Power Supply Source Research Articles

RANCANG BANGUN DAN PROTEKSI INVERTER PURE SINE WAVE SPWM 500 WATT BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER MENGGUNAKAN FUZZY LOGIC

The application of power electronics is growing in the DC to AC converter system often called (Inverter). The inverter system utilizes a DC voltage source generated by a battery, power supply, or other DC voltage source, which will later be converted to AC voltage by the inverter. The development of microcontrollers as a driver for generating PWM signals on inverters encourages us to continue to develop. One of the developments of the microcontroller is ESP32. This study aims to produce a single-phase inverter with a pure sine wave output using the ESP32 driver as the SPWM signal generator. Besides that, to maximize the performance of the inverter, it is necessary to add a protection system to reduce the risk of damage to the inverter or the load. The use of fuzzy method is used to stabilize the voltage.

Magnetic Levitation System Prototype Using Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control

Magnetic levitation is a phenomenon of levitation objects by using a magnetic field to defy gravity. Magnetic levitation is an interesting research topic widely used in industry or transportation such as magnetic levitation trains, conveyors, lifts, and many more. In general, magnetic levitation can be realized by regulating the current as a magnetic field source. However, due to the normally unstable power supply source, results in magnetic field instability. Therefore, a magnetic field control system is needed to stabilize the magnetic levitation system. In this study, a magnetic lifting system has been developed using the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control method and hall effect sensor. The result shows that by using the PID controller, the magnetic object successfully floated stably at the reference point form 1.4 cm to 6.5 cm with an error ± 0.02 cm and overshoot 0.2 cm, if without using PID, oscillations occur with an error rate of ± 0.1 cm and overshoot of 0.6 cm.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИНВЕРТОРНОГО РЕЖИМА ЗАРЯДНЫХ СТАНЦИЙ ЭЛЕКТРОМОБИЛЕЙ НА КАЧЕСТВО ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЯ В ЭНЕРГОСИСТЕМЕ

Recently, issues of increasing the environmental friendliness of technological productions, increasing the exergetic component and energy saving issues have become particularly relevant. Therefore, when organizing and designing electrical supply systems, a more correct solution is the use of an inverter-battery backup power supply system. Such a system will ensure reliable and uninterrupted operation of consumers in the building. The paper considers the solution of the problem of designing the inverter mode of the power supply system for connecting the charging station of electric vehicles to the substation of the city of Novosibirsk. The connected charger of an electric vehicle, being a non-linear load, leads not only to an increase in the load on the power grid infrastructure, but can also be a source of power supply. They can also cause a deterioration in the quality of electricity due to the generation of harmonic distortion. Therefore, special attention is paid to the influence of the inverter mode of electric vehicle charging stations on the quality of power supply to the consumer in the power system. A simulation simulation of the charging station was performed using the MATLAB Simulink software package

Cost cutting approach of distillery effluent treatment using solar photovoltaic cell driven electrocoagulation: Comparison with conventional electrocoagulation

This work is an attempt to treat rice grain-based distillery biodigester effluent (BDE) using photovoltaic (PV) cell driven electrocoagulation (EC) process. The BDE initially contain high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 4252 mg/l and color of 456 PCU.PV cell-based EC reactors have been used to treat BDE with various electrode combination including FeFe, AlAl, FeAl, and AlFe etc. The effect of different operating parameters such as pH, current density (CD), electrode gap (g) and electrode combination on COD and color removal efficiency were investigated. Maximum COD and color removal efficiency of 94.9 % and 81.3 %, respectively were found at the optimum condition of pH 7, CD 24.9 mA/cm2, g 1.75 cm, electrolysis time (t) 60 min, electrode loss (Ec) 17.1 mg/land electrode combination of FeFe. A comparative study has been made by powering the EC system through conventional power supply and solar PV source and the PV oriented system was found better. Conventional power source required longer; t and needed slightly higher voltage while, PV system needed shorter t and low voltage to achieve nearly same pollution removal efficiency.

A Single-Cycle Forward-Flybaсk Stabilized DC-DC Voltage Converter Part. 2. Power Stage Control Device

The article addresses the development of a single-cycle single-transistor forward-flyback DC voltage converter. The article’s second part shows the features of constructing a secondary power supply source based on a single-cycle single-transistor forward-flyback power converter stage considered in the article’s first part [1]. The power supply is constructed as a closed-loop automatic control system responding to mismatch of the output voltage from its setpoint value based on the principle of subordinate current control. The PWM controller initial starting scheme with its subsequent auxiliary feeding from the power transformer additional windings is proposed. The results of studying the scheme carried out using computer simulation in the OrCAD software are presented. The proposed scheme allows the device to remain operational even with a relatively poor coupling coefficient between the transformer’s power and auxiliary feed windings. In the OrCAD software, a simulation computer model was developed for a secondary power supply source based on the new structure of a single-cycle single-transistor forward-flyback power converter stage with the proposed method for starting the PWM controller. Based on the results obtained from studying the processes running in the secondary power supply source, time diagrams confirming the circuit operability are presented. The simulation has shown that a sufficiently large output power can be obtained on a single-cycle single-transistor forward-flyback power converter stage.

Methodology for determining the reactive parameters of aviation electrical energy consumers based on voltage and current data in transients

Modern trends in the aircraft development are associated with a significant increase in the level of its electrification. The emergence of new types of electricity consumers entails an increase in the power and number of consumers in the aircraft power supply system. At this stage of operation, direct control of the internal parameters (in particular, the parameters of reactive elements) of electricity consumers in the aircraft power supply system is not carried out. The aviation equipment control system is built taking into account the built-in system for monitoring the technical condition of the object. However, for greater efficiency, the built-in control can be supplemented with control capabilities through digital intelligent power distribution systems (local load control center). During the operation of aviation electrical equipment, the values of its parameters change relative to the nominal values. Deviations of equipment parameters from the nominal values should not exceed the specified values, which are determined by the operational technical documentation. Input impedances of secondary power supply sources can be investigated in a mode characterized by transient processes in the investigated component of aircraft equipment. Based on the experimental data of voltage and input current at the stage of transients in equivalent circuits of secondary power supplies, it is proposed to determine the values of the parameters of reactive elements. Changing the values of reactive elements gives information about the technical condition of the input stages of electrical energy receivers. This makes it possible to monitor the process of degradation of their properties or to diagnose a failure in the event of an abrupt change in reactive parameters. This method is proposed to be used for diagnosing electrical equipment during its operation on board the aircraft. This work is devoted to the development of methods for determining the parameters of secondary power sources of aircraft electrical equipment, characterizing its reactive properties.

Method of creation of power sources for home appliances under constraints of limited resources

The subject of study in this article is the voltage ranges, methods, and tools for prototyping independent sources of power supply and artificial lighting for home appliances with reuse of only widespread components. The goal is to improve the efficiency of the creation and use of independent power supply sources for home appliances. Task: to analyze the history of the development of voltage standards for households; analyze existing autonomous power sources and types of batteries; analyze different loads; find rational voltage ranges based on fundamental values; analyze charge control and balancing circuits for lithium-based batteries; propose the technique of prototyping independent sources of power supply based on reused lithium-ion (Li-ion) accumulators; provide an example of the practical application of the results of research. According to the tasks, the following results were obtained. The evolution of voltage standards of electrical supply networks is analyzed. Types of autonomous power supplies, including pure sine versions, are discussed. The analysis of batteries for autonomous power sources of different chemical compositions is performed. It is proposed to use the water analogy of current and area as an analogy of battery capacity for visual representation of electrical processes. Models of constant current consumption and constant power consumption are considered. It is proposed to reduce the internal resistance of the battery assembly by parallel connection of the reused lithium-ion accumulators. Correspondence of voltage ranges of sequential connection of lithium-ion cells to ensure compatibility with existing devices is investigated. Rational parameters of voltage ranges to ensure compatibility of lithium-ion and acid accumulators with the ability to charge directly from solar panels without a charge controller are found. Charge controllers, battery management systems (BMS), and battery balancing circuits are analyzed. A set of steps for reuse of lithium-ion accumulators for the creation of autonomous power sources is proposed. Conclusions. The main contribution of this research is the proposed method of creation of power supply and interior lighting based on the reuse of accumulators without additional components. The discovered and proposed magic numbers of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 for series connection of lithium-ion cells allows to obtain the equivalent of standard voltage ranges of 12 V, 19 V, 27 V, 36 V, 42 V and 48 V. The proposed technique of adjusting the voltage of the passive balancer allows adding 4.5 % to the capacity of the battery assembly. The described solutions allow to build the completely scalable autonomous low-voltage electrical supply network with the ability to charge directly from solar panels without expensive charge controllers.

Methodology for Selecting Locations for Installation of Sectioning Points and Step-by-step Voltage Regulation

Information about the reliability of electricity supply to rural consumers and the quality of electricity supplied to them is given. A point for sectioning and stepped voltage regulation has been developed, which makes it possible to prevent unreasonable interruptions in the power supply to rural consumers and provides a given voltage level for the consumers at a distance from the power supply source. A technique has been developed for choosing the location for installing a sectioning point and step-by-step voltage regulation according to various criteria.

Emulated Inertia Control of Grid-connected Inverter-based Power Supply Sources for Mass Integration of Renewable Energy Resources

This study investigated the important elements of emulated inertia control for grid-connected inverter-based power supply sources and identified the issues to be addressed for its integration into the electric power transmission and distribution system. For the first time, we categorized the emulated inertial control algorithms into five types based on three different aspects. Five emulated inertia control algorithms were simulated in order to compare their effectiveness in suppressing frequency fluctuations. In addition, a representative emulated inertia control algorithm based on the voltage-controlled method and another based on the current-controlled method were distinguished. The two emulated inertia control algorithms were implemented and demonstrated using the experimental hardware of a 5 [kVA] inverter-based power supply.

Cost Challenges Facing Nigerian Manufacturing Industries Using Generating Sets as Main Source of Power Supply

Most manufacturing industries in Nigeria are currently experiencing hardship due to the high increase in price of diesel for fuelling the generating sets as alternate power supply because of epileptic power supply in the country. This has led to many industries relocating outside the country, loss of job and increment in price of goods and services. The aim of the study is to examine the threat facing the Nigerian manufacturing industries using generating sets as their alternate source of power. Some industries were considered in this research and in which some of the challenges facing the industry were itemized. Part of these problems includes; cost of fuelling and maintaining the generators, down time by the generating sets when there is break down of equipment and facilities, inability to satisfy the customer’s needs on time due to irregular power supply. This research established the amount of fuel used by each of these industries visited to power their generators daily, weekly, monthly and also yearly, compared with the amount paid to Distribution Company (public utility). But these industries couldn’t depend solely on the public utility power for their operations due to the epileptic power supply in the country. Hence, the necessity for a steady power supply using public utility is very important thereby reducing the cost of fuelling of generating set and cost of production of goods and services.

Reconstruction ofthepower supply system based onanalternative energy source

The article presents a solution for the reconstruction of an oil refinery using gas piston power plants. The oil refinery is a structural subdivision of Kogalymneftegaz. The work of the plant is intended for the production of high-quality petroleum products for technological transport of the divisions of Lukoil — Western Siberia LLC in Kogalym, Langepas, Pokachi; in addition, the plant’s products are in demand at other enterprises of the Khanty-Mansiysk region. In the course of the study, the goal was to offer an alternative source of energy for the trouble-free operation of an oil refinery, to ensure the reliability of objects belonging to the first category. Based on the analysis of the existing power supply system of the plant, it was found that the power receivers of the ELOU-AVT-Bitumen plant are provided from two sources of power supply from the Tyumenenergo network, which does not guarantee uninterrupted and trouble-free operation of the plant. The power supply of the refinery is provided with a voltage of 6 kV from Substation No. 7 35/6 kV. Substation No. 7 is powered by 110/35/10 kV Substation Druzhnaya from the medium voltage side via two power feeders Druzhnaya-1 and Druzhnaya-3. In the study, the calculation of loads, short circuit currents was carried out, the necessary power equipment was selected, and a method was proposed for transferring the refinery to power supply from a stationary power plant operated on hydrocarbon gas utilized from the production process. The proposed solution allows: to eliminate the occurrence of emergencies at the refinery due to a power outage; reduce the cost of purchasing electricity and thereby reduce the cost of commercial petroleum products; increase the percentage of hydrocarbon gas utilization by reducing the amount of gas flared.

Radioharvester Research

The object of the research is an alternative energy source, energy control and distribution devices in relation to intelligent power sources of wireless sensor networks. The aim of the work is to develop a technical solution for an intelligent power supply to improve cybersecurity and energy efficiency in telecommunications. Results of the work: a schematic diagram of an intelligent power supply for wireless sensor networks in a virtual environment has been developed; simulation modeling of physical processes using a computer-aided design system, parameterization and optimization of the power supply source has been performed. The given behavioral models allow the use of any software environment for circuit modeling. The developed behavioral model of the power supply circuit of wireless sensor networks based on the LT3980 chip can be used to create similar devices. Modeling makes it possible to increase the reliability of choosing the optimal solution for the structure, increase reliability even at the design stages, optimize the technical characteristics, design of the device being developed and reduce its cost.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ МЕТАЛЛИЗИРОВАННОЙ ТКАНИ ДЛЯ ЭКРАНИРОВАНИЯ БЕЗЭХОВОЙ КАМЕРЫ

Shielded anechoic chambers are widely used in testing electronic devices sensitive to external electromagnetic fields. The best shielding is provided by a closed metal screen of sufficient thickness. As a result, such devices are usually complex and heavy structures. If small-sized products are subjected to tests, it is possible to use simplified cameras, the screen of which is made of metallized fabric, and all equipment operates from an autonomous power supply source. An example of a simple technology for laying metallized fabric is given. It is indicated that when using such a fabric, the peculiarities of the electrodynamics of multilayer shielding should be taken into account.

Hybrid Energy Generation System with Brushless Generators

Technical and economic problems are connected with the capacity extension of the grid to remote areas. The discovery and usage of interconnected power production using alternative power supply sources has been promoted. This article proposes a fulfillment with the use of Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and brushless generators with a standalone micro grid topology. With numerous Renewable Energy Sources (RES), including solar PV and wind the micro grid device is energized. However, to ensure the system's stability, a Diesel Generator (DG) collection and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) are also used. The topology suggested has the benefit of less number of switches and easy power. The structure applied has been fixed as an AC supply by DG. The wind and PV sources are DC sources related to the VSC DC connection. At the DC connection, the BESS is often used to promote the instantaneous equilibrium of power under complex conditions. The VSC further has the potential to alleviate power quality challenges such as harmonics, voltage control and load balancing, in addition to system integration. To illustrate all the capabilities of the proposed method, a good range of Matlab/Simulink yield outcomes are conferred.

Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Point

Wireless power transmission is the way to transfer power without using wire. 2. Wireless power transmission helps to connect those area where people are unable to get a suitable power source. 3. Everyone can get clean and green wireless power. In future all the devices will relate to the power supply source wirelessly. 4. Wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs) has been in development for several years in preparation for the growth in adoption of these vehicles. 5. Wireless charging systems today offer an efficient, flexible means of charging EVs from multiple classes and at a range of power levels from a common ground source.

Faculty Perceptions of the Use of Open Educational Resources in State Universities in Bayelsa and Rivers States Nigeria

The paper explored faculty perceptions of the use of Open Educational Resources (OER) in state universities in Bayelsa and Rivers States, Nigeria. The research was guided by two (2) questions. The researchers used a descriptive survey approach. The population of the study comprised 1787 faculty members from the four-state Universities in Bayelsa and Rivers State. Convenience sampling techniques were done as the study employed all of the respondents to the questionnaire from the entire population. Data was collected using an online questionnaire. Educational technology specialists evaluated the questionnaire. The Cronbach alpha value of 0.96 was discovered after analyzing the study’s data to look for internal consistency and reliability. The questionnaire was deemed credible based on the coefficient discovered. The frequency count, basic percentages, and mean were used to examine the data. The results showed that faculty opinions on the use of OER were favorable. It was also discovered that inadequate access to electricity, poor Internet connectivity, ignorance, a lack of library sensitization, and a lack of ICT skills were some of the main obstacles to the efficient use of OER. The researchers suggested that the universities should enhance their supply of electricity by providing alternative sources of power supply, provide adequate Internet facilities and encourage faculty to assist in encouraging students to use OER.

Feasibility of Use of Second Life Electrical Vehicle Batteries in Data Centres in Malaysia

It is estimated that the cumulative of Electric Vehicles (EVs) will reach 85 million by 2030. EV batteries that have degraded to 80% of their initial capacity no longer provide the required efficiency for EV, resulting in an increasing amount of batteries being discarded and stored in warehouses instead of being recycled. The cost of this storage after its End of Life (EOL) adds to the initial cost of the EV. There is amounting environmental pressure to re-purpose these discarded batteries in other applications, such as energy arbitrage and peak shaving, such that the initial cost of the EV be reduced. This work presents a feasibility study that allows discarded EV batteries to be repurposed batteries to provide peak shaving in a mid-tier data centre with an area size of 465 m2. A comparison of the cost during peak hours shows that the repurposed batteries can be used as a reliable power supply source to reduce the reliance of data centres on grid power during peak hours. Results showed that the use of these repurposed batteries also achieved a higher cost savings as compared to using brand new Lithium Ion battery over a period of 10 years. A reliability study also shows that the repurposed battery system and brand new battery system performs at par, when the data centre draws power from the grid during peak hours. The study concludes that power supply system in data centres that uses repurposed batteries to achieve peak shaving is a cost effective, green solution that should be implemented. In the larger picture, the reusability of the EV batteries is expected to reduce the initial price of the EV cars, allowing a larger market penetration and thus ensuring the sustainability of the EV car industry. Reusing the stored batteries also reduces environmental issues related to Lithium mining for brand new batteries, such as mining pollution and fresh water shortage.

Design a Hybrid Energy-Supply for the Electrically Driven Heavy-Duty Hexapod Vehicle

Increasing the power density and overload capability of the energy-supply units (ESUs) is always one of the most challenging tasks in developing and deploying legged vehicles, especially for heavy-duty legged vehicles, in which significant power fluctuations in energy supply exist with peak power several times surpassing the average value. Applying ESUs with high power density and high overload can compactly ensure fluctuating power source supply on demand. It can avoid the ultra-high configuration issue, which usually exists in the conventional lithium-ion battery-based or engine-generator-based ESUs. Moreover, it dramatically reduces weight and significantly increases the loading and endurance capabilities of the legged vehicles. In this paper, we present a hybrid energy-supply unit for a heavy-duty legged vehicle combining the discharge characteristics of lithium-ion batteries and peak energy release/absorption characteristics of supercapacitors to adapt the ESU to high overload power fluctuations. The parameters of the lithium-ion battery pack and supercapacitor pack inside the ESU are optimally matched using the genetic algorithm based on the energy consumption model of the heavy-duty legged vehicle. The experiment results exhibit that the legged vehicle with a weight of 4.2 tons can walk at the speed of 5 km/h in a tripod gait under a reduction of 35.39% in weight of the ESU compared to the conventional lithium-ion battery-based solution.

Experience of using solar energy in water lifting systems: A case study of Uzbekistan

This article discusses modern schemes of using solar energy in the systems of the Ministry of Water Management. The analysis of electricity generation by photovoltaic water-lifting stations by months has been carried out and the effectiveness of their use as a reliable source of power supply to pumps has been proved. The payback period of solar water lifting systems is calculated. Calculations show that the payback period for solar water-lifting systems, considering only the cost of saved natural gas and carbon dioxide emissions is no more than 6 years. It should be noted that the life of the PVP is more than 20 years. Tax breaks on property and land use, provided for by the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, further shorten the payback period.

Динамическое имитационное моделирование системы возбуждения синхронных генераторов стационарных дизель-генераторных установок аварийного электроснабжения атомной станции

In the article, using MatLab dynamic simulation modeling, a study was made of the excitation systems of powerful synchronous generators of stationary diesel generator sets, which are the main sources of emergency power supply for nuclear power plants. The optimal structural complexity mathematical model of a synchronous machine in relative units and orthogonal synchronous coordinate system is used. A comprehensive simulation of diesel generator sets was carried out with the reproduction of both the dynamics of the automatic control system for excitation of a synchronous generator and the diesel engine control system. The simulation takes into account the features of starting a diesel generator to accelerate a synchronous machine, its initial excitation from a battery. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of self-excitation modes through a transformer connected to the stator circuit of the generator and a thyristor rectifier with an excitation winding as a load, as well as parallel operation with the power system. As a result, the processes of starting a diesel generator set in idle mode, effective self-excitation, autonomous operation of the generator at idle, and applying a load to the generator up to the values of permissible overload were simulated. The work of all channels of the control system is shown, including the signals of the regulators of the automatic control system and mechanical variables that are inaccessible in practice. The adequacy of the developed model is proved by comparison with a real physical experiment when testing a diesel generator at a nuclear power plant. The possibility of using the model developed in MatLab as a virtual test site for testing a diesel generator set and a computer simulator for specialized engineering personnel of a nuclear power plant is demonstrated.