Reputable Sources Research Articles

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Rupiah Exchange Rate Against the US Dollar 2000-2022

Purpose:This research analyzes the factors influencing the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar. This research was conducted to analyze the factors that influence the Rupiah exchange rate against the United States Dollar for the 2020-2022 periodMethodology:This research is based on secondary data, specifically time series data, obtained from reputable sources such as the websites of the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia, Bank Indonesia, and the Central Statistics Agency. The data were meticulously processed using the robust method of multiple linear regression analysis, ensuring the reliability and validity of the findings.Findings:The results of the research show that inflation has a positive effect and a significant effect on the Rupiah exchange rate, Exports have a negative effect and no significant effect on the Rupiah exchange rate, Imports have a positive effect and have no significant effect on the Rupiah exchange rate, Foreign exchange reserves have a positive effect and have a significant effect on the Rupiah exchange rate Simultaneously or simultaneously Inflation, Exports, Imports and Foreign Exchange Reserves have a significant effect on the rupiah exchange rate.Implication:Inflation, exports, imports and foreign exchange reserves influence the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar. Inflation has a positive impact, while exports have a negative impact, and imports are insignificant. Foreign exchange reserves provide a significant positive impact.

The antecedents and consequences of university brand: a systematic review

University brand is becoming a research topic that is increasingly of interest to researchers and university administrators because of its great role in the context of the strong development of higher education. This research aims to review and synthesize current studies on definitions, antecedents and consequences of university brand. The study applied a systematic synthesis method of 76 articles from reputable database sources in the period 2000-2023. The research findings indicate that the antecedents of university brand are divided into tangible group and intangible group with 08 factors including brand design, facilities and equipment, human resources, training programs, financial policies, communication activities, reputation and brand personality. Furthermore, from the standpoint of approaching university stakeholders, the consequences of university brand are highlighted in this study. Finally, the study points out some policy implications for institutions and suggests some future research directions.

Literature Review on Digital Image Processing and Its Techniques

Purpose: Understand the current state of knowledge in the field of digital image processing. Identify key concepts, theories, and methodologies that have been explored in previous research. Explore the various techniques and algorithms used in digital image processing. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of existing methods. Identify gaps or limitations in current techniques. Provide a context for the research by summarizing and synthesizing relevant studies. Show how different studies contribute to the overall understanding of digital image processing. Identify gaps in the existing literature that your research can address. Determine areas where further investigation is needed. Offer a foundation for discussion and interpretation of your results in the context of existing literature. Enable you to relate your findings to the broader field of digital image processing. Design/Methodology/Approach: Clearly define the scope of your literature review (e.g., specific techniques, applications, or periods). State the objectives of the literature review, such as identifying trends, evaluating methodologies, or addressing research gaps. Develop a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant literature. Utilize academic databases, journals, conferences, and other reputable sources. Use a combination of keywords, Boolean operators, and controlled vocabulary (e.g., MeSH terms) to refine search queries. Systematically review and select relevant literature based on the established criteria. Document the process, including databases searched, keywords used, and reasons for inclusion/exclusion. Identify gaps in the existing literature and propose potential avenues for future research. Discuss the implications of these gaps for the advancement of knowledge in the field Findings/Results: Literature often discusses various image enhancement techniques such as histogram equalization, contrast stretching, and spatial filtering. Researchers explore the effectiveness of these techniques in improving image quality for different applications. Segmentation methods, including thresholding, region-based segmentation, and clustering algorithms, are frequently discussed. Object recognition and classification techniques using features like texture, color, and shape are common topics. Different image compression algorithms, such as JPEG, JPEG2000, and various wavelet-based methods, are often compared in terms of compression ratio and quality. The literature might address real-time image processing challenges and solutions, especially in applications like video surveillance, autonomous vehicles, and augmented reality. Originality/Value: Ensure that the literature review comprehensively covers key and recent works in digital image processing. This includes foundational theories, algorithms, and applications. Identify seminal papers, landmark studies, and recent advancements to create a timeline of the field's development. Paper Type: Review of existing literature

ROPAC: Rule OPtimized Aggregation Classifier

In the era of data-driven decision-making, extracting meaningful insights from vast amounts of information is paramount. In organizing this data, classification methods play a pivotal role. Among the existing classification techniques, rule-based classifiers have gained prominence for their effectiveness and interpretability. One such is the Rule Aggregation ClassifiER (RACER), known for its exceptional performance but limited when dealing with high-dimensional, low-sample-size datasets. In this paper, we introduce the Rule OPtimized Aggregation Classifier (ROPAC) as an extension of RACER that incorporates two different rule optimization methods, resulting in ROPAC-L and ROPAC-M, which aim to improve overall performance and classification accuracy. We evaluated this algorithm through experimentation with fifty datasets from reputable sources, such as the OpenML website and the UCI Machine Learning Repository. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm’s accuracy is compared with fifteen well-known classifiers. Our results demonstrate that ROPAC outperforms all the other algorithms in terms of accuracy, showcasing its superiority and dominance in various data scenarios.

The Impact of Agricultural Productivity on Economic Growth in Africa

This study investigates the relationship between agricultural productivity and economic growth in five African countries: Tanzania, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, and South Africa. Secondary data from reputable sources are analyzed using statistical tests and regression models. The findings indicate that agriculture significantly contributes to Africa's economic growth. South Africa exhibits the highest agricultural productivity, followed by Morocco, Kenya, Ghana, and Tanzania. However, despite their agricultural strengths, South Africa and Morocco have relatively lower contributions to economic growth due to other factors like low employment rates. Ghana and Kenya show comparable performance, while Tanzania lags behind despite experiencing economic growth and having a high employment rate. It is emphasized that economic growth is influenced by various factors beyond agriculture, and countries with high agricultural productivity should diversify their economies and address other determinants of growth. Policy measures to strengthen the agricultural sector and promote diversification are crucial for sustainable economic development in Africa.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ГЛОБАЛЬНЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ТЕНДЕНЦИЙ И ГЕОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ СДВИГОВ НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

The purpose of the article is to investigate the processes of influence of global economic trends and geopolitical shifts on the formation and implementation of regional economic policy. Discussion: theoretical research and practical aspects of research, identification and justification of directions for the formation and implementation of effective regional economic policy are very complex and contradictory, which confirms the importance and significance of the issue under consideration. Results: the article attempts to study the processes, trends and geopolitical shifts that have a significant impact on the effectiveness of regional economic policy, as well as analyze specific areas that should be formed to achieve strategic goals. The relevance of this article is determined by the fact that in order to form an effective economic policy in the regions, taking into account the ongoing global economic trends and geopolitical shifts, it is necessary to analyze and monitor processes, as well as identify deviations and possible weaknesses that require additional research at the meso level. This article serves as a starting point for a deeper understanding of the vectors of implementation of regional economic policy in the Russian Federation. Analyzing the ongoing processes and ongoing reforms, the degree of their impact on macro and meso-economic indicators and processes taking place in the external environment, the author makes a modest contribution to the scientific discourse on regional economic development. The scientific approach, combined with data and digital support from reputable sources, emphasize the importance of implemented strategies, taking into account the specifics of the region, to solve problems and use the existing potential and the transforming economic landscape. Thus, the study of the impact of global economic trends and geopolitical shifts on the formation of regional economic policy remains at the forefront of the regional economic agenda of the state.

Impact of Campaign Bundling on the Success of Donation-Based Crowdfunding

ABSTRACT Project success is a major challenge to the sustenance of crowdfunding platforms constituted for donation. While previous studies have recognized the importance of source reputation, establishing a credible reputation remains a formidable task for project founders. This study proposes a novel idea of achieving credibility through bundling, in which crowdfunding campaigns collaborate with similar projects (project bundling) or external entities (ideological bundling). This study examines how these two bundling strategies affect crowdfunding outcomes. Further, the study explores how sources of reputation and size establish boundaries of bundling. Using data from Mchanga.com, our analysis reveals a diverse effect of collaborative fundraising on the success of donation crowdfunding. Specifically, our findings indicate that project bundling positively impacts campaign success, whereas ideological bundling has a negative effect. The study contributes to the literature on bundling, credible reputation, and collaborative fundraising on digital platforms. This research also provides insights for practitioners to successfully manage donation-based crowdfunding campaigns.

Cognitive Neuroscience of Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Neurobiology of Empathic Process

IntroductionAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is diagnosed when an individual displays irregularity in three key domains: social development, communication, and repetitive behavior/obsessive interests.The theory of mind-blindness in ASD suggests that individuals on the autism spectrum exhibit deficiencies in the typical empathic process, relative to their mental age.Empathy comprises two primary components: firstly, the capacity to attribute mental states to both oneself and others, and secondly, experiencing an emotional response that aligns with the mental state of the other person.ObjectivesThis study aimed to synthetase the latest evidence about the neuropsychiatric basis of empathy in ASD.MethodsA review was conducted, drawing on reputable sources (PubMed and Web of Science databases).Results A neural basis of empathy has built on a model first proposed by Brothers. It was suggested that social intelligence was a function of three regions: the amygdala, the orbitofrontal and medial frontal cortex, and the superior temporal sulcus and gyrus - the “social brain”. Abnormalities in autism have been found in the amygdala, the orbito and the medial frontal cortex.Amygdala has been implicated primarily in fear perception of facial expressions, as well as in the recognition of other emotions such as sadness and “social” emotions. In addition to fear perception, the amygdala has also been implicated in related processes including eye gaze, affective memory, olfactory learning, and social judgment.To date, findings on amygdala structure in autism have been mixed, with studies indicating reduced and increased volumes, as well as nonsignificant differences.ConclusionsASD is one of the most heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders, and cognitive theories as well as structural findings have linked likely frontal lobe abnormalities to the social and cognitive profiles of autism.Future studies may elucidate existing data by taking advantage of new and infrequently used data acquisition technologies such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The Impulsivity-Compulsivity Spectrum: Understanding Brain Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

IntroductionImpulsivity and compulsivity are natural behaviors controlled by brain mechanisms that are essential for survival in all species. Understanding these brain mechanisms may lead to targeted treatment strategies for these symptom domains when impulsivity and compulsivity become dysfunctional.Pathological impulsivity and compulsivity characterise a broad range of mental disorders.ObjectivesThis study aimed to synthesise the latest evidence about the conceptualization of the impulsivity-compulsivity spectrum.MethodsA review was conducted, drawing on reputable sources (PubMed and Web of Science databases).ResultsThe concept of impulsivity can be defined as a predisposition toward rapid, unplanned reactions to internal or external stimuli without regard to the negative consequences of these reactions to the impulsive individual or to others. However, impulsivity is not always unplanned. Impulsive behaviours can be conceptualised as the core symptoms of a broad range of psychiatric disorders.In contrast, compulsivity refers to repetitive behaviours that are performed according to certain rules or in a stereotypical fashion. Compulsivity is a tendency to repeat the same, often purposeless acts, which are sometimes associated with undesirable consequences.Impulsivity and compulsivity may be viewed as diametrically opposed, or alternatively, as similar, in that each implies a dysfunction of impulse control. Each involves alterations within a wide range of neural processes, including attention, perception, and coordination of motor or cognitive responses.ConclusionsThe neurobiology of impulsivity and compulsivity may involve inhibitory neurotransmitters, excitatory neurotransmitters, the prefrontal cortex, and/or limbic dysfunction.Impulsive and compulsive features may present at the same time or at different times during the same illness. Although both compulsive and impulsive disorders may be related to prefrontal cortex dysfunction, compulsive disorders would be related to hyperactivity and impulsive disorders to hypoactivity of the prefrontal cortex. Compulsiveness appears to be associated with increased frontal lobe activity, while impulsiveness may be associated with reduced frontal lobe activity.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Greece’s current water and wastewater regulations and the risks they pose to environmental hygiene and public health, as recommended by the European Union Commission

To address emerging environmental issues, the European Union (EU) regularly updates its directives and regulations in the areas of wastewater treatment, water reuse, and water quality. The plan specifies standards for safe water reuse as well as quality requirements for treated wastewater. Legislation and regulations in Greece pertaining to wastewater management and water reuse assess how well-functioning current methods are at maintaining water quality, cutting pollution, and protecting public health. Analyze any unique challenges or successes in putting current laws into effect and keeping them in place. Determine areas of agreement and disagreement between EU plan and Greek legislation. EU proposal’s possible effects on Greece’s infrastructure, adoption of new technologies, and financial implications. This study is a perspective qualitative analysis. Selection of legislation, outline the criteria used for selecting the relevant legislation from EU and Greece. Data sources from obtained the legislation texts. Official government documents, legal databases, and reputable sources. Data variables extracted from the legislation, focusing on aspects related to environmental hygiene and public health risks. Comparative framework used to compare EU commission proposal with existing legislation in Greece. Evaluate the environmental hazards and problems associated with present wastewater management practices in Greece in terms of their potential influence on water quality, ecosystems, public health, and promote environmental hygiene.

Exploring the Digital Mental Health Literacy of the Tunisian population: A Cross-sectional Online Survey

IntroductionIn the digital age, the landscape of mental health information dissemination and consumption in Tunisia has experienced a profound transformation. As the digital revolution continues to reshape our lives, understanding how individuals seek and interact with mental health information online has become increasingly critical.ObjectivesThe primary objectives of this study are as follows:-To comprehensively investigate the digital mental health literacy of individuals in Tunisia by administering an insightful online questionnaire.-To delve into the multifaceted aspects of how Tunisians engage with mental health content on digital platforms, unveiling their comfort levels, preferences, and decision-making factors. Methods This study conducted an online survey comprising three sections. The first gathered demographic information to profile our diverse participants. The second explored internet usage patterns, unveiling their digital activities. The third delved into perceptions of mental health information on social media, revealing preferences. Our survey reached participants of various ages and locations in Tunisia.Results The findings of this study cast a revealing spotlight on the digital mental health landscape in Tunisia. A significant proportion of our respondents frequently engaged with various social media platforms. Notably, Instagram emerged as the favored platform for 80% of our participants, while 72% chose Facebook as their preferred digital sanctuary. Intriguingly, 57% of our respondents actively embarked on quests for mental health information on YouTube, with a distinct preference for video-based content. In the labyrinth of online mental health information, our participants exhibited a discerning eye. They assigned paramount importance to source credentials, references to reputable sources, and unwavering adherence to established medical guidelines. However, beneath this discernment, a noteworthy 65% harbored doubts regarding the accuracy of online information, reflecting the inherent challenges and complexities of navigating the digital information ecosystem.Furthermore, our study unearthed areas where social media platforms may still grapple with shortcomings in addressing the multifaceted needs of mental health consumers. Participants eloquently expressed concerns about the accuracy of information, the availability of reliable platforms, and the crucial need for a diverse array of perspectives in mental health content on social media.ConclusionsThis study offers key insights into Tunisia’s digital mental health landscape. It highlights prevalent digital information consumption and preferences. Emphasizing the need for credible and diverse mental health information on social media is vital. This sample lays the foundation for enhancing available content, better supporting mental well-being in Tunisia.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Applications of Large Language Models in Pathology.

Large language models (LLMs) are transformer-based neural networks that can provide human-like responses to questions and instructions. LLMs can generate educational material, summarize text, extract structured data from free text, create reports, write programs, and potentially assist in case sign-out. LLMs combined with vision models can assist in interpreting histopathology images. LLMs have immense potential in transforming pathology practice and education, but these models are not infallible, so any artificial intelligence generated content must be verified with reputable sources. Caution must be exercised on how these models are integrated into clinical practice, as these models can produce hallucinations and incorrect results, and an over-reliance on artificial intelligence may lead to de-skilling and automation bias. This review paper provides a brief history of LLMs and highlights several use cases for LLMs in the field of pathology.

Efficient Structural Analysis: Predicting Punching Shear Strength in Two-Way Concrete Slabs Using Gradient Boosting Machine Learning

This study delves into the application of machine learning (ML), specifically a Gradient Boosting (GB) model, for predicting the punching shear strength (PSS) of two-way reinforced concrete flat slabs. Leveraging a dataset comprising 241 experimental observations from reputable sources, the research investigates the influence of critical factors on PSS, including slab thickness, column section width, effective slab depth, reinforcement ratio, concrete compressive strength, and reinforcement yield strength. Hyperparameter optimization techniques are employed to fine-tune the model's parameters, leading to enhanced predictive performance. Monte Carlo simulations are utilized to validate the model's reliability and generalizability. The results demonstrate that the GB model achieves high precision and reliability, reducing the need for resource-intensive experimentation in predicting PSS for two-way slabs. Furthermore, the study compares the performance of the developed model with that of conventional design codes, highlighting the model's superior accuracy. This research contributes to the broader application of ML in structural engineering, offering an efficient and accurate approach to analyzing and designing structural elements.

PREGNANT WOMEN STRUGGLING WITH HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND STRESS IN PREGNANCY AND ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE SUPPLEMENTS L-ARGININE FOR PROLONG PERIOD

INTRODUCTION: Mental stress can contribute to the exacerbation of hypertension in pregnant women and preeclampsia by the release of stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol level. Less nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation and excess formation of reactive oxygen species could explain poor placenta perfusion already in PIH and Preeclampsia due to impaired endothelial function. Studies have indicated that Nitric oxide supplement L-arginine can lead to beneficial effects on various cardiometabolic markers, including blood pressure and vascular function especially in pregnant mothers. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this meta-analysis study of placebo-controlled trials was to assess and ascertain the evidence of effectiveness of L-arginine and its use in enhancing nitric oxide synthesis to translate into tangible improvement in Hypertension and preeclampsia management, Nitric oxide supplement L-arginine’s ubiquitous molecule’s role is a subject of debate and research with focus on both systolic and diastolic values, pregnancy outcomes and understanding of its role in Hypertension resistant to currently available therapies. METHODS: In this study focused on role of L-arginine on high blood pressure during pregnancy, we did a thorough research, effective communication of information from relevant and up-to-date research articles, studies from reputable sources and great places of academic database like PubMed, Google Scholar, medical journals. Around 16 trials were searched in Pub-Med and Google scholar. A total of six trials were included in this meta-analysis. RESULTS: Result of this meta-analysis shows Nitric Oxide L-arginine supplementation showed a mean decrease in diastolic blood pressure and can lead to beneficial effect on blood pressure and vascular function especially in pregnant mothers with stress, mean increase up to 1. 23 weeks (p = 0. 002) for gestation period to delivery but did not showed reduction in systolic blood pressure as compared to placebo. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis study supports the notion that availability of this substrate for NO synthesis prolongs the latency to development of preeclampsia and decrease the hypertension in a high-risk pregnant woman with Hypertension and stress.

PREVALENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF MATERNAL DEATHS DUE TO ECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME: A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Eclampsia and HELLP syndrome, are serious complications during pregnancy, and pose significant risks to both mother and fetus. Early management of eclampsia and HELLP syndrome before delivery may improve the outcomes for patients. This study aims to systematically review the literature on the prevalence and management of eclampsia and HELLP syndrome regarding maternal deaths in the last 10 years. Methods: This systematic review used the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and focused on full-text English literature published between 2014 and 2024. Editorials and review papers from the same journal, as well as submissions without a DOI, were not considered. Literature was gathered from online databases such as PubMed, SagePub, and ScienceDirect. Result: In the initial stages, our research team retrieved a total of 9400 articles from reputable sources such as PubMed, SagePub, and Science Direct. After a meticulous three-level screening process, only six articles were deemed directly relevant to our ongoing systematic review and were selected for further analysis through thorough full-text reading. Conclusion: Eclampsia and HELLP syndrome are both conditions that require treatment. Pregnancy termination and magnesium supplementation prevent eclampsia, while glucocorticoids are crucial for treating HELLP syndrome. Treatment should consider baseline features and long-term implications to address maternal and fetal health and well-being.

The quality and readability of patient information provided by ChatGPT: can AI reliably explain common ENT operations?

Access to high-quality and comprehensible patient information is crucial. However, information provided by increasingly prevalent Artificial Intelligence tools has not been thoroughly investigated. This study assesses the quality and readability of information from ChatGPT regarding three index ENT operations: tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, and grommets. We asked ChatGPT standard and simplified questions. Readability was calculated using Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning Fog Index (GFI) and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) scores. We assessed quality using the DISCERN instrument and compared these with ENT UK patient leaflets. ChatGPT readability was poor, with mean FRES of 38.9 and 55.1 pre- and post-simplification, respectively. Simplified information from ChatGPT was 43.6% more readable (FRES) but scored 11.6% lower for quality. ENT UK patient information readability and quality was consistently higher. ChatGPT can simplify information at the expense of quality, resulting in shorter answers with important omissions. Limitations in knowledge and insight curb its reliability for healthcare information. Patients should use reputable sources from professional organisations alongside clear communication with their clinicians for well-informed consent and making decisions.

A dive into the marketing trends of 2024: insights to unlocking potential

Marketing is witnessing unparalleled growth of solutions and innovations that can supercharge those market players ready to embrace the capabilities of GenAI, ML, LLMs, AR/VR, among others. Moreover, displaying brand engagement and sustainability sets new standards in marketing tactics. Various leading marketing agencies have dedicated great deal of research and analytical effort to produce reports including noteworthy marketing trends that can aid CMOs in dealing with the dynamics of the landscape. Whilst most of these reports revolve around technologies and customer experience, few of them give strategic orientation to companies of different size and industry as to how to exploit the opportunities of the new (marketing) reality. In view of this, the aim of this paper is to synthesize, contrast and evaluate some of the newest marketing reports by the industry’s leading companies. This review identifies the commonplace trends; major industries and contrasts them according to content and orientation. One limitation of the paper is that it does not attempt to cover all existing reports in marketing but the ones published by some of the most reputable sources and thus – to combine viewpoints and draw conclusions for businesses. This article provides context and agenda for entrepreneurs and marketing experts pertaining to their future marketing efforts. The originality of this paper resides with the fact that it examines the most contemporary trends in marketing as seen by world-renowned consults, strategists, CMOs and other decision-makers.

Optometry student clinical practice at public health facilities: A systematic review.

Clinical training, supervision and practice are the most important aspects of health profession education, including optometry. Institutions implore various methods for students to gain access, exposure and experience in different clinical environments, away from their normal academic settings. This review aimed to investigate studies and related documentary evidence to determine existing standards and methods for educational institutions in conducting optometry clinical training at the external sites. The electronic databases - ProQuest One, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Sabinet, Science Direct and Google Scholar - were searched systematically for studies on the implementation of workplace clinical training of undergraduate optometry students. The study followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) systematic review methodology and a systematic search of various electronic databases was conducted for studies on implementation of workplace clinical training. Of the 450 full-text studies searched, 13 studies were found to be reputable sources of evidence and were included in this systematic review. Four themes relating to student clinical training emerged, namely, clinical training approaches implemented, expected minimum standards at the training sites, clinical training environment wherein students and supervisors find themselves and clinical competence of the supervisors and students. They encompass important factors to consider in the planning and provision of quality, efficient and effective student clinical supervision at the external training facilities. There is a dearth of scholarly studies to guide clinical training of optometry training within the public health sector. However, more studies are undertaken in other health disciplines, and they provide generic guidelines, which can be adapted for optometry. The article highlights the need for further studies in optometry student clinical training, focussing on programme designs and standardisation of clinical training in multi-institutional, low-income contexts.

Unveiling the drivers of modal switch from motorcycles to public transport in Southeast Asia

Most studies on commuter and public transport mode choice rely on theoretical frameworks that draw boundaries between the utility function, social-ecological system, demographic and socio-economic attributes, and psychological theory. While models predicting the shift towards public transport are commonly applied in developed countries, there is a lack of similar studies that construct these models in developing countries. In addition, in some developing countries, the motorcycle is one of the main private motorised travel modes. Therefore, the modal shift from motorcycles to public transport in Southeast Asia to reduce private mobility is one of the important topics to examine. This paper presents a systematic literature review, utilising a comprehensive search strategy across electronic databases and reputable sources to identify directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), revealing factors influencing the choice and intention to shift to public transport. Data synthesis from selected studies highlights the intrinsic and extrinsic variables influencing public transport use, motorcycle use, and the modal shift to public transport. The study also proposes a theoretical framework for the modal shift in usage from motorcycles to public transport.

DIGITAL LITERACY WITH EFL STUDENTS: DISCOVERING BANTEN’S STUDENTS' PERCEPTION ABOUT INTEGRATING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN COLLABORATIVE LEARNING

This research aims to investigates Bantenese students' perceptions of integrating digital technologies in collaborative learning. A descriptive qualitative approach was engaged, employing questionnaires as the primary means of data collection. Subsequently, the data underwent a comprehensive analysis involving data reduction, presentation, and the formulation of conclusions. The research revealed that the integration of technology in collaborative learning, from the viewpoint of Bantenese’ students, offers substantial support and benefits to both educators and learners. It provides convenient access to comprehensive information from various reputable sources, thereby reducing the time needed for assignments. Nonetheless, a drawback associated with the incorporation of technology in education is the risk of fostering passivity in students, as they may opt for immediate solutions through artificial intelligence or turn to assignment service websites, raising concerns about their authenticity and data security. This research also underscores the necessity for additional exploration into the difficulties encountered by students in Banten when engaging in collaborative learning approaches that incorporate technology.