживается для Mn и Cu (lgКраспр=3,36). Для Ni коэффициент имеет минимальное значение (lgКраспр=2,82), что говорит об обратных процессах миграции металла из донных отложений в воду. Осушительная мелиорация, меняя гидрохимические и гидрологические характеристики водотоков, приводит к увеличению концентраций тяжелых металлов в макрофитах в 2–3 раза.

Influence of Nutrient Pulse Input on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations and Algal Growth in the Sediment-Water System of Lake Taihu

Lake sediments not only act as a reservoir of nutrients, but are also a source of secondary pollution of nutrients for overlying water, which can buffer the variations in nutrients in overlying water and affect nutrient bioavailability and algal growth. In the current study, a simulation experiment was conducted using sediment cores collected in Meiliang Bay. Our aim was to elucidate the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pulse input on variations in the water nutrient level and algal growth. We also clarified the migration and redistribution process of N and P between the sediment overlying water and algae. The results showed that the concentration of N in overlying water of the treatment group (with sediment) was much lower than that in controls (no sediment) when N was input at a pulse rate of 0.30 mg·(L·d)-1. The loss rate of N in the overlying water of the treatment group ranged from 0.144 mg·(L·d)-1 to 0.156 mg·(L·d)-1 and that in the control ranged from 0.021 mg·(L·d)-1to 0.039 mg·(L·d)-1. On the contrary, the denitrification rate of overlying water in the treatment group ranged from 40.793 mg·(m2·d)-1 to 44.193 mg·(m2·d)-1, accounting to 48%-52% of the external N loading. In contrast, the denitrification rate of overlying water in controls was from 0.021 mg·(L·d)-1to 0.039 mg·(L·d)-1, only accounting for 7%-13% of the external N loading. These results indicated that the sediment-water interface is the main site of denitrification in shallow lakes and plays an essential role in reducing N pollution in lakes. With respect to the pulse input of P at a rate of 0.015 mg·(L·d)-1, the majority of P (about 52%-58%) was imported into the sediment at a rate from 2.210 mg·(m2·d)-1to 2.422 mg·(m2·d)-1, and only a small proportion, approximately 23%-26%, was utilized by algae. The remaining P existed in overlying water in a dissolved state. These results implied that the sediment can buffer the external P input as an obvious "sink" effect of nutrients. Our results also showed that the sediment acts as a "source" of P when no external P was added. The release rate of P from the sediment to overlying water was from 0.310 mg·(m2·d)-1 to 0.468 mg·(m2·d)-1. In situ high-resolution analysis of ZrO-Chelex DGT showed that the DGT-P concentration in the interstitial water was much higher than that in the overlying water, and the concentration of DGT-P was significantly correlated with the concentration of DGT-Fe in interstitial water. These results indicate that changes in the redox potential may cause considerable release of internal phosphorus. In summary, our study showed that internal P in sediments can be released into the overlying water and support the growth of algae when the external nutrients are controlled. As a result, a delayed response was observed in the nutrient concentration in overlying water to external P reduction. Therefore, the dual control of N and P may have a better practical application to mitigate cyanobacteria blooms in shallow lakes.

Pollution sources of atmospheric fine particles and secondary aerosol characteristics in Beijing

To investigate the secondary formation and pollution sources of atmospheric particles in urban Beijing, PM2.5 and its chemical components were collected and determined by URG-9000D ambient ion monitor (AIM) from March 2016 to January 2017. Among water-soluble ions (WSIs), NO3−, SO42- and NH4+ (SNA) had the largest proportion (77.8%) with the total concentration of 23.8 μg/m3. Moreover, as fine particle pollution worsened, the NO3−, SO42- and NH4+ concentrations increased basically, which revealed that secondary aerosols were the main cause of particle pollution in Beijing. Furthermore, the particle neutralization ratio (1.1), the ammonia to sulfate molar ratio (3.4) and the nitrate to sulfate molar ratio (2.2) showed that secondary aerosols are under ammonium-rich conditions with the main chemical forms of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4, and vehicle emission could be the main anthropogenic source of secondary aerosols in Beijing. Source analysis further indicated that secondary aerosols, solid fuel combustion, dust and marine aerosol were the principal pollution sources of PM2.5, accounting for about 46.1%, 22.4% and 13.0%, respectively, and Inner Mongolia and Hebei Provinces could be considered as the main potential sources of PM2.5 in urban Beijing. In addition, secondary formation process was closely related with gaseous precursor emission amounts (SO2, NO2, NH3 and HONO), atmospheric ozone concentration (O3), meteorological conditions (temperature and relative humidity) and particle components. Sensitive analysis of the thermodynamic equilibrium model (ISORROPIA II) revealed that controlling total nitrate (TN) is the effective measure to mitigate fine particle pollution in Beijing.

Murgul Bakır Madeni ve Çevresindeki Toprak ve Sedimentlerde Meydana Gelen Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Aim of study: This study focuses on the changes of heavy metal pollution in soil and sediment.
 Study area: The study area covers Murgul district of Artvin located over the Eastern Black Sea region, Turkey. 
 Material and methods: Sampling areas were determined at distances in the direction of surface flow along the stream route where waste water was discharged by assuming the Copper Plant as the central point. A total of 54 soil and 10 sediment samples were taken from sampling points.
 Main results: The results of analysis of soil and sediment samples indicated that the mean values of Copper, Lead and Zinc were remarkably higher than the threshold values and the soil pH decreased as it moved away from the center point. The contaminated sediments, deposited over the years in the river bank sediments may act as secondary source of pollution to the covering water column in the river.
 Research highlights: Heavy metals from the soil during the rehabilitation activities to be applied in the mining sites, it is suggested to investigate the phytoremediation techniques, which are very successful and effective methods both economically and ecologically, and to use appropriate plant species in the rehabilitation areas.

Analysis of the dynamics of dust reentrainment with simultaneous electrostatic deposition and without any deposition after a jump of airflow velocity

Particle deposition and reentrainment in electrostatic precipitator (ESP) channels were investigated both experimentally and analytically in six size ranges from 0.3 to > 10 μm after a sudden increase in the airflow velocity through ESP up to 7.4 m/s. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the conditions under which the ESPs with collected pollutants and pathogenic microorganisms can become their new sources. The sudden increase in airflow velocity showed exponential pre-steady-state dynamics on the outlet dust concentration with a characteristic time of about 100 s regardless of the particle diameter, the airborne dust concentration, and the “turn-on” or “turn-off” mode of the ESP. The initial reentrainment fluxes under the assumption that reentrained particles are fully discharged were estimated directly by comparison of the measured values of inlet and outlet dust concentrations. An analysis of the experimental results shows a maximum in the threshold friction velocity for particles of about 7 μm in size and the related decreasing trend in the threshold friction velocity for smaller particles. The effect of the charge of reentrained particles on the electrostatic precipitation was investigated using model predictions. The semi-analytical model of the ESP included a combined field and diffusion charging process, eddy diffusion, turbulent flow, migration, and reentrainment of charged particles. Also by using the reentrainment flux estimates for not charged and fully charged reentrained particles an analytical approach was proposed to predict the reentrainment rate of particles at a number of assumptions about the charge of the reentrained particles and various flow velocities with and without simultaneous deposition. No noticeable nonstationary dynamic profile of the outlet particle concentration was observed after a sudden increase in airflow velocity up to 2.4 m/s and the ESP with an airflow of at least 1.4 m/s are very likely to not be a secondary source of pollutants and pathogenic microorganisms.

Донные отложения как индикатор первичного и источник вторичного загрязнения речных вод углепромышленных территорий Восточного Донбасса

For the first time for East Donbass coal-mining areas the material structure and impurity levels of small and average rivers’ bottom sediments were studied. Data of a wide range of heavy metals and minerals in bottom sediments and in the pelitic fraction (<0.01 mm), which is the most informative at assessment of river alluvium impurity degree, are obtained. As the made model experiment result data on region bottom sediments as aquatic environment secondary pollution source are obtained. It is defined that under certain hydrodynamic conditions such as wind resuspension, water discharge change, dredging etc. region river sediments can be a secondary water pollution source with compounds of manganese, iron, copper, chrome and lithium. The rivers were ranked according to the secondary pollution danger’s degree and negative impact on water quality based on the scoring method. The obtained data showed that the major part of the region rivers are characterized by medium and low levels of potential impact on the rivers aquatic environment.

СБРОС СТОЧНЫХ ВОД И ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЕ ВОДНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ В БАССЕЙНЕ РЕКИ ВОЛГА (1990–2018 ГГ.)

The main characteristics of the socio-economic development of the basin of the river Volga are given. It is shown that the withdrawal of water resources in the basin decreased from 37.0 km3 in 1990 to 16.3 km3 in 2018 as a result of the transformation of socio-economic conditions in Russia. The area of actually irrigated irrigated lands decreased during this period from 1530 thousand ha to 565 thousand ha. Sharply reduced water consumption in housing and communal services. As a result, the volume of wastewater discharge has decreased over the 28 years from 22.3 to 10.9 km3 . Most of the contaminated wastewater is discharged into water inlets without treatment or not sufficiently treated. Prior to standards, only every tenth cubic meter of contaminated water is cleaned in the Volga basin. The low efficiency of treatment facilities is associated with outdated technological equipment and traditional treatment schemes, as well as violations of wastewater treatment regimes. The amount of the main pollutants discharged into wastewater decreased by 3–15 times. This indicates that despite all the shortcomings in the operation of treatment facilities, a significant effect has been achieved from the implementation of water protection measures. In some river basins, some ingredients have improved water quality. However, in most river basins, the state of water quality remains unsatisfactory and still does not meet regulatory requirements. This effect is caused by the action of a number of uncontrolled (dispersed) pollution sources, as well as sources of secondary (accumulated) pollution. According to many estimates, it is non-point sources of pollution that make the main contribution to the pollution of water bodies.

Environmental hazard of soil contamination by heavy metals

Pollution of the natural environment of the city with heavy metals (HM) from various sources receives much attention. They accumulate, exceeding the background level, cause pollution of the surface of the soil cover, vegetation, natural waters. It should be noted that their accumulation turns soils into a source of secondary pollution of natural environments and poses a threat to human health. In this regard, the monitoring studies, in addition to the traditional control of the HM content in soils, should assess the trend of changes in the level of pollution and their consequences. The object of research is soils, subject to varying degrees of anthropogenic burden. The analysis revealed a significant variation in all studied elements, which indicates a negative trend of their gradual increase. The average content of HMs was found not extreme but the rate of their accumulation raises concerns. An excess of MPC was found along highways (up to 500 m), from the railway (up to 20 m): Pb by 1.25–3 times; Cd - 1.65; Ni - 1.69-1.81; on the adjacent territory to the gas station by 1.37 times for copper, and 3.45 times for lead, which indicates the danger of pollution of the urban environment.

Peculiarities of Pollution by Some Persistent Organic Pollutants of the Marine Environment of the Northwestern Part of the Black Sea

Purpose. The study is aimed at estimation of marine pollution in the northwestern part of the Black Sea by some persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in particular polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Methods. Peculiarities of marine pollution were determined on the basis of research conducted at the Ukrainian Scientific Center of Ecology of the Sea (UkrSCES). The content of PCBs and HCB was determined on a gas chromatograph Agilent 7890B with a capillary column and an electronic capture detector using the methods of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-3545A, 3630C, 8081, 8082A, 8275A). The ecological state of the marine environment was determined using developed in UkrSCES the “Ecological standards of marine environment quality”, which allow us to assess the quality status of such components of the marine environment (sea water, bottom sediments and biota). Results. The methodology of environmental standards has been adapted to assess the pollution of the marine environment of POPs. The ecological state of sea water and bottom sediments of the northwestern part of the Black Sea is determined according to the established values of Maximum Concentration Limit (MCL) and Ecological Standards (ES). The ecological state of marine biota was assessed by HCB pollution according to the established Ecological Standard. The European analogue of MCL (MAC-EQS) for industrial marine organisms was used to assess the ecological state of marine organisms for PCBs pollution (but it should be noted that the assessment was performed only for non-dioxin-like PCBs. Standard for the content of PCBs in marine organisms, in particular, – of industrial importance, must be implemented in Ukraine at the legislative level. For integral assessment of the ecological state of the marine environment and the specifics of POPs pollution in the northwestern part of the Black Sea, it is necessary to introduce a comprehensive monitoring system that would analyze marine pollution by all POPs required by the Stockholm Convention. Conclusions. The ecological state of the sea water of the northwestern part of the Black Sea by POPs pollution in most cases corresponds to the category "very good". The state of marine biota in most cases corresponds to the quality classes "good" and "very good", but in Ukraine there are no clear standards that would regulate the content of PCBs in marine biota, in particular – for industrial important species of marine organisms. The ecological condition of bottom sediments is mainly classified as "satisfactory" and "poor", which under certain natural conditions can be a source of secondary pollution of sea water and biota. For integral assessment of the ecological state, it is necessary to take into account all POPs, which can significantly change the results of the assessment of the quality of the marine environment of the northwestern part of the Black Sea.

Ecological hygienic assessment of soils quality in urban areas

Assessment of the soil quality is ofprime importance essential for the characterization of the ecological and hygienic condition of the territory, as the soil is the first link of the food chain, the source of secondary air and water pollution, as well as an integral index of ecological well-being of the environment. Herewith the qualitative analysis of soil complicated by the specifics of the soil genesis in the urban environment, in which an important role is played by manmade land bulk and alluvial soils; the inclusion of construction of material debris and household garbage in upper horizons; the growing up of the profile due to the perpetual introduction of different materials and intensive aeolian deposition. It is advisable to consider the currently neglected question of the study of soil vapor containing volatile chemicals. These pollutants penetrate into the building through cracks in the foundation and openings for utilities. Soil evaporation may accumulate in residential areas or in the soil under the building. Because of this, it is necessary to pay attention to the remediation of areas allocated for the built-up area, possessing a large-scale underground parking. Soil contamination is the result of significant anthropogenic impacts on the environment components. In general, about 89.1 million people (62.6% of the population of the country) live in terms of complex chemical load, determined by contamination offood, drinking water, air and soil. The list of microbiological and sanitary-chemical indices of the assessment of soils of urban areas may vary in dependence on the data obtained in pilot studies due to changes and additions to the assigned tasks. Timely forecast for the possibility of the usage of released lands of urban territories for the construction and the creation of new objects for different purposes should become the prevention of chronic non-infectious diseases in the population residing in urban areas.

Mineral phase composition of the surface dirt sediment in an urban environment

The accumulation of the contemporary surface dirt and dust sediments is an important problem of an urban area. The surface dirt sediment is deposited on the various surfaces both inside and outside the residential blocks. The sediment represents the secondary and nonpoint pollution source due to the presence of the environmental toxicants, heavy metals and pathogens in their content. The aim of the study was to determine the mineral phase composition of surface sediment in the city of Ekaterinburg in order to identify the sources of its origin. The 60 samples of surface sediment were collected in summer at the different parts of residential blocks (traffic ways, sidewalks and lawns, inner yard area, parking lots, and green areas). The sediment samples were fractionated by the particle size fractions: 0.002-0.01 mm, 0.01-0.05 mm, 0.05-0.1 mm, 0.1-0.25 mm, 0.25-1 mm and >1 mm. The particle size fractions were analysed by X-ray diffraction. According to the results of analysis the investigated mineral composition of the surface sediments represent the complex multi-phase mixtures, similar in mineral composition (quartz, microcline, plagioclase, magnetite, chlorite etc.). The sources of the mineral component in the surface sediment were identified.

The ecological condition of the Motovilikha pond, Perm

The article gives a hydrographic description of the pond, the results of bathymetric work in the summer of 2017. Examines the factors that shape the environment. A detailed description of the chemical composition of water is given. The degree of pollution of a reservoir on its separate sites is revealed. It is shown that bottom sediments play an important role in the formation of the Motovilikha pond ecosystem. They accumulate pollutants and trace elements, so they can be considered as a marker of water quality and at the same time a source of secondary pollution.

Application of Distance Covariance in Selection of Nutrients During Dynamic Process of Sewage Sludge Conditioning with Bio-preparation

Sewage sludge, the most important by-product of biological wastewater treatment, is considered an important source of secondary pollution in environments. Simultaneously, sewage sludge is rich in nutrients and organic matter, therefore it is proposed for natural use. However, before such an application, sewage sludge should be properly prepared, so that it does not adversely affect on the environment. Apart from various methods commonly applied in sewage sludge conditioning, the utilization of bio-preparations seems to be an attractive alternative. The experiment was conducted in PVC boxes with one sewage sludge and one amendment treatment as Effective Microorganism (EMTM) preparation applied at two doses dissolved (the water: EMTM preparation ratio = 1:5) (T1) and concentrated (T2). Sewage sludge without EMTM preparation was a control treatment (T0). The chemical composition of sewage sludge was recorded at 12 incubation dates. The quantitative changes of macro and micronutrients during incubation sewage sludge were assessed and followed by evaluated by distance covariance which measure both linear and nonlinear relationship between variables. On the base of obtained results, one may state, that the significance of EMTM preparation in sewage sludge conditioning was minor. The positive effect of the bio-preparation was observed only in the case of carbon and nitrogen, which amounts increased along the incubation time. These conclusions were obtained thanks to the author’s method of selecting variables based on the covariance distance defined for multidimensional functional data. There is no doubt that modern statistical methods based on functional data lead to in-depth conclusions resulting from the conducted experiment.Graphic